2011年肝病领域的重要进展

过去的2011年国内外肝病领域取得诸多进展,现将有关病毒性和非病毒性肝病方面的几个重要进展介绍如下. 一、病毒性肝炎 1.慢性乙型肝炎(CHB):在2009年的美国肝病学会(American Association for the Study of Livr Diseases,AASLD)指南中,聚乙二醇干扰素、恩替卡韦及替诺福韦酯被列为一线药物推荐[1].Liaw等[2]的一项2期临床双盲的研究中,将112位慢性乙型肝炎肝硬化失代偿期患者随机分为3组,分别给予替诺福韦酯、替诺福韦酯/依曲西他滨及恩替卡韦治疗,3组患者均良好耐受,并且在病毒学,生物化学指标及临床表现方面均有所好转.Snow-Lampart等[3]研究表明,无论是经过核苷酸类药物治疗抑或是未经治疗过的患者,经144周的替诺福韦酯单药治疗后,均未出现HBV pol/RT突变导致的耐药.     

对阿德福韦酯不完全应答的慢性乙型肝炎患者在接受替诺福韦联合恩曲他滨治疗与单独替诺福韦治疗具有类似的病毒准种演变

<正>【据《J Hepatol》2013年10月报道】题:对阿德福韦酯不完全应答的慢性乙型肝炎患者在接受替诺福韦联合恩曲他滨治疗与单独替诺福韦治疗具有类似的病毒准种演变(作者Lavocat F等)体外试验表明,阿德福韦酯耐药后诱导替诺福韦交叉耐药率较低。比较对阿德福韦酯不完全应答患者,其单独应用替诺福韦以及应用替诺福韦联合恩曲他滨,两者之间的病毒动力学、核苷类似物耐药突变位点及准种演变。里昂肿瘤学研究中心Lavocat F等人通过随机双盲对阿德福韦酯不完全应答的慢性乙型肝炎患者分为2组,1组替诺福韦治     

慢性乙型肝炎及其相关肝硬化抗病毒治疗:单药还是联合?

目前慢性乙型肝炎的抗病毒治疗应答率仍有待提高,不少学者开始尝试联合用药,包括核苷和核苷酸类药物之间的联用和干扰素与核苷和核苷酸类药物的联用。回顾近期国内外经验发现,初治慢性乙型肝炎患者可首选强效低耐药核苷和核苷酸类药物单药治疗,普通核苷和核苷酸类药物耐药患者可换用替诺福韦。高病毒载量及HBe Ag阳性的患者,推荐核苷和核苷酸类药物的联合治疗。既往经治甚至多重耐药的患者可以选择恩替卡韦与替诺福韦联用。核苷和核苷酸类药物经治、期待HBe Ag和HBs Ag血清学转换的患者,可以考虑加用长效干扰素。     

替诺福韦酯单独与联合恩替卡韦挽救治疗恩替卡韦治疗拉米夫定经治慢性乙型肝炎失败患者疗效比较

目的比较替诺福韦酯单药与联合恩替卡韦对恩替卡韦治疗慢性乙型肝炎拉米夫定经治患者仍应答不佳或发生病毒学突破的挽救方案的临床疗效及安全性。方法将80例恩替卡韦序贯治疗仍效果欠佳的拉米夫定经治慢性乙型肝炎患者随机分为单药组40例和联合组40例。单药组给予替诺福韦酯(300 mg/d)替换治疗;联合组使用替诺福韦酯(300 mg/d)和恩替卡韦(0.5 mg/d)治疗。所有患者均治疗48周,检测基线,治疗12、24和48周时病毒学、生化学、血清学指标。比较两组患者上述治疗时间点的完全病毒学应答率、ALT复常率、病毒学突破率和HBeAg血清学转换率及观察药物不良反应。结果单药组患者治疗48周后完全病毒学应答率、ALT复常率、病毒学突破率、HBeAg血清学转换率分别为85.0%(34/40)、76.2%(16/21)、0、13.1%(3/23),联合组分别为87.5%(35/40)、77.3%(17/22)、0、16.0%(41/25),两组比较差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。两组患者耐受性均良好,无一例出现严重不良反应而导致停药。结论对于恩替卡序贯治疗后仍应答不佳或发生病毒学突破的拉米夫定经治慢性乙型肝炎患者,替诺福韦酯单药替换恩替卡韦的挽救治疗仍能有效抑制HBV DNA复制,是一种行之有效的优化治疗方案。     

不同转换策略对慢性乙型肝炎低病毒血症疗效的临床研究

慢性乙型肝炎（CHB）患者在接受主流指南推荐的恩替卡韦（ETV）、富马酸替诺福韦酯（TDF）、富马酸丙酚替诺福韦（TAF）等一线抗病毒药物治疗至少1年后,其呈现低病毒血症（LLV）的概率可达20%。处于LLV状态的CHB患者可引起病毒学突破和生化突破,从而导致耐药、肝硬化、肝细胞癌等的风险增加。目前CHB患者LLV有3种治疗策略：(1)继续维持原核苷（酸）类似物（NAs）单药治疗;(2)换用或加用另一种NAs治疗;(3)NAs联合干扰素（IFN）治疗。近年来,越来越多的临床研究探究了LLV的不同转换治疗方法。本文就不同转换策略对CHB LLV疗效的临床研究作一综述。     

拉米夫定耐药慢性乙型肝炎患者改用阿德福韦酯单药治疗后发生耐药及处理

目的 探讨拉米夫定耐药慢性乙型肝炎患者改用阿德福韦酯治疗后发生耐药的临床过程及挽救治疗疗效.方法 回顾性分析15例慢性乙型肝炎患者拉米夫定耐药后,在阿德福韦酯单药治疗期间出现的病毒学突破,采用基因测序法检测到HBV聚合酶基因阿德福韦酯相关突变位点,接受挽救治疗措施.结果 15例拉米夫定耐药患者经中位时间为16个月的阿德福韦酯单药治疗,14例出现与阿德福韦酯耐药相关的rtA181T/V和(或)rtN236T突变,1例出现rtM204I+rtL180M+rtA181T联合突变.耐药后15例患者均给予挽救性治疗措施,其中7例接受拉米夫定联合阿德福韦酯治疗的患者,3个月时HBV DNA平均下降(2.2±0.6)lg拷贝/mL,6个月时,5例HBV DNA低于检测限;另3例接受恩替卡韦治疗患者,6个月时HBV DNA水平下降2.8～3.5 lg拷贝/mL.结论 拉米夫定联合阿德福韦酯是拉米夫定耐药慢性乙型肝炎患者改用阿德福韦酯单药治疗发生阿德福韦酯耐药后的有效挽救治疗措施.     

一线核苷（酸）类似物经治的慢性乙型肝炎患者低病毒血症的发生及治疗策略

强效低耐药口服抗病毒治疗可使HBV复制受到强力抑制,但部分患者接受恩替卡韦、替诺福韦酯、丙酚替诺福韦、艾米替诺福韦治疗48周及以上仍存在低病毒血症（LLV）。国内外多项研究结果提示,抗病毒治疗后LLV与慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化进展、失代偿期肝硬化和肝细胞癌发生风险以及长期生存率降低密切相关。因此,本文聚焦有关一线核苷（酸）类似物治疗后LLV的发生及其危险因素和临床危害以及不同的治疗方案,以期为今后慢性乙型肝炎患者LLV的治疗提供参考。     

替诺福韦酯治疗恩替卡韦耐药和应答不佳慢性乙型肝炎的临床观察

目的 探讨对恩替卡韦应答不佳和耐药的慢性乙型肝炎采用替诺福韦酯治疗的效果.方法 选取2016年3月至2019年4月在联勤保障部队906医院温州医疗区就诊的慢性乙型肝炎对恩替卡韦治疗应答不佳患者(A组)36例,对恩替卡韦耐药(B组)44例,均换用富马酸替诺福韦酯单独抗病毒治疗,观察治疗12、24、48周的HBV DNA转...     

替比夫定、阿德福韦酯联用与恩替卡韦单药治疗失代偿期乙肝肝硬化疗效对比观察

目的观察并比较替比夫定、阿德福韦酯联用与恩替卡韦单药治疗失代偿期乙型肝炎(乙肝)肝硬化的疗效。方法失代偿期乙肝肝硬化患者94例,随机分为联合组与单药组各47例。联合组口服替比夫定(600 mg/d)和阿德福韦酯(10 mg/d),单药组口服恩替卡韦(0.5 mg/d),两组疗程均为48周。分别于治疗12、24、48周时进行肝功能相关指标检测、Child-Pugh分级、计算HBV DNA转阴率及HBe Ag血清学转换率,观察并记录HBV耐药及药物不良反应发生情况。结果联合组、单药组在治疗48周时,血清总胆红素(TBIL)、ALT、白蛋白(ALB)、凝血酶原活动度(PTA)水平及Child-Pugh评分均较治疗前好转(P均<0.05),两组治疗后差异无统计学意义。治疗12、24、48周时,联合组与单药组HBV DNA转阴率、HBe Ag血清学转换率差异均无统计学意义。两组治疗过程中均未出现病毒学突破或严重不良反应。结论替比夫定、阿德福韦酯联用与恩替卡韦单药治疗失代偿期乙肝肝硬化均可有效抑制病毒复制,减少耐药发生,但联合用药效果并不优于单药治疗。     

替诺福韦酯与拉米夫定和阿德福韦酯抗HBV疗效对比研究进展

替诺福韦酯（TDF）是替诺福韦的前药,是一个新型的无环核苷（酸）类似物,临床研究显示其对HBV、合并HIV感染及拉米夫定耐药患者具有良好的抗病毒作用。而最新的研究也表明,TDF单独应用治疗CHB单一感染也有着较好的疗效和病毒抑制作用。由于TDF的抗HBV作用优于阿德福韦酯,耐药发生率低,且对大多数HBV耐药株有效,因此,TDF在HBV感染的治疗中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Role of pentoxifylline in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice

AIM:To study pentoxifylline effects in liver and adipose tissue inflammation in obese mice induced by high-fat diet(HFD).METHODS: Male swiss mice(6-wk old) were fed a highfat diet(HFD; 60% kcal from fat) or AIN-93(control diet; 15% kcal from fat) for 12 wk and received pentoxifylline intraperitoneally(100 mg/kg per day) for the last 14 d. Glucose homeostasis was evaluated by measurements of basal glucose blood levels and insulin tolerance test two days before the end of the protocol. Final body weight was assessed. Epididymal adipose tissue was collected and weighted for adiposity evaluation. Liver and adipose tissue biopsies were homogenized in solubilization buffer and cytokines were measured in supernatant by enzyme immunoassay or multiplex kit, respectively. Hepatic histopathologic analyses were performed in sections of paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver specimens stained with hematoxylin-eosin by an independent pathologist. Steatosis(macrovesicular and microvesicular), ballooning degeneration and inflammation were histopathologically determined. Triglycerides measurements were performed after lipid extraction in liver tissue. RESULTS: Pentoxifylline treatment reduced microsteatosis and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α in liver(156.3 ± 17.2 and 62.6 ± 7.6 pg/mL of TNF-α for non-treated and treated obese mice, respectively; P 0.05). Serum aspartate aminotransferase levels were also reduced(23.2 ± 6.9 and 12.1 ± 1.6 U/L for nontreated and treated obese mice, respectively; P 0.05) but had no effect on glucose homeostasis. In obese adipose tissue, pentoxifylline reduced TNF-α(106.1 ± 17.6 and 51.1 ± 9.6 pg/mL for non-treated and treated obese mice, respectively; P 0.05) and interleukin-6(340.8 ± 51.3 and 166.6 ± 22.5 pg/mL for non-treated and treated obese mice, respectively; P 0.05) levels; however, leptin(8.1 ± 0.7 and 23.1 ± 2.9 ng/mL for non-treated and treated lean mice, respectively; P 0.05) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(600.2 ± 32.3 and 1508.6 ± 210.4 pg/mL for non-treated and treated lean mice, respectively; P 0.05) levels increased in lean adipose tissue. TNF-α level in the liver of lean mice also increased(29.6 ± 6.6 and 75.4 ± 12.6 pg/mL for non-treated and treated lean mice, respectively; P 0.05) while triglycerides presented a tendency to reduction.CONCLUSION: Pentoxifylline was beneficial in obese mice improving liver and adipose tissue inflammation. Unexpectedly, pentoxifylline increased pro-inflammatory markers in the liver and adipose tissue of lean mice.     

Heart Failure in South America

Continued assessment of temporal trends in mortality and epidemiology of specific heart failure in South America is needed to provide a scientific basis for rational allocation of the limited health care resources, and strategies to reduce risk and predict the future burden of heart failure. The epidemiology of heart failure in South America was reviewed. Heart failure is the main cause of hospitalization based on available data from approximately 50% of the South American population. The main etiologies of heart failure are ischemic, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, valvular, hypertensive and chagasic etiologies. In endemic areas, Chagas heart disease may be responsible by 41% of the HF cases. Also, heart failure presents high mortality especially in patients with Chagas etiology. Heart failure and etiologies associated with heart failure may be responsible for 6.3% of causes of deaths. Rheumatic fever is the leading cause of valvular heart disease. However, a tendency to reduction of HF mortality due to Chagas heart disease from 1985 to 2006, and reduction in mortality due to HF from 1999 to 2005 were observed in selected states in Brazil. The findings have important public health implications because the allocation of health care resources, and strategies to reduce risk of heart failure should also consider the control of neglected Chagas disease and rheumatic fever in South American countries.     

岳阳市城区小学生血吸虫病防治健康教育现状调查

目的 调查湖南省岳阳市城区小学生血吸虫病防治知识、行为现状及健康教育需求情况,为制定科学有效的小学生血吸虫病健康教育方案提供参考依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,抽取岳阳市城区洞庭湖湖畔学校和中心城区学校各2所,每所再从五、六年级分别抽取2个班的学生,通过调查问卷了解小学生血吸虫病相关知识、预防行为及健康教育需求,并进行统计分析。结果 共调查湖畔小学353人、中心城区小学363人,两组学校小学生年龄、性别、年级构成差异无统计学意义(t=-0.494,χ_性别²=1.615,χ_年级²=2.152;P均>0.05)。学生血吸虫病防治知识总知晓率为42.60%(305/716),其中,湖畔学校小学生血防知识知晓率(52.97%)高于中心城区(32.51%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=30.661,P<0.05);学生行为正确率为76.68%(549/716),血防知识知晓组行为正确率(81.31%)高于不知晓组(71.24%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=6...     

Antioxidant therapies in COPD

Oxidative stress is an important feature in the pathogenesis of COPD. Targeting oxidative stress with antioxidants or boosting the endogenous levels of antioxidants is likely to be beneficial in the treatment of COPD. Antioxidant agents such as thiol molecules (glutathione and mucolytic drugs, such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine and N-acystelyn), dietary polyphenols (curcumin, resveratrol, green tea, catechins/quercetin), erdosteine, and carbocysteine lysine salt, all have been reported to control nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κ B) activation, regulation of glutathione biosynthesis genes, chromatin remodeling, and hence inflammatory gene expression. Specific spin traps such as α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone, a catalytic antioxidant (ECSOD mimetic), porphyrins (AEOL 10150 and AEOL 10113), and a superoxide dismutase mimetic M40419 have also been reported to inhibit cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory responses in vivo. Since a variety of oxidants, free radicals, and aldehydes are implicated in the pathogenesis of COPD, it is possible that therapeutic administration of multiple antioxidants will be effective in the treatment of COPD. Various approaches to enhance lung antioxidant capacity and clinical trials of antioxidant compounds in COPD are discussed.     

Rising incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in men in Australia

Adenocarcinomas of the oesophagus and of the gastric cardia have been reported to be increasing in incidence in many countries, while the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus is stable and non-cardia gastric cancers are decreasing in incidence. Age-standardized incidence rates for the years 1982–93 for oesophageal adenocarcinoma and non-adenocarcinoma, and gastric cardia and non-cardia cancers were calculated based on state cancer registry incidence data. Time trends in the age-standardized rates were assessed using linear regression. A consistent increasing trend in the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in men was seen in all states of Australia and was statistically significant in all states except South Australia. There were no consistent nationwide trends in the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in women, although a trend towards an increase in the incidence of this cancer reached statistical significance ( P < 0.05) in three states (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland). There were no important trends in the incidence of oesophageal non-adenocarcinoma in either men or women. There were no consistent nationwide changes in the incidence of gastric cardia cancer in either men or women, although this cancer was significantly increasing in Tasmania in both men and women. The incidence of cancer of the stomach not arising at the gastric cardia was significantly decreasing in men in all states and was also decreasing in women in all states, although in women this decrease was statistically significant only in New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia. There has been a dramatic increase in the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in men in Australia. The incidence of this cancer in men is now approximately equal with that of non-adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus. The incidence of non-cardia stomach cancer continues to fall.     

Histamine antagonists in the treatment of shock hyperglycemia in the rat

The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of exogenous histamine and histamine blockers on blood glucose and hepatic glycogen in the rat. Forty-one nonfasted male Sprague-Dawley rats that had been anesthetized with intraperitoneal injections of urethane were injected intravenously (femoral) with histamine (10 mg/kg) five minutes after pretreatment with Ringer's solution (control), diphenhydramine (1 mg/kg) (H-1 blocker); metiamide (1 mg/kg) (H-2 blocker); or a combination of these blockers. Mean arterial pressure (carotid), blood glucose, and hepatic glycogen were measured. Within 30 minutes, histamine evoked a significant increase in blood glucose, and a decrease in hepatic glycogen, and a reduction in blood pressure. However, rats treated with the H-2 blocker metiamide or with a combination of H-1 and H-2 blockers did not show as significant a hypotensive response as rats treated with the H-1 blocker diphenhydramine alone. The hyperglycemic-glycogenolytic response to histamine was modified by diphenhydramine as well as by a combination of blockers, but not by metiamide alone. These results suggest that a) the hypotension did not initiate the hyperglycemic and glycogenolytic response; b) the H-2 blocker metiamide has little effect on the hyperglycemic response to exogenous histamine; and c) the H-1 blocker diphenhydramine may have antihyperglycemic properties.     

Ethnic variation in the annual rates of adult inflammatory bowel disease in hospitalized patients in Vancouver, British Columbia

BACKGROUND:

There is currently little available information regarding the impact of ethnicity on the clinical features of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Migrating populations and changing demographics in Vancouver, British Columbia (BC) provide a unique opportunity to examine the role of ethnicity in the prevalence, expression and complications of IBD.

OBJECTIVES:

To determine the demographics of IBD and its subtypes leading to hospitalization in the adult population of BC.

METHODS:

A one-year retrospective study was performed for all patients who presented acutely with IBD to Vancouver General Hospital from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2006. Data regarding sex, age, ethnicity, IBD type and extent of disease, complications and management strategies were collected. Clinical data were confirmed by pathology and radiology reports.

RESULTS:

There were 186 cases of IBD comprising Crohn’s disease (CD) 56%, ulcerative colitis (UC) 43% and indeterminate colitis (1%) 1%. The annual rate of IBD cases warranting hospitalization in Caucasians was 12.9 per 100,000 persons (7.9 per 100,000 persons for CD and 5.0 per 100,000 persons for UC). This was in contrast to the annual rate of IBD in South Asians at 7.7 per 100,000 persons (1.0 per 100,000 persons for CD and 6.8 per 100,000 persons for UC) and in Pacific Asians at 2.1 per 100,000 persons (1.3 per 100,000 persons for CD, 0.8 per 100,000 persons for UC). The male to female ratio was higher in South Asians and Pacific Asians than in Caucasians. The extent of disease was significantly different across racial groups, as was the rate of complications.

CONCLUSIONS:

These early results suggest that there are ethnic disparities in the annual rates of IBD warranting hospitalization in the adult population of BC. There was a significantly higher rate of CD in the Caucasian population than in South Asian and Pacific Asian populations. The South Asian population had a higher rate of UC, with an increased rate of complications and male predominance. Interestingly, the rate of CD and UC was lowest in the Pacific Asian population. These racial differences – which were statistically significant – suggest a role for ethnodiversity and environmental changes in the prevalence of IBD in Vancouver.