多模态MRI对原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的诊断价值

目的探讨多模态MRI在原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(PCNSL)诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析25例经病理证实的原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的常规MRI平扫和增强的特点,以及在DWI、PWI、1H-MRS上的表现。结果 25例患者共检出42个病灶,单发15例,多发10例,主要分布于深部近中线脑白质处。MRI平扫病灶T_1WI呈等或稍低信号,T_2WI呈等或稍高信号,瘤周水肿多表现为轻中度。增强扫描后病灶实质部分呈结节状、团块状强化,囊变坏死少见。13个病灶出现"脐凹征",8个病灶出现"尖角征",4个病灶累及胼胝体,出现"蝶翼征"。DWI显示42个病灶实质部分呈高或稍高信号,ADC信号明显低于正常脑实质。14例患者共25个病灶进行PWI扫描,17个病灶呈低灌注,8个病灶呈等灌注。4例患者共5个病灶行1H-MRS检查,均表现为肌酸(creatine,Cr)、N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(N-acetyl aspartate,NAA)峰降低,胆碱(choline,Cho)峰升高,并可见高耸的脂质(Lipid,Lip)峰。结论多模态MR成像技术能够提供更多的影像诊断信息,有助于提高PCNSL诊断的准确率。     

磁共振常规及其功能成像在原发性颅内淋巴瘤的应用价值

目的：探讨磁共振成像(MRI)、扩散加权成像(DWI)、磁共振灌注成像(PWI)、磁共振波谱成像(MRS)在原发性颅内淋巴瘤诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析27例原发性颅内淋巴瘤患者的 MRI、DWI、PWI、MRS 影像资料。结果所有病灶 T1 WI 呈低-等信号,T2 WI 呈等、稍高、高信号,DWI 呈稍高、高信号。增强扫描22例病灶呈明显均匀强化,5例病灶呈不均匀强化。19例病灶可见“蝶翼征”“握拳征”“缺口征”“尖角征”。18例病灶均为低灌注表现。MRS 表现为病灶实质区 NAA 峰明显降低或消失,Cho 峰增高,23例出现高大 Lip 峰,12例出现 Lac 峰。结论磁共振常规及其功能成像在原发性颅内淋巴瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断中具有很高的应用价值,低灌注、肿瘤实质区出现高耸的 Lip 峰是原发性颅内淋巴瘤的特征性表现。     

DWI及增强扫描对幕下原发淋巴瘤的应用价值

目的探讨MR扩散加权成像(DWI)及增强扫描在原发性小脑淋巴瘤中的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。方法对5例经临床手术病理证实的小脑淋巴瘤患者,行常规MR、DWI及增强扫描,回顾性分析各病例的平扫、DWI及增强扫描特征,并定量测定肿瘤实质区表观扩散系数(ADC)值;同时选取经手术病理证实的幕下实质型血管母细胞瘤4例,髓母细胞瘤8例,脑膜瘤10例进行DWI及增强扫描对比分析。结果 5例淋巴瘤,单发3例,多发2例,共计病灶数8个,T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI以等或稍高信号为主,其中1例2个病灶表现为T_2WI低信号;DWI上2个病灶呈低信号,1个病灶为等信号,余病灶呈高信号表现,增强后,所有病灶均明显强化,1个病灶强化欠均质,余强化均匀,DWI与增强对照,测得肿瘤实质区的平均ADC值为(0.66±0.10)×10-3mm2/s,其中有3个病灶累及邻近脑膜,致脑膜增厚、强化;实质型血管母细胞瘤明显强化,DWI上呈低信号,实质区的平均ADC值为(1.93±0.13)×10-3mm2/s;髓母细胞瘤呈中-明显强化,DWI上呈高信号,实质区的平均ADC值为(0.71±0.11)×10~(-3)mm~2/s;脑膜瘤呈中-明显强化,6例出现脑膜尾征,DWI上5例为等信号,3例为稍低信号,2例为稍高信号,实质区的平均ADC值为(1.07±0.22)×10-3mm~2/s。淋巴瘤的ADC值最低,其次是髓母;强化程度上实质型血管母细胞瘤最高,其次是淋巴瘤。结论应用DWI结合增强扫描对幕下淋巴瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断有重要价值,能够明显提高淋巴瘤的诊断准确率。     

原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的MRI与~1H-MRS研究

目的:探讨免疫功能正常人原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(PCNSL)的常规MRI及多体素质子磁共振波谱(1H-MRS)表现。方法:对15例经病理证实的PCNSL的MRI和1H-MRS表现进行回顾性分析。结果:15例患者共检出24个病灶,其MRI及1H-MRS表现如下:①PCNSL的MRI表现:病灶T1WI呈低或等信号,T2WI呈等或稍高信号;DWI呈高信号;增强后病灶明显均匀强化,"缺口征"、"尖角征"的出现具有特异性;②PCNSL的1H-MRS表现:肿瘤实质区及瘤周近侧水肿区Cho峰升高及NAA、Cr峰降低,肿瘤实质区可见升高的Lip峰。4例病灶在正常组织区可见异常谱线。结论:传统MRI结合1H-MRS表现能够显著提高PCNSL的诊断与鉴别诊断水平;1H-MRS对于肿瘤浸润及多发病灶的显示优于传统MR检查。     

表观弥散系数在原发颅内恶性淋巴瘤与高级别胶质瘤鉴别诊断中的作用

目的 探讨表观弥散系数(ADC)在原发性颅内恶性淋巴瘤与高级别胶质瘤磁共振鉴别诊断中的作用.方法 回顾性分析经手术和病理证实的12例原发颅内恶性淋巴瘤、15例高级别胶质瘤的常规MRI表现和弥散加权成像(DWI)表现,对照分析肿瘤实质部分ADC值及对侧正常脑组织ADC值.结果 12例原发颅内恶性淋巴瘤,9例为单发,3例为多发.共发现18个病灶,15个病灶肿瘤实质DWI呈均匀高信号,肿瘤实质部分平均ADC值为(0.693±0.134)×10-3 mm2/s,对侧相应正常部位平均ADC值为(0.879±0.118) ×10-3 mm2/s,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).15例高级别胶质瘤,14例单发,1例多发.共发现16个病灶,其中13例合并囊变坏死,病灶肿瘤实质DWI呈稍高或等信号,囊变坏死区呈明 显低信号.肿瘤实质部分平均ADC值为(0.913±0.125)×10-3 mm2/s,对侧相应正常部位平均ADC值为(0.826±0.098) ×10-3 mm2/s.原发颅内恶性淋巴瘤与高级别胶质瘤瘤体实质的平均ADC值在统计学上存在显著差异(P<0.05).结论 DWI表现及ADC值结合常规MRI平扫、增强表现,对颅内原发恶性淋巴瘤与高级别胶质瘤磁共振鉴别诊断具有重要价值.     

CT、MRI多模态检查对颅内原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的诊断价值

目的:探讨颅内原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(PCNSL)的CT、MRI多模态成像特点,以期进一步提高PCNSL诊断及鉴别诊断水平。方法:收集经病理证实的PCNSL 35例,术前均行CT及MRI检查,回顾性分析其CT、MRI及功能成像的变化及特点。结果:35例共检出39个病灶,3例多发。CT平扫:38个病灶呈等或高密度,32个呈均匀密度。MRI平扫:38个病灶T1WI、T2WI呈等或稍低信号。27个病灶DWI呈均匀高信号,ADC值降低。多数病灶呈轻至中度水肿和占位效应。CT和MRI增强扫描多为均匀强化,"缺口征"、"尖突征"的出现具有特异性,少数病灶呈环形强化。PWI表现为低灌注,脑血容量(CBV)、脑血流量(CBF)降低,平均通过时间(MTT)、达峰时间(TTP)延长。常出现胆碱(Cho)峰升高、肌酸(Cr)峰降低、N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)峰明显降低或缺失及高耸的脂质(Lip)峰,肿瘤实质区Cho/NAA、Cho/Cr、NAA/Cr比值均明显高于瘤周水肿区和正常组织(均P0.05)。CT、MRI多模态成像对PCNSL的诊断符合率显著高于单纯应用CT或常规MRI。结论:PCNSL临床表现多变,病理确诊前诊断困难。CT、MRI多模态成像能有效提高PCNSL的诊断和鉴别诊断水平。     

磁共振扩散加权成像在乳腺癌保乳术后随访的应用

目的:探讨磁共振扩散加权成像在乳腺癌保乳术后随访的应用价值。方法:选取乳腺癌经保乳手术切除肿瘤患者26例,使用siemens公司Magnetom verio tim 3.0T超导型磁共振进行成像,成像方法包括常规SE序列、扩散加权成像,所有病例均经穿刺活检或手术取得病理,将磁共振检查与病理检查结果相对照,比较分析乳腺癌保乳术后瘢痕与肿瘤复发的MRI影像特点及鉴别要点。结果:瘢痕表现为残留乳房内原手术部位见不规则软组织影,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈稍低信号,病灶边缘欠光整。DWI呈稍高信号,ADC值为(1.34±0.29)×10-3mm2/s。肿瘤复发表现为残留乳房内原手术部位见不规则软组织影,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号。DWI呈高信号,其与周围腺体信号比随b值增大而增大,ADC值为(1.02±0.31)×10-3mm2/s,与手术瘢痕的ADC值之间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:乳腺癌保乳术后肿瘤复发在磁共振常规序列上与瘢痕组织难以鉴别,但扩散加权成像能有效的将两者区分开来,可成为乳腺癌行保乳手术的患者随访的重要手段。     

原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的磁共振成像表现

目的探讨原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤（PCNSL）的磁共振成像（MRI）特征及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析15例经手术病理证实的PCNSL的MRI表现。结果病理检查均为B细胞来源的弥漫性大B细胞性淋巴瘤。15例PCNSL19个病灶,单发13例（87％）,多发2例（13％）共6个病灶。病灶常位于脑表浅部位和近中线部位,T1wI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI及液体衰减反转恢复序列（FLAIR）呈等或稍高信号,弥散加权成像（DWI）呈高信号。所有病灶均明显强化,增强后病灶大多呈均匀实质团块状或结节状强化,典型的可出现“尖角征”、“握拳征”,3例可见小囊变,呈“硬环征”。结论PCNSL的MRI表现具有一定的特征性,术前MRI检查有助于诊断及鉴别诊断,结合患者影像学及临床资料,术前可作出明确诊断。     

多发性硬化患者脑灰质损害的MRI表现及扩散张量成像定量研究

目的 分析多发性硬化(MS)患者脑灰质病灶的MRI特征及表现正常的脑灰质(NAGM)是否存在隐匿性损伤.方法 对34例临床确诊的MS患者(MS组)和25名健康志愿者(对照组)行常规头颅MRI和扩散张量成像(DTI),观察MS的脑灰质病灶特征,测量深部灰质核团的平均扩散率(ADC)和各向异性分数(FA),采用非配对t检验比较两组间是否存在差异.结果 MR检查发现MS的脑灰质病灶共83个,占全部病灶(443个)的18.7%.分布以额叶最多,其次是颞叶与丘脑.大多数病灶呈圆形或类圆形,其中T2WI发现灰质病灶60个,液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)序列T2WI发现病灶78个,其中71个病灶呈高或稍高信号,3个病灶呈中心低、周围稍高的环形改变,4个呈低信号.扩散加权成像(DWI)发现高信号或低信号病灶36个,其中有9个小病灶在DWI呈明显高信号.其余病灶呈等信号而不能被发现.MS组尾状核头、壳核、丘脑的ADC值分别为(8.0±0.7)、(7.4 ±0.5)、(7.7±0.4)×10-4mm2/s,均高于对照组[分别为(7.4±0.6)、(7.0 ±0.5)、(7.2±0.7)×10-4mm2/s],差异具有统计学意义(t值分别为-3.079、-2.564、-2.722,P值均<0.05).结论 MS的脑灰质病灶在常规MRI和DWI上的表现有一定的特征,FLAIR联合DWI可提高病灶的检出,DTI可以反映出NAGM内的隐匿性损害.     

DWI及ADC值鉴别后颅窝实质型血管母细胞瘤与其它富血供肿瘤的价值

目的：探讨磁共振扩散加权成像（DWI）及表观扩散系数（ADC）在鉴别后颅窝实质型血管母细胞瘤与其它富血供肿瘤中的应用价值。方法：经手术病理证实的15例后颅窝实质型血管母细胞瘤患者和28例其它富血供肿瘤（包括髓母细胞瘤5例,脑膜瘤5例,听神经瘤4例,室管膜瘤3例,转移瘤3例,淋巴瘤3例,间变型少突胶质细胞瘤1例,毛细胞型星形细胞瘤1例,间变性星形细胞瘤1例,胶质母细胞瘤1例,脉络膜乳头状瘤1例）患者,术前行 MRI平扫、增强扫描和D WI检查,评估所有肿瘤病灶的D WI信号并测量ADC值,采用独立样本t检验对两组结果进行比较,并绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,评价ADC值对后颅窝实质型血管母细胞瘤的诊断效能。结果：1 5例后颅窝实质型血管母细胞瘤中,13例于DWI上呈低信号,2例呈等信号,平均ADC值为（2．06±0．46）×10－3mm2／s;28例后颅窝其它富血供肿瘤中,18例于DWI上呈高信号,6例呈等信号,4例呈低信号,平均ADC 值为（0．97±0．28）×10－3mm2／s;两组中肿瘤的ADC值差异有统计学意义（t＝8．373,P＝0．000）;ROC曲线下面积为0．979（P＝0．000）,以ADC 值1．520×10－3mm2／s 作为阈值,诊断后颅窝实质型血管母细胞瘤的敏感度和特异度分别为93．3％和92．9％。结论：DWI及ADC 值有助于鉴别后颅窝实质型血管母细胞瘤与其它富血供肿瘤,在实质型血管母细胞瘤的 MRI检查中,DWI应作为一种重要的鉴别手段而纳入常规。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.