儿童幕下髓母细胞瘤的MRI诊断

目的 :分析儿童幕下髓母细胞瘤MRI常规及DWI表现,掌握髓母细胞瘤常见影像学特征,并了解其不常见影像学特征。方法:回顾性分析23例经病理确诊为幕下髓母细胞瘤的MRI资料,扫描图像包括T1WI、T2WI、DWI及增强扫描。由2名放射科医师采用单盲法分析MRI图像。结果:23例中,常见表现为肿块位于小脑蚓部18例,实性为主、散在小囊变15例;16例T1WI呈等、低信号,T2WI呈高、稍高信号,DWI呈高信号,ADC值为(0.68±0.16)×10-3mm2/s,增强扫描病灶中度或明显强化16例。不常见表现为肿瘤位于小脑半球(2例),第四脑室(2例),桥小脑角(1例),大囊变(1例在小脑半球,2例在蚓部),T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号,DWI呈稍高信号(7例),ADC值为(0.73±0.18)×10-3mm2/s,轻度强化5例,结节样强化1例,环形强化1例。结论:发生于小脑蚓部、实性为主、小囊变、DWI高信号是儿童幕下髓母细胞瘤的MRI常见表现,诊断不难。髓母细胞瘤不常见表现多样,结合病灶DWI信号特点,可与幕下其他肿瘤相鉴别,提高诊断水平。     

不典型髓母细胞瘤MR表现及鉴别诊断

目的 探讨不典型髓母细胞瘤的MR表现特点.方法 收集经手术证实的髓母细胞瘤21例,其中男18例,女3例,年龄10～37岁.所有病例均行MRI平扫与增强扫描,并对其临床MRI表现进行回顾性分析.结果 肿瘤位于小脑蚓部6例,小脑半球6例,小脑蚓部及小脑半球4例,第四脑室内5例.肿瘤内发生囊变18例,囊变区内壁光滑.MRI扫描T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI呈与小脑半球一致的等信号,肿瘤周围见不同程度的水肿.增强扫描呈中等程度或明显强化,部分小脑半球呈磨玻璃状强化.结论 MRI能够针对典型及不典型髓母细胞瘤作出明确的定位与定性诊断.     

成人髓母细胞瘤MRI诊断及误诊分析

目的探讨成人髓母细胞瘤MRI表现并分析误诊原因。方法回顾性分析15例经手术和病理证实的成人髓母细胞瘤的术前MRI表现,15例均行头颅常规MR扫描及T1WI增强扫描,3例加做DWI。结果 5例位于后颅窝中线(小脑蚓部3例,四脑室区2例),8例位于小脑半球(左侧3例,右侧5例),2例位于左侧桥小脑角区。T1WI病灶呈稍低至等信号,T2WI及FLAIR为稍高至等信号,内可见囊变区,肿瘤实质ADC图为低信号,强化形式多样。术前正确诊断为髓母细胞瘤4例,误诊为室管膜瘤3例,血管母细胞瘤、脑膜瘤和神经鞘瘤各2例,胶质母细胞瘤、淋巴瘤各1例。结论成人髓母细胞瘤少见,发病部位多变和MRI表现缺乏特异性,是误诊的主要原因。     

成人小脑髓母细胞瘤的MRI表现

目的:探讨成人小脑髓母细胞瘤的MRI表现及其诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析12例(男5例,女7例,年龄26~49岁,中位年龄28岁)经手术病理证实的成人小脑髓母细胞瘤MRI资料,所有病例均行1.5T MRI平扫及增强扫描。结果:右侧小脑半球4例(其中1例为多发病灶),左侧小脑半球6例,小脑蚓部2例。肿瘤T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI及FLAIR呈等或稍高于小脑灰质信号,DWI呈稍高信号;肿瘤内部可见裂隙状或斑片状T1WI低、T2WI高信号;肿瘤周围可见片状或环状水肿。增强扫描10例呈渐进性轻中度强化,2例明显强化。均未见蛛网膜下腔种植转移。结论:成人小脑髓母细胞瘤以小脑半球多见,可多发,易囊变,增强扫描呈渐进性轻中度强化,较少出现蛛网膜下腔种植转移,MRI表现具有一定的特征性。     

成人小脑中线区髓母细胞瘤的MRI表现

目的 :回顾性分析成人小脑中线区髓母细胞瘤的MRI表现,以提高术前诊断准确性。方法 :经手术病理证实的成人小脑中线区髓母细胞瘤11例,均行MRI平扫及增强扫描。结果:(1)本组11例MRI表现为小脑中线区不规则形肿块,病灶内均见坏死囊变、信号混杂。9例增强扫描呈轻中度强化,2例呈明显不均匀强化。3例病灶内可见出血信号,11例均无钙化灶形成;(2)MRI示肿瘤位于小脑蚓部5例,第四脑室6例;2例侵犯桥脑,1例伴小脑半球转移病灶。结论:成人小脑中线区髓母细胞瘤的MRI表现具有一定特征性,结合发病年龄、肿瘤部位等,可提高术前诊断准确性。     

非小脑蚓部髓母细胞瘤的MRI分析

目的 提高对非典型部位髓母细胞瘤的认识.资料与方法 回顾性分析11例经手术病理证实的位于非小脑蚓部髓母细胞瘤的MRI表现.结果 11例髓母细胞瘤中,9例位于小脑半球(左侧4例,右侧5例),1例位于左侧桥小脑角区,1例位于左侧桥臂.7例肿瘤内见囊变坏死区.MRI信号特征和典型部位的髓母细胞瘤相似,T1WI呈低或稍低信号,T2WI呈高或稍高信号,增强后呈不同程度强化.11例均引起第四脑室不同程度受压、移位;6例出现不同程度脑积水;8例瘤周出现轻重不等的水肿.结论 非小脑蚓部髓母细胞瘤多位于小脑半球.仔细分析其MRI特征有助于术前正确诊断.     

小脑髓母细胞瘤的MRI表现

目的：探讨小脑半球髓母细胞瘤的MRI表现,提高对髓母细胞瘤的认识。方法：8例经手术病理证实的小脑半球髓母细胞瘤患者,男5例,女3例,年龄1～33岁,所有病例均行MRI平扫及增强扫描,其中2例行CT平扫,回顾性分析其临床及影像学表现。结果：肿瘤位于小脑半球深部4例,小脑半球表面且突向桥小脑角区2例,双侧小脑半球及小脑蚓部多发病灶2例。肿瘤内发生囊变5例,囊变区大小不一,3例位于肿瘤周边,2例位于中央,其内壁光滑。MRI平扫肿瘤实性部分T1W1呈稍低信号,T2WI呈等信号或稍高信号,且信号不均匀,5例肿瘤周围有轻度水肿。增强扫描3例肿瘤有轻度强化,5例中度强化,其中1例有脑回状强化。2例CT平扫示肿瘤呈稍高密度。结论小脑半球髓母细胞瘤的MRI表现具有一定特征性,MRI检查对诊断本病有重要价值。     

MRI常规扫描结合DWI对髓母细胞瘤的诊断价值

目的 :评价MRI常规扫描结合DWI对髓母细胞瘤的诊断价值。方法 :搜集经手术病理证实的髓母细胞瘤 2 3例 ,均行MRI常规扫描 ,7例行DWI。结果 :髓母细胞瘤常见于小脑蚓部 (1 5例 ,占 6 5 .2 %) ,易囊变 (1 9例 ,82 .6 %) ,4例出现转移 (1 7.4 %)。瘤体T1 WI呈等或稍低信号 ,T2 WI等或稍高信号 ,注射Gd DTPA后呈中等至明显强化。肿瘤实性部分DWI呈略高信号 ,ADC图呈略低信号。坏死囊变部分与脑脊液信号相仿。瘤周水肿DWI呈等及稍高信号 ,ADC图呈稍高及高信号。结论 :常规MRI结合DWI对髓母细胞瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

小脑髓母细胞瘤的MRI影像特征及鉴别诊断

目的:探讨小脑髓母细胞瘤的MRI表现及鉴别诊断。方法:回顾性分析21例经手术病理证实的小脑髓母细胞瘤的MRI资料,所有病例均行MRI平扫及增强扫描,5例行FLAIR序列及弥散加权成像(DWI)。结果:21例髓母细胞瘤中,19例位于小脑蚓部(占90%),2例位于小脑半球(占10%)。发病年龄5～41岁,15岁以下11例(占52%)。肿瘤平均大小约33mm,18例病灶边界较清楚,3例病灶周边模糊。圆形或类圆形11例,不规则形3例,边缘分叶5例。16例病灶内可见囊变、坏死。MRI扫描,T1WI呈稍低、等信号,T2WI呈等、稍高信号,FLAIR序列呈等、稍高信号,DWI序列病灶实性成分呈高信号,表面扩散系数(ADC)图呈略低信号。增强扫描大部分病灶不同程度强化。12例病灶周边见不规则水肿。结论:小脑髓母细胞瘤具有典型好发部位及特征性MRI影像表现,早期诊断有助于临床治疗及提高患者生存质量。     

髓母细胞瘤的MRI征象分析与病理对照

目的 :探讨后颅窝髓母细胞瘤(medulloblastoma,MB)的MRI表现,以提高诊断准确率。方法 :回顾性分析经手术病理证实的26例MB的MRI及临床资料,并将MRI表现与病理进行对照研究,患者均行MRI平扫、增强扫描及DWI检查。结果:26例均为单发病灶,其中15例位于第四脑室内(占58%),7例位于小脑蚓部(占27%),4例位于小脑半球(占15%)。肿瘤在T1WI上呈等至低信号,T2WI呈稍高或高信号,DWI上肿瘤实性成分呈稍高、高及明显高信号,ADC图均为低信号。12例病灶内可见囊变、坏死,囊变坏死区与脑脊液信号相近,1例合并出血。增强扫描肿瘤实质成分强化特征不一,呈轻度至明显强化。5例沿脑脊液播散。结论:常规MRI结合DWI及ADC图对MB的诊断、鉴别诊断,以及沿脑脊液种植转移的诊断具有重要价值。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.