直接抗病毒药物对儿童慢性丙型肝炎的治疗进展

聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a或α-2b联合利巴韦林是目前治疗儿童慢性丙型肝炎的标准方案。该方案最早应用于成人,对HCV的有效率仅约50%,并且对于儿童HCV的治疗有效率最高也只达70%。近年来,直接作用于HCV基因靶点的抗病毒药物(direct-acting antiviral agents,DAAs)不断被研发出来,对HCV的治疗起到质的飞跃,但该类药物在儿童HCV治疗中的应用大多处在临床试验阶段。本文通过对目前DAAs在儿童慢性丙型肝炎中的研究进展作一综述,以期为HCV患儿的临床治疗提供参考依据。     

无干扰素抗HCV方案的研究进展

当前,全球约有1.5亿慢性HCV感染者,其中20%会进展为肝硬化并最终死于终末期肝病和肝癌。干扰素(IFN)长期作为慢性丙型肝炎治疗的基石,在维持持续病毒学应答以及阻止病情进展方面有重要作用,但其疗效有限、不良反应多。近年来,直接抗病毒药物(DAAs)呈现出良好的疗效,在DAAs的基础上,介绍了无IFN抗HCV方案的最新研究进展,认为随着DAAs的出现,无IFN抗HCV方案发展迅速,前景较好。     

慢性丙型肝炎直接抗病毒药物应用现状及存在问题

慢性丙型肝炎可导致肝硬化、肝细胞癌等终末期肝病的发生,及时抗病毒治疗是改善预后的关键。直接抗病毒药物(DAAs)的诞生及发展使慢性丙型肝炎治疗发生了划时代的改变。当下世界各国正逐渐或已经步入DAAs时代,我国DAAs获批上市较晚,药物应用于临床时间短,临床数据有限。主要从国外相关研究出发,对适合我国患者的DAAs代表药物、治疗方案及存在的问题进行综述。     

慢性丙型肝炎治疗进展与展望

近年来,随着直接抗病毒药物(direct-acting antiviral drugs,DAAs)第一代NS3/4A蛋白酶抑制剂的上市,源源不断DAAs新药临床研究结果的公布及DAAs新药的陆续上市,为丙型肝炎的治疗带来了革命性的变化,一个DAAs时代已经来到。WHO首次发布了丙型肝炎防治指南,美国及欧洲肝病学会在线也及时更新了慢性丙型肝炎治疗的推荐意见。本文对慢性丙型肝炎的治疗进展及展望进行简述。     

慢性丙型肝炎抗病毒治疗的演变

自丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV)被发现以来,对慢性丙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis C,CHC)的认识和治疗模式均已发生巨大变化。本文总结近30年来CHC抗病毒治疗方式的演变和疗效进展,并对口服直接抗病毒药物(direct-acting antiviral agents,DAAs)的临床应用及前景进行了展望。随着新一代治疗药物的研发和应用,越来越多的患者可以获得HCV清除和疾病治愈。尽管如此,DAAs在中国大陆上市前,CHC治疗仍是一大挑战,需要开展大量培训工作使临床医师尽快掌握药物使用方法,最终造福于我国CHC患者。     

丙型肝炎抗病毒治疗:口服药物改变了什么?

正慢性丙型肝炎抗病毒治疗的革命性变化是近几年来直接抗病毒药物(direct-acting antiviral agents,DAAs)进入临床,开辟了慢性丙型肝炎抗病毒治疗的新纪元。以DAA为基础的抗病毒方案包括1个DAA联合聚乙二醇干扰素alpha和利巴韦林(PR)、DAAs联合RBV,以及不同DAA联合或复合制剂的应用~([1])。三种方案基本可以涵盖所有类     

小分子化合物抗丙型肝炎治疗新方案

2015年6月30日Hepatology发布由美国肝病研究学会和美国感染病学会更新的相对完善的丙型肝炎诊治指南推荐意见,就成人丙型肝炎患者的治疗方案达成共识。直接抗病毒药物(direct-acting antiviral agents,DAAs)的类型选择基于HCV基因分型、既往治疗应答情况以及是否存在DAAs相关耐药位点等问题的综合考虑,以便优化治疗,提高抗病毒疗效。同时规范临床合理使用DAAs,可以防止耐药发生,降低治疗成本。     

慢性丙型肝炎直接抗病毒药物的研究进展和应用前景

针对HCV感染的标准治疗方案是聚乙二醇干扰素α联合利巴韦林。按此治疗方案部分HCV感染者是可治愈的。但仍有一小部分患者不能治愈。随着分子生物学的进展,针对HCV生活周期中病毒蛋白靶向特异性治疗的许多小分子化合物的研究得到了迅速发展,提高了抗病毒的疗效。这些药物统一命名为抗HCV的直接抗病毒药物(direct-acting antiviralagents,DAAs),包括非结构蛋白(non-structural protein,NS)3/4A蛋白酶抑制剂、NS5B聚合酶抑制剂和NS5A蛋白抑制剂等。本文对慢性丙型肝炎DAAs的研究进展、临床应用、应用中的问题及应用前景进行概述。     

第46届欧洲肝病年会丙型肝炎病毒感染临床研究要点概述

第46届欧洲肝病年会于2011年3月在柏林召开,会议期间正式发布了<欧洲肝病学会(EASL)临床实践指南:丙型肝炎病毒感染的处理>[1].此次会议中,抗病毒治疗是慢性丙型肝炎病毒感染相关研究的重点,主要突出5个方面:(1)标准治疗[聚乙二醇干扰素(Peg-IFN)α或α-2a联合利巴韦林]加用Telaprevir或Boceprevir形成三联治疗;(2)标准治疗加用Telaprevir或Boceprevir以外的小分子直接抗病毒药物(DAAs)形成新三联治疗;(3)三联治疗在实际应用中的有关事宜,包括是否先进行标准治疗,然后加用DAAs,IL-28B宿主基因型的临床应用,耐药突变以及药物之间的相互作用,(4)非基因1型HCV感染的抗病毒治疗;(5)DAAs的联合治疗.会议上介绍了欧洲HCV治疗的政策改变对于抗病毒效果以及患者负担的影响,以及HCV感染常伴有的代谢综合征的处理和该处理对于抗病毒治疗应答的影响.     

丙型肝炎直接抗病毒药物耐药相关变异的研究

直接抗病毒药物(direct-acting antiviral agents,DAAs)的应用使慢性丙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis C,CHC)抗病毒治疗进入了新的时代,全口服的DAAs联合治疗方案抗病毒活性强、安全性好且不良反应少。耐药相关变异(resistanceassociated variants,RAV)的出现削弱了DAAs的抗病毒活性,给DAAs的临床应用带来了巨大的挑战。本文将对临床试验和体外研究中检测到的DAAs RAV及其在CHC患者中的自然发生率进行系统的阐述,以期为DAAs治疗效果的预测和治疗方案的选择提供有用的信息。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.