肝肾综合征研究进展

肝肾综合征（HRS）是严重肝病患者发生的功能性急性肾衰竭。虽然肝硬化不是HRS的唯一原因,但HRS最常发生于肝硬化腹水患者。HRS最显著的特点是尽管肾功能严重减退,但无急性肾小管坏死或其他病理学异常,或仅具有与肾脏损害严重程度不成正比的轻微病理损害。如果将HRS患者的肾脏移植给无肝硬化者,移植肾可发挥正常功能;HRS患者在接受肝移植后,肾功能也恢复正常。     

肝衰竭并发肝肾综合征临床诊治进展

肝肾综合征（HRS）是肝衰竭、失代偿期肝硬化和肝癌晚期等重症肝病常见的严重并发症之一。 HRS 诊断标准虽已十分明确,但缺乏特异性诊断指标。 HRS 的诊断仍是一种临床排除性诊断,在实际工作中还是一个难题,因此需对 HRS 的早期表现提高警惕,无论是否达到 HRS 的诊断标准,一旦出现尿量突发显著减少伴血清肌酐水平升高,均提示 HRS 早期征象的发生,须及时诊断并给予及时的处理。在治疗方面,血管收缩剂联合白蛋白、TIPS、连续性肾脏替代治疗和 MARS 等在短暂改善肾功能的同时,主要为肝移植作准备。迄今为止,肝移植是 HRS 最有效的治疗方法。如不能及时接受肝移植,患者病死率达80%～100%。临床上“防重于治”。     

第七讲重型肝炎并发肝肾综合征的诊治进展

肝肾综合征(HRS)是重症肝病患者在无肾脏原发病变的情况下发生的一种进行性功能性肾衰竭,常并发于重型肝炎和肝硬化晚期.其特征为:(1)肾脏无器质性病变,肾小管回吸收功能良好;(2)肝移植后肾功能可完全恢复,而将肾脏移植于非肝病肾衰竭患者,移植肾的功能良好.HRS的发病机制历来存在两种学说,一是"肝肾反射学说",二是"肾外动脉扩张学说",两种学说的交汇点,就是肾血流量或灌注压不足、肾小球滤过率下降.就重型肝炎合并HRS而言,倾向于前一机制同时存在肾外动脉扩张的综合作用.现就重型肝炎合并HRS的诊断和治疗进展综述如下.     

肝肾综合征的研究进展

肝肾综合征（HRS）是慢性肝病患者出现进展性肝功能衰竭和门脉高压时,以肾功能损伤、肾血流灌注减少和内源性血管活性异常为特征的一种综合征^[1]。其特征为：肾脏无器质性病变,肾小管回吸收功能良好;肝移植后肾功能可完全恢复,而将肾脏移植于非肝病肾衰竭患者,移植肾的功能良好。     

重型肝炎的临床诊治和研究进展——第七讲 重型肝炎并发肝肾综合征的诊治进展

肝肾综合征(HRS)是重症肝病患者在无肾脏原发病变的情况下发生的一种进行性功能性肾衰竭，常并发于重型肝炎和肝硬化晚期。其特征为：(1)肾脏无器质性病变，肾小管回吸收功能良好；(2)肝移植后肾功能可完全恢复，而将肾脏移植于非肝病肾衰竭患者，移植肾的功能良好。HRS的发病机制历来存在两种学说，一是“肝肾反射学说”，二是“肾外动脉扩张学说”，两种学说的交汇点，就是肾血流量或灌注压不足、肾小球滤过率下     

肝肾综合征

肝肾综合征(Hepatorenal syndrome，HRS)是一种发生于急、慢性肝病，明显肝衰竭和门脉高压患者的综合征。HRS是一种特异性的急性肾衰竭，其肾功能衰竭是功能性的。虽然肾功能严重减退，但肾脏无显著的组织学改变。如把HRS患者的肾脏移植给慢性肾衰竭患者，后者肾功能即恢复正常，而     

肝肾综合征的研究进展

肝肾综合征（Hepatorenal syndrome,HRS）是肝功能障碍终末期的严重并发症,以肾脏血管显著收缩为特征,最终导致肾脏血流灌注和肾小球滤过率明显下降,肾脏的水钠排泄功能受损。尽管HRS是一种可逆性、功能性肾功能损伤,但一旦发生,预后极差,存活率很低。目前临床上血管活性药物、白蛋白的应用可以改善肾功能,提高患者生存率,但最终有效治疗方案仍是肝移植。随着对其发病机制、临床特点的进一步了解及药物的治疗进展,国际腹水协会对其定义及诊断标准达成了新的共识。     

合并肾功能衰竭的肝移植患者接受肾脏替代治疗的价值

目的 回顾性分析合并急性肾功能衰竭的肝移植受体移植术前的危险因素,并探讨肾脏替代治疗(RRT)作为其移植前过渡治疗措施的价值. 方法收集2001年1月-2008年1月在卫生部移植医学工程技术研究中心由于急性肾功能衰竭而接受RRT的肝移植受体患者,依据不同预后对肝移植受体的临床特征进行分组对比分析;按接受不同RRT种类对肝移植受体的临床特征进行分组对比分析.用逻辑回归法分析能预测合并肾功能衰竭肝移植受体病死率的指标.对数据进行f检验、χ2检验、Logistic回归分析.结果 在接受RRT的患者中,有31.25%的患者因为肝移植而生存或者出院,68.75%的患者在等待移植期间死亡.死亡组患者与移植组相比,有更高的多器官功能障碍评分(4.98±2.32与4.45±2.02,P=0.008)、更低的平均动脉压[(56.5±7.1)mm Hg与(65.4±12.9)mm HgP=0.040;1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa].RRT的平均治疗天数在连续性肾脏替代治疗组和间歇血液透析组之间的差异没有统计学意义.与间歇血液透析组相比,连续性肾脏替代治疗组有更高的多器官功能障碍评分(4.82±2.12与3.45±1.91,P=0.040)、更低的平均动脉压[(56.0±14.2)mm Hg与(68.5±15.3)mm Hg,P=0.002]、更低的血清肌酐浓度[(320.12±185.15)μmol/L与(420.55±158.32)μmol/L,JP=0.008].肾功能衰竭受体术前平均动脉压越低,则死亡风险越高. 结论对患有急性肾功能衰竭的肝移植受体应用RRT是可取的.尽管病死率仍高,但可使部分患者得以肝移植而生存.     

肝肾综合征诊治研究进展

肝肾综合征（HRS）是肝硬化的严重并发症，国际腹水俱乐部于2007年修订了HRS的定义和诊断标准，但其诊断仍存在一些尚未解决的问题。随着对HRS病理生理学机制的深入认识，特利加压素等血管收缩药物改变了HRS内科治疗几乎无效的状态。目前，肝移植是HRS患者的主要根治手段。本文就HRS的诊治研究进展作一综述。     

肝肾综合征的治疗

肝肾综合征(HRS)是终末期肝病的严重并发症之一,即使内科综合治疗方法很多,但疗效多不确切,其一旦发生病死率极高[1].在肝肾综合征的防治中,任何有损肝肾功能的因素应及时发现、纠正或避免;因呕吐、腹泻、出血或任何其他可以减少有效血容量的因素所引起的血容量不足也必须迅速纠正;对全身血流动力学及肾功能可能有害的药物,应尽可能避免应用或必要应用时应慎重权衡利弊;大多数严重肝病患者多有循环充盈不足,反复补充白蛋白制剂或新鲜血浆是纠正血容量不足的有效选择.HRS病因复杂,发病机制尚不完全清楚,其治疗缺乏方向性.HRS目前最有效的治疗是活体肝移植或肝肾联合移植,但因费用昂贵且供体来源有限而限制了其临床应用.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.