多发性硬化的正常表现脑白质的DTI定量

目的：应用磁共振弥散张量成像（DTI）技术，定量研究多发性硬化（MS）患者在常规磁共振上表现正常的脑白质（NAWM），以及探讨其相关的微观病理改变。材料和方法：采用3．0T磁共振仪，对34例Ms患者和25例性别年龄相匹配的正常志愿者均进行DTI检查。分别测量MS组和对照组的9个不同部位脑白质的平均弥散率（MD）和部分各向异性指数（FA值），这9个部位包括胼胝体膝部、体部、压部、内囊后肢、侧脑室旁白质、额叶白质、顶叶白质、枕叶白质以及小脑中脚。比较两组NAWM之间的MD和FA值是否存在差异。结果：MS组的NAWM的MD值均高于对照组（P〈0．05），以胼胝体体部、内囊、侧脑室旁及额叶白质、顶叶白质、枕叶白质更为显著（P〈0．01）；MS组的FA值与对照组比较，胼胝体体部、顶叶白质、额叶白质、枕叶白质及内囊、侧脑室旁发现明显降低（P〈0．05），以后4个部位更为显著（P〈0．01），而胼胝体膝部、压部和小脑结合臂有降低趋势，但无统计学意义。结论：应用DTI定量研究可以探测到多发性硬化的NAWM所出现的微观病理改变，表现为水分子的平均弥散幅度明显升高，以幕上明显，并且胼胝体体部、内囊后肢等白质纤维明显失去正常的方向性。DTI在对白质损伤程度的量化评估中具有重要的价值。     

强迫症患者脑部白质异常的磁共振扩散张量成像研究

目的 运用磁共振扩散张量成像技术,探索强迫症患者脑部白质异常的部位.方法 对15例强迫症患者和15例年龄、性别及文化程度相匹配的健康志愿者,分别行脑部DTI扫描.选择双侧眶额叶白质、顶叶白质、扣带束、上纵束、内囊前肢、丘脑后辐射以及胼胝体嘴、胼胝体膝、胼胝体压部作为感兴趣区,分别测量以上部位的FA值进行统计学分析,并与强迫症症状严重性进行相关性分析.结果 与正常对照组相比,强迫症组右侧前扣带回、胼胝体嘴部的FA值降低(P<0.05),左侧前扣带回及右侧前额叶的FA值升高(P<0.05).结论 本研究发现强迫症患者存在多个脑白质区的结构异常,以上部位的异常可能在强迫症的发病中起重要作用.     

急性一氧化碳中毒脑损伤的磁共振扩散张量成像

目的：利用磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI )评估急性一氧化碳(CO)中毒患者的脑结构损伤情况。方法25例急性(5.0 d±1.44 d) CO 中毒患者和37例性别、年龄、利手、受教育程度匹配的健康志愿者进行 DTI 扫描,获得扩散张量纤维束成像(DTT)图像,并分别测量双侧小脑半球(齿状核)、黑质、海马、额叶白质(侧脑室前角前下方、侧脑室体部上方)、尾状核头、苍白球、丘脑、内囊前肢、内囊后肢、枕叶白质(视中枢)、顶叶白质(侧脑室体部上方)及胼胝体膝部、压部共26个感兴趣(ROI)的各向异性分数(FA)值和表观扩散系数(ADC)值,进行组间配对 t 检验。结果病患组双侧苍白球、双侧内囊前肢、双侧黑质、右侧小脑、左侧额叶下部白质、右额叶上下部白质、胼胝体膝部的 FA 值显著低于对照组(P <0.05)。病患组右侧黑质、左侧苍白球的 ADC 值显著降低(P <0.05),病患组右额叶上下部白质及双侧枕叶白质 ADC 值显著升高(P <0.05)。结论急性 CO 中毒患者广泛脑微结构受损,提示脑微结构的原发损伤可能是 CO 中毒迟发性脑病潜在的病理生理基础。     

DTI评价不同期HIV相关性痴呆脑白质微细结构损害

目的:应用磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)技术研究不同期HIV相关性痴呆(HAD)患者脑白质微细结构的改变.方法:对17例HAD患者(中重度组9例,亚临床组8例)及10例年龄性别相匹配的健康对照组行常规MRI及DTI检查,测量其额叶、顶叶、颞叶、枕叶、胼胝体膝部、压部、内囊前、后肢白质区部分各向异性分数(FA)和表观扩散系...     

偏头痛患者磁共振弥散张量成像的初步探讨

 目的探讨偏头痛患者磁共振弥散张量中脑白质损害。方法对17例偏头痛患者和16名健康志愿者,进行磁共振弥散张量成像(diffusiontensorimaging,DTI)检查。分别测定两组受试者的双侧额叶皮层下白质、双侧侧脑室旁周围白质和双侧枕叶皮层下白质中感兴趣区(regionofinterests,ROIs)的“看似正常的白质”(normalappearingwhitematter,NAWM)表观扩散系数(apparentdiffusioncoefficient,ADC)和各向异性分数(fractionalanisotropy,FA),对两组数据进行比较分析。结果偏头痛组双侧侧脑室旁周围白质ADC值较对照组明显增高(P<0.05),双侧枕叶皮层下白质各向FA值较对照组明显降低(P<0.01)。结论DTI有助于早期发现偏头痛患者的脑白质损害。     

轻度认知障碍患者背外侧前额叶白质的DTI研究

目的用扩散张量成像(DTI)方法研究轻度认知障碍(MCI)患者背外侧前额叶白质的扩散特性,并探讨该区域可能的病理改变及DTI的临床诊断价值。资料与方法对17例MCI患者和18名年龄、性别和受教育程度相匹配的正常老年人进行全脑DTI扫描,测量其双侧背外侧前额叶白质的各向异性分数(FA)值、平均扩散率(MD)值和本征向量值(λ1、λ23),对两组数据进行统计学分析。结果MCI组两侧大脑半球背外侧前额叶白质的FA值较正常对照组减低而λ23值升高,且有显著的组间差异,而MD值和λ1值没有显著差异。结论MCI患者背外侧前额叶白质的FA值显著减低和λ23值升高,反映了MCI患者特定认知相关脑区白质微结构的早期病理改变,在MCI的诊断中具有较好的应用价值。     

放射学孤立综合征的MR扩散张量成像研究

目的 应用MR DTI技术研究放射学孤立综合征(RIS)患者在常规MRI上表现正常的脑白质(NAWM)是否存在异常.方法 收集RIS患者27例(RIS组),同时选取16名年龄和性别均与RIS组相匹配的常规头颅MR检查无明显异常的健康志愿者(正常对照组),2组患者均行头颅常规MRI及DTI横断面扫描.测量受试者胼胝体膝部、体前部、体后部、压部以及额叶白质、枕叶白质的各向异性分数(FA)值、平均扩散系数(MD)值.2组之间不同区域的FA值、MD值比较采用独立样本t检验,同一研究者的2次测量值采用类内相关系数(ICC)分析.结果 同一研究者2次测量各参数基本一致,ICC值为0.934 ～0.989,显示2次测量结果的一致性较好.RIS组胼胝体膝部、体前部、体后部的FA值分别为0.705±0.040、0.632±0.042、0.628±0.043,相比于正常对照组0.738±0.045、0.675±0.042、0.666±0.045,均显著减小,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为-3.526、4.487、-3.890,P值均＜0.01);RIS组胼胝体压部、额叶和枕叶白质的FA值与正常对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(t值分别为-1.387、-0.683、-1.243,P值均＞0.05).RIS组胼胝体膝部、体前部、体后部的MD值分别为(0.891±0.038)、(0.839±0.047)、(0.833±0.039)×10-3 mm2/s,相比于正常对照组(0.874±0.035)、(0.794±0.031)、(0.792±0.057)×10-3 mm2/s,均显著增大,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为2.101、5.836、5.146,P值均＜0.01);胼胝体压部、额叶白质和枕叶白质的MD值2组间比较差异均无统计学意义(t值分别为1.671、1.702、1.624,P值均＞0.05).结论 应用DTI技术可检测到RIS患者的NAWM存在异常.     

磁共振扩散张量成像在评估帕金森病脑内白质改变中的应用

目的 利用磁共振扩散张量成像技术(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)评价帕金森病患者脑白质纤维束与正常老年组间的差异.方法 对23例临床诊断为原发性帕金森病(Parkinson's disease, PD)患者和相匹配的22例正常老年人行DTI成像,采用人工勾画感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI)的方法在DTI参数图,包括部分各向异性图(fractional anisotropy,FA)和平均扩散系数图(mean diffusivity,MD)上测量脑内主要白质纤维束的FA值及MD值,采用t检验的方法进行组间比较.结果 PD组双侧钩束、后扣带束及上纵束的FA值低于对照组(P＜0.05),双侧后扣带束及右侧上纵束的MD值高于正常组(P＜0.05).结论 PD的病理改变不仅存在于黑质纹状体系统,也累及白质纤维.     

多系统萎缩弥散张量成像的基于体素分析

目的 利用基于体素的分析方法对震颤麻痹型多系统萎缩(MSA-P)患者的弥散张量成像(DTI)数据进行研究,探索其脑内微结构改变.资料与方法 入组24例MSA-P患者(病例组)及26例健康志愿者(对照组),分别行全脑结构成像及弥散张量成像.比较两组各向异性分数(FA)图和平均扩散率(MD)图,得出反映病例组与对照组差异的统计参数图.结果 与对照组相比,病例组FA值减低累及双侧脑干、小脑半球、岛叶、顶叶、额叶、颞叶及枕叶,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.005),其中白质受累较灰质显著;MD值在双侧脑干、小脑半球、基底节、岛叶、额叶、颞叶及枕叶处较对照组升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜ 0.005).结论 DTI技术可以敏感地通过显示MSA-P患者脑内微结构的改变反映其受累情况,基于体素的分析方法有助于客观展示全脑受累情况.     

磁共振弥散张量成像对鉴别星形细胞肿瘤恶性程度的应用价值

目的:研究磁共振弥散张量成像对于鉴别低度恶性星形细胞肿瘤和高度恶性星形细胞肿瘤的价值.方法:对45例术前怀疑为星形细胞肿瘤患者进行了常规MRI及DTI检查.其中19例为低度恶性肿瘤(相当于WHO分级的Ⅰ或Ⅱ级),26例为高度恶性肿瘤(WHO分级的Ⅲ或Ⅳ级).分别测量肿瘤实质部分的FA值和对侧正常额叶白质或枕叶白质的FA值.将肿瘤实质部分的FA值与正常对侧白质的FA值比较;比较低度恶性星形细胞肿瘤和高度恶性星形细胞肿瘤FA值的差异.结果:正常额叶或枕叶白质的FA值为0.40±0.02.星形细胞肿瘤的FA值低于正常枕叶和额叶白质的FA值;低度恶性星形细胞肿瘤的FA值(0.16±0.02)低于高度恶性肿瘤的FA值(0.23±0.02).上述差别均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:星形细胞肿瘤的FA值较正常脑白质降低,低度恶性肿瘤的FA值低于高度恶性肿瘤的FA值.FA值在一定程度上反映了肿瘤组织的结构特点.磁共振弥散张量成像对于鉴别低度恶性星形细胞肿瘤和高度恶性肿瘤具有一定的意义,对于一些不典型病例可以考虑应用DTI鉴别星形细胞肿瘤的恶性程度.     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

幽门螺杆菌分泌与重组表达的VacA蛋白的分离纯化及其致细胞空泡效应与凋亡的对比研究

目的：分离纯化幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的细胞空泡毒素抗原（ VacA）蛋白,并评价其致细胞空泡效应及致细胞凋亡效应。方法分别从幽门螺杆菌ATCC26695菌株培养上清和重组表达VacA蛋白的pQE30-VacA-E．coliM15基因工程菌中分离纯化VacA蛋白,经酸化后,以不同终浓度（5,10 ng／ml）分别与人胃腺癌AGS细胞共孵24 h,观察致空泡效应,并通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果成功分离纯化出幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的VacA蛋白;幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白能显著引起AGS细胞的空泡样改变及凋亡（P＜0．01）,而重组表达的VacA蛋白致细胞空泡样改变及凋亡不显著（ P＞0．05）。结论幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白有良好的空泡毒性及致凋亡效应,而重组表达的VacA蛋白无致空泡及凋亡效应,幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白可用于VacA作用机制的研究。     

化学和生物学融合对国际武器公约履约的影响

化学武器公约（ CWC）和生物武器公约（ BWC）是为禁止生产、发展、储存和使用化学武器和生物武器而制定的国际公约。近年来,科学技术快速发展,知识交叉渗透,学科之间出现整合和融合,促进了科技进步和经济发展。其中化学和生物学融合在有力促进制药、健康卫生、绿色化学和环境保护等产业进步的同时,也对化学和生物武器公约的履约产生了重要的影响。该文综述了与化学武器和生物武器公约相关的化学和生物学融合进展,并分析其对公约履约的影响。     

Oxygen uptake and ventilation during rowing and running in females and males

This study evaluated if the ventilatory response to exercise is impaired by the cramp position of rowing. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal expiratory volume (VEmax), and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during rowing and running were compared in 55 males (age, mean +/- SD, 21 +/- 3 years; height 176 +/- 5 cm; body mass 72 +/- 6 kg) and 18 females (age 20 +/- 2 years; height 164 +/- 5 cm; body mass 61 +/- 4 kg). VEmax was larger during rowing than during running (males, 157 +/- 16 vs. 147 +/- 13 L min(-1); 114 +/- 9 vs. 105 +/- 11 L min(-1), P<0.01). Also VO2max was larger during rowing than during running (males, 4.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4 L min(-1); females, 3.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.4 L min(-1), P<0.01). However, HRmax was lower during rowing than during running (males, 194 +/- 8 vs. 198 +/- 11 beats min(-1); females, 192 +/- 6 vs. 196 +/- 8 beats min(-1), P<0.05). VEmax was correlated to body mass and fat-free mass, as was VO2max. Thus, the oxygen pulse (VO2max/HRmax) was larger during rowing than during running, while the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEmax/VO2max) was similar. We showed that bending the body during rowing does not seem to impair ventilation either in males or in females. The results indicate that VEmax and VO2max relate to body size and fat-free mass for both females and males. The findings indicate that the involvement of more muscles, the entrainment, and the body position during rowing facilitates ventilation and venous return and lowers maximal heart rate.     

Coracoclavicular and coracoacromial ligament calcification and ossification

Thirty-six patients with calcification or ossification at or around the coracoclavicular and coracoacromial regions were analyzed with regard to type, location, and configuration of the deposits and related clinical history. Calcification or ossification in the coracoclavicular region resulted largely from trauma (36%) or renal failure (28%). Trauma patients may develop punctate calcification or ossification but do not develop the tumoral type of calcification. About 5% of the renal failure patients had coracoclavicular ligament calcifications, one-half of which were of the tumoral type. Renal failure patients may have punctate or tumoral calcifications but do not develop ossification.     

CLIP相关技术的研究进展

在真核生物基因表达的转录后调节中,RNA结合蛋白（ RBP）起着关键作用,很多RBP的异常与人类疾病的发生密切相关。自2000年的RNA免疫沉淀和芯片分析方法（ RNA immunoprecipitation with differential display or microarray analysis , RIP-ChIP）出现以来,人们开始就RBP与RNA相互作用进行了系统而广泛的研究。经过改良和发展,基于体内实时紫外交联免疫沉淀法（ ultraviolet crosslinking and immunoprecipitation , CLIP ）、交联免疫沉淀cDNA文库高通量测序法（ high-throughput sequencing of CLIP cDNA library , HITS-CLIP）、光催化核糖核苷增强交联和免疫沉淀法（ photoactivatable-ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunprecipitation , PAR-CLIP）以及提高个别核苷酸分辨率交联和免疫共沉淀法（ individual nucleotide resolution CLIP , iCLIP）等RIP-ChIP衍生方法相继产生,使用这些方法,可以解析RBP的RNA识别特异性,而且通过与高通量测序技术结合,可以实现转录组尺度的RBP的靶序列的鉴定,分辨率也得到极大提高。该文就RNA与蛋白的相互作用的基本原理及其研究进展、相关技术存在的问题以及发展趋势进行简要综述。     

Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of self-reported and device-assessed physical activity and sedentary behaviour

ObjectivesTo examine the longitudinal associations and differences between self-reported and device-assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB), using a multifaceted statistical approach.DesignLongitudinal measurement burst.MethodsIn total, 52 university students (78% female) aged 18–38 years (mean = 21.94 ± 4.57 years) participated. The study consisted of three blocks of six days of measurement, during which participants wore an accelerometer on their wrist for the entire block, and self-reported their PA over the 6 days at the end of each block.ResultsMeaningful latent differences between methods were observed for moderate PA and SB across all three assessment periods, such that participants underreported the time spent in each activity. Bland–Altman plots revealed a positive mean difference for vigorous PA, with over-reporting increasing as mean levels increased. Negative mean differences were observed for all other intensities. Underreporting of moderate PA increased as the mean level increased, whereas for light PA and SB, underreporting decreased at high levels. Repeated measures correlations revealed a meaningful association for vigorous PA only, suggesting that as self-reported minutes increase so too do device-measured minutes.ConclusionsWe found evidence of cross-sectional and longitudinal differences and weak associations between self-reported and device-assessed PA and SB. Future work is needed to enhance the quality of self-reported methods to assess PA and SB (e.g., face and content validity), and consider improvements to the processing of device-based data.     

Old and dangerous: Prison and dementia

Older prisoners are the fastest growing group of prisoners in many countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of detention of persons suffering from dementia. Medline searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters and books published until August 2016. Search terms included dementia, elderly, prison and criminal. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references. As results, there is a lack of data about elderly with dementia in prisons. Given the rise in the average age, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the number of older prisoners is growing. Moreover, some elderly are imprisoned with a concomitant cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorder while others will develop such diseases once incarcerated. At the present time, legal and social systems seem unprepared to handle the phenomenon of dementia in prison. As proposal, health assessments for older first time offenders should become a practice inside the correctional facilities and include an evaluation for specific health issues, such as psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment.