3.0T磁共振ADC值及DCE-MRI定量分析对颈部良恶性淋巴结鉴别诊断

【摘要】目的：评估3.0T磁共振ADC值及DCE-MRI定量分析对颈部良恶性淋巴结鉴别诊断的价值。方法：回顾性分析70例（254枚淋巴结）经病理确诊或临床治疗随访证实的颈部淋巴结病变（良性30例，104枚；恶性40例，150枚）的3.0T磁共振ADC值和DCE-MRI的定量参数影像资料,评估影像资料中各项指标的诊断效能。结果：①良性淋巴结的平均ADC值为1.285×10-3mm2/s，恶性0.800×10-3mm2/s，颈部良恶性淋巴结的平均ADC值差异性具有统计学意义（P<0.05）；ADC值以0.927×10-3mm2/s为阈值，鉴别诊断颈部良恶性淋巴结敏感度88.5%、特异度76.0%、准确率89.6%。②DCE-MRI的定量参数中，良性淋巴结Ktrans、Kep 值低，Ve值高；恶性淋巴结Ktrans、Kep 值高，Ve值低，颈部良恶性淋巴结的Kep、Ve值差异性具有统计学意义（P<0.05）；Ve以0.608为阈值，鉴别诊断敏感度78.8%、特异度80.0%、准确率82.4%；③颈部良恶性淋巴结的平均ADC值、Kep、Ve值三者具有相关性。结论：3.0T磁共振ADC值及DCE-MRI的定量参数对颈部良恶性淋巴结鉴别诊断具有很高的临床应用价值。     

扩散加权成像与动态增强技术在乳腺病变诊断中的应用

目的 探讨扩散加权成像(DWI)及MRI动态增强(DCE-MRI)技术对鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的价值.资料与方法 回顾性分析47例经病理证实的乳腺肿块患者资料.采用1.5 TMR行乳腺肿块DWI,对感兴趣区( ROI)求得表观扩散系数(ADC)值,然后行动态增强扫描,获得第一分钟强化率及时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)类型.分析病变的MR信号、ADC值及TIC,并经统计学处理,比较良恶性病变的差异.结果 乳腺ADC值分别为:恶性肿块组(0.826±0.064)×10- 3mm2/s,良性病变组(1.214 +0.028)×10- 3mm2/s,正常腺体组(1.403±O.150)×10- mm2/s,经t检验,各组间ADC值差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);乳腺第一分钟强化率良、恶性肿块组分别为(51.44±17.62)％、(68.46±14.75)％,两组差异具有显著统计学意义(P＜0.05),恶性肿块多表现为早期快速强化.26个良性病灶均表现为类圆形均匀强化,减影和最大密度投影(MIP)像上未见环状强化或血管纠集,TIC类型分别为Ⅰ型20个,Ⅱ型5个,Ⅲ型1个;24个恶性病变均表现为不均匀强化,减影后11个显示环形强化,MIP示12支迂曲的异常血管向肿块聚集,TIC类型分别为Ⅰ型6个,Ⅱ型4个,Ⅲ型14个.乳腺良恶性病变诊断预测,单独使用DWI、DCE-MRI及联合两种方法的敏感性分别为75％、80％、87.5％,特异性分别为76.92％、88％、92.3％,准确性分别为76％、84％、90％.结论 结合ADC值与TIC,较单独使用一种方法可明显提高鉴别乳腺良恶性病变诊断的敏感性、特异性和准确性.     

MRI动态增强扫描联合DWI鉴别乳腺良恶性肿瘤的应用价值

目的:探讨MRI动态增强扫描(DCE-MRI)联合DWI鉴别乳腺良恶性肿瘤的应用价值。方法:收集行乳腺MRI常规序列和DWI扫描并经手术病理证实的55例患者资料。采用Siemens Magnetom Verio 3.0 T超导MRI扫描仪、乳腺线圈等设备。行轴位快速自旋回波T_1WI、T_2WI,反转恢复脂肪抑制技术,FLASH-3D动态增强扫描,DWI成像。结果:DCE-MRI示乳腺恶性肿瘤TIC多为Ⅱ、Ⅲ型曲线,良性肿瘤多为Ⅰ、Ⅱ型曲线,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),DCE-MRI诊断敏感度91.9%、特异度61.1%、准确性81.8%;ADC值诊断良恶性病变敏感度81.1%、特异度77.8%、准确性80.0%。DCE-MRI联合ADC值综合诊断良恶性病变敏感度94.6%、特异度61.1%、准确性83.6%。结论:DCE-MRI联合DWI能显著提高乳腺良恶性肿瘤诊断准确性。     

3.0T MR多b值DWI对鼻咽癌患者颈部良恶性淋巴结的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨3.0T磁共振多b值扩散加权成像(DWI)对鼻咽癌患者颈部良恶性淋巴结的鉴别和诊断价值。方法收集本院66例鼻咽癌患者的临床资料,并以35例良性淋巴结肿大患者为对照。所有患者均行MR常规平扫、增强和多b值DWI影像学检查,比较不同b值下鼻咽癌患者原发灶、颈部转移性小淋巴结、转移性大淋巴结与良性淋巴结肿大患者表观扩散系数(ADC)值的差异。通过绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线计算诊断阈值、ROC曲线下面积、敏感度和特异度,评价不同b值下ADC值对鼻咽癌颈部良恶性淋巴结的鉴别和诊断价值。结果随着b值的增加,鼻咽癌患者原发灶、颈部转移性小淋巴结、转移性大淋巴结与良性淋巴结肿大患者ADC值呈现减少的趋势;鼻咽癌患者原发灶、颈部转移性小淋巴结、转移性大淋巴结之间ADC值的比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);鼻咽癌患者原发灶、颈部转移性小淋巴结、转移性大淋巴结ADC值均显著低于良性淋巴结肿大患者(P<0.05)。在b值分别取400、600、800、1000s/mm^2时,其对应的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.77、0.82、0.91、0.87。当b=800s/mm^2时,其鉴别和诊断淋巴结良恶性的价值最高,此时ADC值诊断鼻咽癌颈部转移性小淋巴结的阈值为0.945×10^-3mm^2/s,诊断敏感度为98.49%,特异度为79.63%,约登指数为0.78。结论3.0T MR多b值DWI检查可有效区分良恶性淋巴结的性质,并且在b值为800s/mm^2时,其鉴别和诊断不同淋巴结性质的能力最强,可用于临床鉴别和诊断鼻咽癌患者颈部淋巴结转移瘤。     

DWI对颈部淋巴结病变良恶性的鉴别诊断价值

目的:探讨DWI及其定量参数ADC值对颈部淋巴结病变良恶性的鉴别诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的颈部淋巴结病变患者49例共116个病灶,分为恶性组28例(60个病灶)和良性组21例(56个病灶)。患者均行常规MRI及DWI检查,测量并比较2组的ADC值,以病理结果为金标准,绘制ROC曲线,观察ADC值的诊断效能。结果:恶性组淋巴结平均ADC值为(0.73±0.17)×10~(-3)mm~2/s,低于良性组的(1.02±0.23)×10~(-3)mm~2/s(P0.05)。经ROC曲线分析,ADC阈值为0.82×10~(-3)mm~2/s时,区分颈部淋巴结良恶性病变的诊断灵敏度、特异度和曲线下面积分别为78.6%、73.3%和0.843。结论:ADC值对颈部良恶性淋巴结病变具有鉴别诊断价值。     

MR动态增强成像在诊断良恶性骨病中的应用价值

目的:探讨MR动态增强成像在诊断良恶性骨病中的应用价值。方法:36例骨病患者(良性14例,恶性22例)行DCE-MRI检查。于动态增强图像上测量信号增强幅度(SEE)、早期动态增强斜率值(Slope值)、向心性增强率(DER),判断TIC曲线类型,采用受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线选择良恶性病变鉴别诊断的阈值,计算各参数对病变潜在恶性估计的敏感度、特异度和准确度。结果:①36例病例中,恶性病变组共22例,均为Ⅲ型(100%);良性病变组共14例,呈Ⅲ型者2例(14.29%),呈Ⅱ型者5例(35.71%),Ⅰ型者7例(50%)。若以Ⅲ型为恶性病变,Ⅰ、Ⅱ型均视为良性病变为诊断标准,则TIC类型对病变潜在恶性评估的准确度为94.3%;②良恶性两组间SEE、Slope值、DER分别为227.96±172.08、325.6±125.86(P0.05);(0.97±0.67)%/s、(2.53±0.91)%/s(P0.05);0.2043±0.0487、0.2267±0.0402(P0.05)。Slope值对病变潜在恶性估计的准确度为91.4%。结论:DCE-MRI可以反应病变组织的血管化与灌注,有助于鉴别骨骼系统病变的良恶性,且以TIC类型准确度最高,最有价值。     

骨肿瘤的MR灌注和扩散加权成像研究

目的 对临床常见的骨肿瘤进行MR灌注成像(PWI)和扩散加权成像(DWI)研究,探讨其在骨肿瘤定性诊断中的价值.方法 收集恶性骨肿瘤18例,良性骨肿瘤21例,行MR PWI和MR DWI,应用Functool 2软件分析,于灌注像上得到病灶时间一信号曲线(TIC)、首过期(FP)信号递减幅度、TIC最大线性斜率、两次稳态信号差值;于DWI上获得病灶表观扩散系数(ADC)值;采用SPSS 13.0统计分析软件,将从良、恶性骨肿瘤两组样本中获得的各种参数用成组设计的两样本均数进行t检验,采用受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线选择良恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断的阈值,计算MR PWI和MR DWI诊断恶性骨肿瘤的敏感度、特异度、和准确度.结果 MRP PWI显示,17/21的良性骨肿瘤TIC表现为Ⅰ型(平稳型)及Ⅱ型(缓降缓升型),恶性骨肿瘤TIC表现为Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型(速降型);良、恶性骨肿瘤之间的FP信号递减幅度、TIC最大线性斜率及两次稳态信号差值在良、恶性骨肿瘤之间的差异均具有显著性统计学意义,其据此诊断恶性骨肿瘤的准确度分别为82.1%、79.5%和87.2%;有4例良性骨肿瘤可根据其MR-PWI作定性判断,结果误诊为恶性肿瘤.MR DWI显示:b=300 s/mm2时,良、恶性骨肿瘤的ADC值的差异具有统计学意义;若以ADCI.63x103mm3/s为恶性阈值,其诊断恶性骨肿瘤的准确度为79.5%.MR PWI和MR DWI诊断恶性骨肿瘤的准确度分别为89.7%和79.5%.结论 MR PWI比MR DWI更有助于鉴别良、恶性骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变,但恶性骨肿瘤与富血供良性骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的灌注参数存在重叠,此时结合MR DWI可以提高诊断准确度.     

乳腺DCE-MRI与ADC值及ADC差值的临床应用价值

目的 探讨动态增强磁共振成像(DCE-MRI)、扩散加权成像(DWI)对鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的临床应用价值.方法 对临床拟诊乳腺病变的60例患者行MR检查,将病灶形态学、早期增强率、时间-信号曲线(TIC)、表观扩散系数(ADC)值、病灶周围组织与病灶ADC的差值诊断结果进行比较分析.结果 早期增强率、TIC、ADC值、ADC差值受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.741、0.808、0.882、0.959,早期增强率、ADC值、ADC差值最佳诊断阈值分别为163％、1.30×10-3mm2/s、0.47×10-3 mm2/s.形态学、早期增强率、Ⅲ型曲线、Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型曲线、ADC值、ADC差值鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的敏感性分别为53.1％、59.4％、43.8％、90.6％、93.8％、96.9％,特异性分别为85.7％、82.1％、89.3％、57.1％、75.0％、82.1％,阳性预测值分别为81.0％、79.2％、82.4％、70.7％、81.1％、86.1％,阴性预测值分别为61.5％、63.9％、58.1％、84.2％、91.3％、95.8％,准确率分别为68.3％、70.0％、65.0％、75.0％、85.0％、90.0％.结论 DCE MRI与DWl对乳腺良恶性病变的鉴别诊断有重要作用,其中ADC差值诊断效能最高,需多种方法综合诊断互补不足,以提高诊断准确性.     

DCE-MRI鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的应用价值

目的 探讨磁共振动态增强扫描(DCE-MRI)在甲状腺结节良恶性鉴别诊断中的价值.方法 经病理证实的甲状腺结节患者29例(41个病灶),常规MR平扫后采用快速自旋回波(FSE)T1WI序列进行DCE-MRI,获得时间-信号曲线(TIC),计算峰值时间(Tpeak)、斜率(Slope)、最大强化率(ER)、最大信号强度(SImax)及清除率(WR320s)等参数.采用SPSS 15.0软件对良、恶性结节组的动态增强参数Tpeak、SImax、Slope、ER及WR320s进行正态分布及方差齐性检验.结果 Tpeak及WR320s在两组间具有统计学差异(P =0.035,0.000),良性结节的Tpeak短于恶性而WR320s大于恶性.Tmax、Slope及ER两组间无统计学差异(P=0.65,0.40,0.81).所有甲状腺癌均表现为Ⅱ型(4/15)或Ⅲ型(11/15)曲线,甲状腺良性结节主要表现为Ⅳ型曲线(15/26).以Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型动态曲线作为诊断甲状腺癌的标准,敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为100％、84.6％、90.2％、78.9％、100％.结论 DCE-MRI有助于甲状腺良恶性结节的鉴别,TIC可直观地反映良恶性结节血流动力学差异,以Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型曲线作为诊断甲状腺癌的标准可获得较高的准确性.     

多b值DWI和DCE-MRI联合应用在卵巢肿瘤诊断中的价值初探

目的:探讨多b值DWI、DCE-MRI联合应用对卵巢肿瘤的诊断价值。方法:收集40例经手术病理证实的卵巢肿瘤,术前均行常规MRI平扫、多b值DWI及DCE-MRI检查。测量卵巢肿瘤囊、实性部分的ADC值、实性部分的TIC及相应的定量参数值。利用ROC曲线分析得出鉴别卵巢肿瘤良恶性的最优参数值和最佳诊断阈值,并与病理结果比较得出相应的诊断效能。结果:(1)卵巢良恶性肿瘤实性部分各组间ADC值、容量转移常数Ktrans值、速率常数Kep值及血管外细胞外间隙容积比Ve值差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05),囊性部分ADC值差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。(2)利用ROC曲线分析得出,当b值为1 200 s/mm~2时DWI鉴别卵巢肿瘤良恶性具有最佳诊断效能,ADC值的最佳诊断阈值为1.17×10~(-3)mm~2/s;DCE-MRI中Ktrans值鉴别卵巢肿瘤良恶性具有更高的诊断效能,最佳诊断阈值为0.093 min~(-1)。(3)多b值DWI联合DCE-MRI检查对卵巢肿瘤的诊断效能较单一检查方式高。结论:(1)b=1 200 s/mm~2时DWI和DCE-MRI Ktrans值在鉴别卵巢肿瘤良恶性时诊断效能最高;(2)多b值DWI联合DCE-MRI提高了卵巢肿瘤术前诊断的准确性。     

A monitoring,feedback, and triggering system for reproducible breath-hold MR imaging

A technique is described that provides improved reproducibility of breath-holding for MR image acquisition by monitoring the superior-inferior (S/I) position of the diaphragm. The method incorporates detection of the level of inspiration using an MR signal, rapid display to the patient of diaphragm position to enable breath-hold adjustment, and triggering of image data acquisition once appropriate position is attained. The response time of the system is short, approximately 10 ms. Studies in six volunteers using this method demonstrate a considerable decrease in the S/I range of diaphragm position over 10 consecutive periods of suspended respiration. The mean range is 1.3 mm with the system, while it is 8.3 mm without using it is expected that this method will be of assistance in many abdominal and cardiothoracic studies that use breath-hold techniques.     

DSA功能性参数的提取与利用

本文介绍了在临床实际中利用功能性参数，对冠状动脉ＤＳＡ心肌血流灌注成像、冠状动脉血流量测定、左心室功能测定、肺动脉高压程度的评价等项目研究结果。重点讨论了提取ＤＳＡ功能性参数的一般方法，认为功能性参数在现代影像诊断学中的作用是对疾病做出程度、定量、动态及功能诊断。     

RARE spiral T2-weighted imaging

Spiral imaging has a number of advantages for fast imaging, including an efficient use of gradient hardware. However, inhomogeneity-induced blurring is proportional to the data acquisition duration. In this paper, we combine spiral data acquisition with a RARE echo train. This allows a long data acquisition interval per excitation, while limiting the effects of inhomogeneity. Long spiral k-space trajectories are partitioned into smaller, annular ring trajectories. Each of these annular rings is acquired during echoes of a RARE echo train. The RARE refocusing RF pulses periodically refocus off-resonant spins while building a long data acquisition. We describe both T₂-weighted single excitation and interleaved RARE spiral sequences. A typical sequence acquires a complete data set in three excitations (32 cm FOV, 192 × 192 matrix). At a TR = 2000 ms, we can average two acquisitions in an easy breath-hold interval. A multifrequency reconstruction algorithm minimizes the effects of any off-resonant spins. Though this algorithm needs a field map, we demonstrate how signal averaging can provide the necessary phase data while increasing SNR. The field map creation causes no scan time penalty and essentially no loss in SNR efficiency. Multiple slice, 14-s breath-hold scans acquired on a conventional gradient system demonstrate the performance.     

Echo-Time-Encoded Burst Imaging (EBI): A Novel Technique for Spectroscopic Imaging

A new technique for rapid spectroscopic imaging is presented. The proposed experiment enables a complete mapping of the two-dimensional reciprocal space k_x, k_o, and thus the acquisition of a 1D spectroscopic image in a single scan. The properties of the pulse sequence, based on the use of a burst of low flip angle pulses, are analyzed in the framework of linear response theory, and it is shown that chemical shift information may be introduced into the spatially encoded echoes. First experimental results are presented demonstrating that 32 x 32 proton spectroscopic images may be acquired within less than 1 min with a conventional imaging system.     

Fast imaging of phosphocreatine in the normal human myocardium using a three-dimensional RARE pulse sequence at 4 Tesla

PURPOSE: To investigate the use of a three-dimensional rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) pulse sequence for direct acquisition of phosphocreatine (PCr) images of the human myocardium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A short elliptical birdcage radiofrequency (RF) body coil was constructed to produce a uniform flip angle throughout the chest cavity. In vivo images using a spectrally-selective RARE sequence with a spatial resolution of 1.2 cm x 1.2 cm x 2.5 cm (4 cm(3)) were acquired in nine minutes and 40 seconds. RESULTS: Scans of phantoms demonstrated excellent spectral selectivity. The signal-to-noise ratio in the myocardium ranged from 12.6 in the anterior wall to 5.3 in the mid septum. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that PCr data can be acquired using a three-dimensional RARE sequence with greater spatial and temporal resolution than spectroscopic techniques.     

Current Status of Optical Imaging for Evaluating Lymph Nodes and Lymphatic System

Optical imaging techniques use visual and near infrared rays. Despite their considerably poor penetration depth, they are widely used due to their safe and intuitive properties and potential for intraoperative usage. Optical imaging techniques have been actively investigated for clinical imaging of lymph nodes and lymphatic system. This article summarizes a variety of optical tracers and techniques used for lymph node and lymphatic imaging, and reviews their clinical applications. Emerging new optical imaging techniques and their potential are also described.     

Simultaneous multislice (SMS) imaging techniques

Simultaneous multislice imaging (SMS) using parallel image reconstruction has rapidly advanced to become a major imaging technique. The primary benefit is an acceleration in data acquisition that is equal to the number of simultaneously excited slices. Unlike in‐plane parallel imaging this can have only a marginal intrinsic signal‐to‐noise ratio penalty, and the full acceleration is attainable at fixed echo time, as is required for many echo planar imaging applications. Furthermore, for some implementations SMS techniques can reduce radiofrequency (RF) power deposition. In this review the current state of the art of SMS imaging is presented. In the Introduction, a historical overview is given of the history of SMS excitation in MRI. The following section on RF pulses gives both the theoretical background and practical application. The section on encoding and reconstruction shows how the collapsed multislice images can be disentangled by means of the transmitter pulse phase, gradient pulses, and most importantly using multichannel receiver coils. The relationship between classic parallel imaging techniques and SMS reconstruction methods is explored. The subsequent section describes the practical implementation, including the acquisition of reference data, and slice cross‐talk. Published applications of SMS imaging are then reviewed, and the article concludes with an outlook and perspective of SMS imaging. Magn Reson Med 75:63–81, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society of Medicine in Resonance.     

Dynamic bioluminescence imaging for quantitative tumour burden assessment using IV or IP administration of <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-luciferin: effect on intensity,time kinetics and repeatability of photon emission

Introduction In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a promising technique for non-invasive tumour imaging. d-luciferin can be administrated intraperitonealy or intravenously. This will influence its availability and, therefore, the bioluminescent signal. The aim of this study is to compare the repeatability of BLI measurement after IV versus IP administration of d-luciferin and assess the correlation between photon emission and histological cell count both in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods Fluc-positive R1M cells were subcutaneously inoculated in nu/nu mice. Dynamic BLI was performed after IV or IP administration of d-luciferin. Maximal photon emission (PE_max) was calculated. For repeatability assessment, every acquisition was repeated after 4 h and analysed using Bland–Altman method. A second group of animals was serially imaged, alternating IV and IP administration up to 21 days. When mice were killed, PE_max after IV administration was correlated with histological cell number. Results The coefficients of repeatability were 80.2% (IV) versus 95.0% (IP). Time-to-peak is shorter, and its variance lower for IV (p < 0.0001). PE_max was 5.6 times higher for IV. A trend was observed towards lower photon emission per cell in larger tumours. Conclusion IV administration offers better repeatability and better sensitivity when compared to IP. In larger tumours, multiple factors may contribute to underestimation of tumour burden. It might, therefore, be beneficial to test novel therapeutics on small tumours to enable an accurate evaluation of tumour burden. Marleen Keyaerts is a Ph. D. fellow of the Research Foundation—Flanders (Belgium; FWO).     

Temporal resolution improvement in dynamic imaging

In some dynamic imaging applications, only a fraction, 1/n, of the field of view (FOV) may show considerable change during the motion cycle. A method is presented that improves the temporal resolution for a dynamic region by a factor, n, while maintaining spatial resolution at a cost of √n in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Temporal resolution is improved, or alternatively, total imaging time is reduced by reducing the number of phase encodes acquired for each temporal frame by 1/n. To eliminate aliasing, a representation of the signal from the static outer portion of the FOV is constructed using all the raw data. The k-space data derived from this representation is subtracted from the original data sets, and the differences correspond to the dynamic portion of the FOV. Improved resolution results are presented in phantom studies, and in vivo phase contrast quantitative flow imaging.