静脉应用胺碘酮和普罗帕酮转复阵发性房颤的临床观察

目的对比胺碘酮和普罗帕酮治疗阵发性心房颤动(房颤)的疗效及安全性。方法 40例阵发性房颤患者分别静脉用胺碘酮(胺碘酮组,20例),普罗帕酮(普罗帕酮组,20例),观察各组房颤的转复情况、复律时间及药物不良反应。其中对用普罗帕酮无效者再次予胺碘酮治疗,3例房颤转复,但未计入胺碘酮治疗有效组。结果胺碘酮组转复有效率优于普罗帕酮组(84.6%vs50.0%,P<0.05),普罗帕酮组转复时间短于胺碘酮组〔(103±67)vs(172±51)min,P<0.01〕。结论对于阵发性房颤,胺碘酮转复疗效优于普罗帕酮,安全性相似,但转复时间明显短于胺碘酮。     

静脉普罗帕酮转复阵发性心房颤动

目的 :研究静脉普罗帕酮转复新发生阵发性心房颤动 (房颤 )。方法 :有症状就诊的经心电图证实为阵发性房颤患者 42例 ,发作时间 <48h ,剔除冠心病急性心肌缺血、心力衰竭、瓣膜性心脏病、病态窦房结综合征、房室传导阻滞及甲亢患者。随机分为静脉普罗帕酮组和静脉毛花甙C组。普罗帕酮组采用 3 5mg ,5min内静脉注射 ,观察 10分钟未发者 ,再加 3 5mg ,最大剂量 14 0mg。毛花甙C组 0 .4mg静脉滴壶入 ,若 4h内不转复再加 0 .2mg。所有患者均在心电监护下观察心电、血压及症状变化。比较两组 4h和 8h的转复率和转复时间。结果 :普罗帕酮组 2 1例 4小时内转复 9例 ,8h内共转复 14例 ,转复率 66.6%;平均复律时间 1.9h。毛花甙C组 8h转复率 3 3 .3 %,平均复律时间 3 .7h。两组均未发生不良反应。结论 :静脉小剂量分次给药 ,普罗帕酮转复阵发性房颤成功率高、安全 ,但需要严格掌握适应证及药物剂量     

静脉应用胺碘酮治疗心衰并发快速性房颤的临床观察

目的 :观察静脉应用胺碘酮对心衰合并快速房颤的疗效。方法 :心衰患者 5 2例随机分为两个治疗组。胺碘酮组给胺碘酮 15 0mg生理盐水稀释后缓慢注射 ,然后以 0 5mg/min维持静滴 ,2 4小时总量不超过 80 0mg。西地兰组 :先用西地兰 0 2mg稀释后缓慢静推 ,若 2 0分钟无效再给 0 2mg ,2 4小时总量不超过 1 0mg ,两组常规治疗相同。比较首次用药后不同时刻的心室率变化、2 4小时后复律情况。结果 :两组用药后心室率均明显下降 ,西地兰组起效快于胺碘酮组 (P <0 0 1) ,胺碘酮组有效率高于西地兰组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,胺碘酮组用药后转复窦律 13例 ,西地兰组 5例 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :胺碘酮可有效降低心衰合并快速房颤患者的心室率 ,并能使部分患者房颤转复     

伊布利特与胺碘酮对阵发性房颤复律的疗效比较

[目的]研究Ⅲ类抗心律失常药物依布利特与胺碘酮转复阵发性心房颤动（房颤） 的有效性及安全性.[方法]入选阵发性房颤患者63例（男32例,女31例）,随机进入依布利特组（n=28）、胺碘酮组（n=35）.前者于10 min内静脉注射依布利特1 mg,如给药结束10 min后仍未转复为窦性心律, 重复前述治疗1次.后者于10 min内静脉注射胺碘酮150 mg,后以1 mg/min维持6 h,再以0.5 mg/min维持18 h,转复后即刻停药.观察给药后房颤的转复率、转复时间、心室率、QTc变化及不良反应.[结果] 依布利特组转复率明显高于胺碘酮组（67.9% vs 40.0%,P=0.028）,转复时间明显短于胺碘酮组[（20.11±11.54） min vs （523.31±277.73） min,P=0.000];伊布利特组10 min、30 min时对心室率和QTc影响大于胺碘酮组（P〈0.05）.胺碘酮组有2例出现轻度低血压,1例胃肠炎,伊布利特组出现2例单形室性心动过速,两组患者不良反应率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.[结论] 伊布利特转复阵发性房颤疗效高于胺碘酮,转复时间短,是一种转复房颤快速、有效的药物,但用药前后必须加强心电监护.     

静脉普罗帕酮和胺碘酮治疗新近发生房颤的疗效对比

目的研究静脉应用普罗帕酮和胺碘酮对新近发生房颤转复窦性心律的疗效。方法将79例心功能Ⅰ-Ⅱ级（NYHA分级）且持续时间〈24h的快速房颤患者,随机分组比较用药后窦性心律的转复情况及转复时间。结果转复率两组接近,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;转复时间普罗帕酮组明显短于胺碘酮组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论普罗帕酮和胺碘酮转复新近发生快速房颤效果相似,均有较高转复率,普罗帕酮转复时间更短。     

静脉注射普罗帕酮和地尔硫(艹)/(卓)转复阵发性心房颤动的疗效比较

目的　对比研究普罗帕酮和地尔硫 艹卓 转复阵发性心房颤动 (房颤 )的作用。方法　 62例房颤持续时间 <48h的患者随机分入普罗帕酮组 (n =32 )和地尔硫艹卓 组 (n =30 ) ,分别静脉注射普罗帕酮 70mg、地尔硫艹卓1 0mg。 1h后普罗帕酮组和地尔硫 艹卓 组未转复者交叉用药。结果　首次给药后普罗帕酮组的转复率为 65 7% ,地尔硫 艹卓 组的转复率为 33 3 % (P <0 0 1 )。交叉给药后 ,普罗帕酮的转复率为 68 4% ,而地尔硫 艹卓 的转复率为 30 % (P <0 0 1 )。转复成功者的左房内径明显小于转复失败者 (41 1± 5 2 )mmvs(47 7± 6 9)mm ,P <0 0 0 1。当左房内径≤ 40mm ,普罗帕酮和地尔硫 艹卓 的转复率均较高且无显著差异(75 %vs 66 7% ,P >0 0 5)。当左房内径 >50mm ,普罗帕酮和地尔硫艹卓 的转复率均较低且存在统计学差异 (40 %vs 1 1 1 % ,P <0 0 1 )。结论　静脉注射普罗帕酮较地尔硫艹卓 能更有效转复房颤心律。左房内径是影响房颤转复的独立预测因素。     

胺碘酮转复阵发心房颤动的疗效观察

目的对比胺碘酮和毛花甙C治疗阵发心房颤动（房颤）的疗法。方法阵发性房颤,随机分为胺碘酮组（30例）和毛花甙C组（29例）,胺碘酮组静脉注射胺碘酮150～300mg,随后以1mg／min的滴速予以静滴;毛花甙C组静脉注射0．4—0．8mg,观察其复律情况、心室率的变化、QT间期及药物副作用。结果毛花甙C组阵发房颤29例,复律成功14例;胺碘酮组30例,复律成功23例,两组未复律者心室率均有明显控制,QT间期及副作用差异无显著性意义。胺碘酮组复律平均时间为5．1h,毛花甙C组复律平均时间为3．5h。结论阵发性房颤的复律疗效胺碘酮高于毛花甙C。     

静脉普罗帕酮和胺碘酮序贯应用转复阵发性心房颤动的观察

心房颤动 (房颤 )是临床最常见的心律紊乱 ,发生在 4 8小时内的房颤可无需抗凝立即进行复律 ,虽然电复律转复率高 ,但多数患者对此有恐惧心理 ,不易被接受 ,在电复律还未成为标准治疗前 ,除紧急情况外 ,药物复律仍为临床首选 ,普罗帕酮 (心律平 )和胺碘酮为常用房颤复律药物 ,本研究旨在观察静脉心律平和胺碘酮两药序贯应用转复阵发性房颤的疗效和安全性。1　资料与方法1 1　一般资料　选择 2 0 0 1年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 10月本院急诊和住院患者 ,均为发生 4 8小时内的阵发性房颤 ,1周内未用任何抗心律失常药物 ,排除急性心肌梗死、心力衰竭 (…     

小剂量胺碘酮与普罗帕酮预防心房颤动临床比较分析

目的　观察小剂量胺碘酮与普罗帕酮预防房颤发作的临床疗效。方法　 73例均为阵发性、持续性或慢性房颤复律后患者 ,排除甲亢所致房颤病例。服用胺碘酮组 4 2例 ,普罗帕酮组 31例。胺碘酮组服用胺碘酮 0 6 g/d ,逐渐减量 ,维持量 0 1g/d至每周 1 0 g/周 ;普罗帕酮组口服普罗帕酮 4 5 0～ 6 0 0mg/d ,维持治疗量为 15 0～ 30 0mg/d。两组病例均长期随访 ,比较两种药物预防房颤发作的疗效 ,并观察药物副作用及服药顺从性。结果　疗效 :胺碘酮组患者在 6个月、12个月及 18个月能够维持窦性心律的患者例数分别为 37、35及 32例 ,分别占该组例数的 88 1%、83 3%及 76 2 %。普罗帕酮组患者在 6个月、12个月及 18个月能够维持窦性心律的患者例数分别为 2 8、2 2及 17例 ,分别占该组例数的 90 3%、77 1%及 5 4 8%。副作用 :两组均见部分病例出现胃肠道反应 ,普罗帕酮组 2例因心衰而停药 ,未发生其他不良反应。结论　作为药物治疗手段 ,胺碘酮及普罗帕酮对于预防房颤复发均有良好的作用 ,但长期疗效胺碘酮优于普罗帕酮 ,并且副作用发生率低、耐受性良好。     

口服胺碘酮加倍他乐克转复老年人阵发性房颤的临床观察

目的观察口服胺碘酮加倍他乐克转复老年人阵发性房颤的疗效。方法将阵发性房颤病人随机分为两组,胺碘酮组38例,口服胺碘酮0.2 g,3次/d;胺碘酮加倍他乐克组39例,口服胺碘酮0.2 g,3次/d,倍他乐克12.5 mg,2～3次/d,或倍他乐克缓释片23.75 mg ,1～2次/d ,观察阵发性房颤转复情况、心率、QT间期及副作用。结果胺碘酮组48 h转复21例(占55.3%),胺碘酮加倍他乐克组48 h转复28例(占71.8%),P＜0.05。未转复者心率下降15%及32%,P＜0.05,QT间期两组与复率前相比无显著差异,两组均未发生严重副作用。结论口服胺碘酮加倍他乐克转复老年人阵发性房颤效果明显,副作用小,应用方便。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.