Use of nasoalveolar molding appliance to direct growth in newborn patient with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate

The alignment of the alveolar segments creates the foundation upon which excellent results of lip and primary nasal surgery are dependent in the repair of the cleft lip and palate patient. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the step-by-step fabrication process of the nasoalveolar molding appliance used to direct growth of the alveolar ridge, lips, and nose in the presurgical treatment of cleft lip and palate. As a result of this appliance, the primary surgical repair of the nose and lip heals under minimal tension, thereby reducing scar formation and improving the esthetic result.     

Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding (PNAM) for a Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: A Clinical Report

Cleft lip and palate deformity is a congenital defect of the middle third of the face. Incidence varies from 1:500 to 1:2500 live births. Etiology depends upon hereditary and environmental factors. Restoration of these defects is important not only for functional and esthetic reasons, but also because there may be a positive psychological impact for the patient and parents. The goal of primary closure of the lip for unilateral cleft lip is to ensure a normal and symmetrical lip and nose. Presurgical infant orthopedics has been employed since the 1950s as an adjunctive neonatal therapy for the correction of cleft lip and palate. Presurgical nasoalveolar molding (PNAM) represents a paradigm shift from the traditional methods of presurgical infant orthopedics. PNAM consists of active molding of the alveolar segments as well as the surrounding soft tissues. This clinical report describes a new approach of PNAM therapy for an infant with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate showing significant reduction in cleft defect size and improved contour and topography of deformed surrounding soft tissues.     

双侧完全性唇腭裂新生儿进行鼻-齿槽塑形治疗的临床研究

目的观察鼻-齿槽塑形治疗(presurgical nasal-alveolar molding,PNAM)对双侧完全性唇腭裂婴儿的临床疗效。方法对20例出生10天~3个月的双侧完全性唇腭裂新生儿进行鼻-齿槽的整形,测量治疗前后的双侧上唇裂隙宽度、前鼻突到唇裂距离、鼻小柱长度及唇裂交角,并用SPSS21.0软件进行统计分析。结果经过3~4个月的PNAM治疗后,双侧上唇裂隙宽度、前鼻突到唇裂距离明显减小,鼻小柱长度明显增加,均有统计学意义;唇裂交角增大,但无统计学意义。鼻外形左右基本对称,鼻翼外形恢复不明显,鼻小柱位于面部正中位置。结论 PNAM塑形治疗能有效减少双侧完全性唇腭裂婴儿的上唇裂隙宽度,压低前鼻突,伸长鼻小柱,改善鼻外观,降低手术难度。     

完全性唇腭裂婴儿术前正畸治疗的临床研究

目的 观察术前鼻-牙槽突矫治器(PNAM)在完全性唇腭裂婴儿术前矫治中的作用.方法 采用术前鼻-牙槽突矫治器对45例非综合征性完全性唇腭裂患儿(平均年龄为18.33 d)进行唇裂术前正畸治疗,测量治疗前后的鼻小柱倾斜度、鼻小柱长度、鼻孔宽度、鼻孔高度和牙槽骨裂隙宽度,并用SPSS 10.0软件进行统计分析.结果 经PN...     

Presurgical Orthopaedic Nasoalveolar Molding in Cleft Lip and Palate Infants: A Comparative Evaluation of Cases Done With and Without Nasal Stents

Addressing the craniofacial anomaly of cleft lip and palate presurgically has been done since more than 50 years now, with a constant improvisation of the treatment protocols from time to time. The present study deals with a modification of the technique devised 16 years ago. The effect of nasal stents attached to a pre-surgical naso-alveolar molding (PNAM) appliance on the nasal morphology achieved prior to primary surgical correction of the cleft lip was to be evaluated. Twenty subjects, infants with cleft lip and palate, less than 2 months of age were selected for presurgical nasoalveolar molding treatment. Impressions were recorded, casts made and PNAM appliance fabricated. Ten infants were given the appliance without nasal stents and to the other ten appliances nasal stents were added. The patients were recalled every 2–3 weeks and a series of 9 measurements were recorded every visit along with adjustments made to the appliance for desirable effects on the lip, alveolus and nose. This was carried out till the patient was taken up for lip repair. The final measurements obtained at the end of the presurgical treatment were recorded. Mann-Whitney test, between study and control group showed that the increase in the columella length was statistically significant (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.033) in the study group as compared to the control group. Also the increase of the nasal tip projection (mean = 1.30 mm) in the study group was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.006) as compared to the control group. We concluded that nasal stents attached to the alveolar molding appliance, yield significant improvement of the nasal morphology and better nasal aesthetics presurgically.     

唇腭裂患儿的鼻牙槽塑形治疗:29例临床分析

目的:采用鼻牙槽塑形器对唇腭裂患儿进行术前唇、牙槽裂隙及鼻畸形矫正,观察鼻牙槽塑形疗效,总结矫治过程中出现的问题及解决对策,为鼻牙槽塑形治疗的开展提供参考。方法:选择在本院接受鼻牙槽塑形治疗的患儿29例,其中单侧唇腭裂19例,双侧唇腭裂10例;初诊年龄为出生后3～150d,矫治周期2.5～3个月,每2周复诊,调整矫正器。结果:参照鼻牙槽塑形治疗评价标准,17例患儿矫治成功,唇、牙槽裂隙明显缩小,鼻不对称畸形明显改善,鼻小柱延长;9例好转,唇、鼻畸形部分纠正,利于手术;3例患者放弃治疗。结论:鼻牙槽塑形成功的关键因素包括初诊年龄、印模、腭护板和鼻撑的调整、鼻模的应用;正畸科需要与口腔颌面外科、整形外科医师取得共识,尽早给患儿开始治疗,以提高手术效果。     

单侧唇腭裂鼻-牙槽骨塑形后同期唇-鼻-牙槽骨整复术

目的:探讨唇腭裂婴幼儿术前鼻-牙槽骨塑形后的同期唇-鼻-牙槽骨整复术的方法与技术,并进行初步疗效评价。方法:对31例单侧完全性唇腭裂婴幼儿进行术前鼻-牙槽骨塑形及同期唇-鼻-牙槽骨整复术。术前鼻-牙槽骨塑形主要包括关闭牙槽骨间隙、唇牵张及鼻矫形;早期同期唇-鼻-牙槽骨整复术,即牙龈-牙周膜-牙槽骨整形术和改良Mohler法单侧唇裂唇鼻畸形同期整复术。采用SPSS10.0统计软件包对所得数据进行t检验。结果:31例唇腭裂婴幼儿经2～3个月术前鼻-牙槽骨塑形,唇裂隙宽度显著变窄(P<0.01),裂隙两侧唇组织适度牵张;鼻小柱延长及鼻塌陷畸形显著改善(P<0.05);牙槽裂隙显著变窄(P<0.01)。术后2例失访,29例患者随访6～30个月,结果显示:上唇和鼻形态俱佳,鼻小柱端正,鼻尖形态改善,双鼻孔、鼻底堤状隆起对称;口腔前庭-鼻腔瘘封闭;27例患者牙槽突裂隙关闭,牙槽骨连续性及稳定性增强并在原牙槽裂隙处有牙萌出,其中13例牙槽嵴高度、宽度及厚度不足;2例仍有1～2mm的牙槽裂隙。结论:单侧完全性唇腭裂患者为了获得理想的唇鼻形态及完整稳定的牙槽骨,术前进行鼻-牙槽骨塑形和同期唇-鼻-牙槽骨整复术是值得采用的序列治疗方法。     

唇腭裂序列治疗中的术前鼻牙槽塑形治疗

唇腭裂是一种常见的颌面部先天发育畸形,序列治疗成为现代唇腭裂治疗的理想模式,其中正畸治疗是唇腭裂序列治疗的重要组成部分,它贯穿于患儿出生到成人,主要包括：新生儿的术前矫形、牙牙合畸形的矫形和正畸、牙槽裂植骨前正畸、青少年和成年人正畸。新生儿的术前矫形是在患儿出生1个月内就开始的矫治。由于新生儿的软骨柔软和缺乏弹性,可塑性大,通过戴用矫治器可对严重移位牙槽嵴骨段、唇鼻畸形进行矫形,降低唇腭裂畸形的严重程度,提高手术修复的效果。术前鼻牙槽塑形治疗作为唇腭裂序列治疗的第一步,具有非常重要的地位,本文对此方面内容做一介绍。     

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唇腭裂是一种常见的颌面部先天发育畸形,序列治疗成为现代唇腭裂治疗的理想模式,其中正畸治疗是唇腭裂序列治疗的重要组成部分,它贯穿于患儿出生到成人,主要包括:新生儿的术前矫形、牙牙合畸形的矫形和正畸、牙槽裂植骨前正畸、青少年和成年人正畸。新生儿的术前矫形是在患儿出生1个月内就开始的矫治。由于新生儿的软骨柔软和缺乏弹性,可塑性大,通过戴用矫治器可对严重移位牙槽嵴骨段、唇鼻畸形进行矫形,降低唇腭裂畸形的严重程度,提高手术修复的效果。术前鼻牙槽塑形治疗作为唇腭裂序列治疗的第一步,具有非常重要的地位,本文对此方面内容做一介绍。     

Early and late treatment of unilateral cleft nasal deformity.

Surgical techniques have been developed to correct nasal deformity associated with unilateral cleft lip, alveolus, and palate. This deformity can be significantly corrected during the primary cleft lip repair, as performed by the technique described by the author. Secondary corrective procedures focus mostly on skeletal support and lining distortions as well as on rearrangements of lower lateral cartilages. At the final stage, esthetic appearance can be significantly improved by contour remodeling with the addition of cartilage and/or bony implants. Choice of surgical technique depends upon the severity of the deformity and the experience and proficiency of the surgeon. At the present time, correction of the nasal deformity associated with a unilateral cleft is an integral part of primary cleft lip repair and part of multidisciplinary management of cleft deformities.     

唇腭裂婴儿术前鼻牙槽骨塑形治疗后鼻孔、牙槽和腭部裂隙的变化

目的探讨鼻牙槽骨塑形器应用于完全性唇腭裂婴儿术前矫形的临床效果。方法通过对16例完全性唇腭裂婴儿进行术前鼻牙槽骨塑形矫治．记录治疗前后患侧鼻孔的宽度、高度,鼻小柱长度和上腭牙槽骨裂隙的变化,观察矫治效果。结果经过90～150d的治疗．9例双侧完全性唇腭裂婴儿和7例单侧完全性唇腭裂婴儿的鼻小柱长度和鼻孔宽度高度均有明显的改善．牙槽骨裂隙宽度和硬腭前部裂隙宽度均明显缩小。结论鼻牙槽塑形器能明显改善完全性唇腭裂婴儿的鼻翼和鼻小柱外观,减小牙槽骨和硬腭前部裂隙的宽度,有利于鼻部发育,减少手术难度,提高整复效果。     

Nasoalveolar molding and long-term postsurgical esthetics for unilateral cleft lip/palate: 5-year follow-up

The nasoalveolar molding (NAM) technique has been shown to significantly improve the surgical outcome of the primary repair in cleft lip and palate patients. A 6-day-old female infant was managed with the presurgical NAM technique. Periodic adjustments of the appliance were continued every week to mold the nasoalveolar complex into the desired shape for the next 5 months. The 13 mm of alveolar cleft width was reduced to 1.5 mm. The depressed nostril on the cleft side was molded into the normal anatomy. The nose and upper lip were surgically repaired at the age of 5 months. The second stage surgery of palatal closure was performed at the age of 18 months. The patient was followed up regularly at 6-month intervals for the next 5 years.     

Three-Dimensional Comparison in Palatal Forms Between Modified Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding Plate and Hotz's Plate Applied to the Infants With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate

The presurgical nasoalveolar molding plate appliance with stent (PNAM) extended from the palatal molding plate; to correct the nostril shape of infants with cleft lip and palate is well known. The PNAM appliance is based on the finding that a high degree of plasticity is maintained in the cartilage of infants during the first 6 weeks after birth. However, on the current PNAM protocol described by Grayson et al. the nasal stent is supposed to be an adjunct to the palatal molding plate after reducing the severity of the alveolar cleft width. We have used the modified Hotz's plate from the setup model and built up the nasal stent even before reducing the severity of the alveolar deformity. In this study we assess the effects of the modified Hotz's plate and the modified PNAM appliance for the alveolar and palatal form. The lateral deviation of the incisal point, the width of the palatal cleft, and the degree of curvature of the palatal vault were first evaluated on plaster models. The PNAM group is smaller on the lateral deviation of the incisal point than the modified Hotz's group. The decreased average width of the palatal cleft and curvature of the palate, was almost the same in both the modified Hotz's and PNAM groups. In comparison with the modified Hotz's plate, the modified PNAM appliance also improves the molding of the alveolar segments and reduces cleft width.     

A retrospective evaluation of the aesthetics of the nasolabial complex after unilateral cleft lip repair using the Tennison–Randall technique: A study of 44 cases treated in a single cleft center

IntroductionAmong numerous techniques that have been described for lip repair, the Tennison–Randall method has gained popularity over time and is preferred by many surgeons due to the predictability of the outcome. This study aims to evaluate the esthetic outcome reached in the nasolabial region following primary lip repair with the use of this method.Materials and methodsForty-four patients with unilateral cleft lip (with or without alveolar cleft) were assessed retrospectively through a photographic evaluation by two clinicians with regard to the aesthetics of the lip and nose separately as anatomical subunits as well as of the nasolabial region as an anatomical complex. The collected data were statistically analyzed with regard to the cleft subtype and the performance of corrective surgeries for the lip and/or the nose.ResultsThe method was associated with good results, especially when it comes to the appearance of the nose as an anatomical subunit, as well as of the nasolabial region as a complex, regarding cleft lip patients without an alveolar cleft.ConclusionThe Tennison–Randall technique proved to be a very satisfying method in terms of the esthetic long-term outcome in our patient collective.     

Dynamic presurgical nasal remodeling in patients with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate: modification to the original technique.

OBJECTIVE: To present technical modifications to the original presurgical nasal remodeling appliance introduced in 1991. The purpose of the modifications is to improve the cleft nasal deformity before unilateral and bilateral cleft lip repair. METHOD: The principle behind this technique, known as dynamic presurgical nasal remodeling (DPNR), is the use of the force generated during suction and swallowing. A conventional intraoral plate is built with a nasal extension added to the labial vestibular flange. The nasal extension was modified and consists of three components. The palatal plate is left loose in the mouth to generate a discontinuous but controlled impact directed to the affected nasal structures during suction and swallowing. The principle aim of the DPNR technique in unilateral cases is to improve the deformation of nasal structures by straightening the columella, elevating the nasal tip, and remodeling the depressed cleft side alar cartilages. In bilateral cases, the aims are to elongate the columella and to obtain nasal tip projection. CONCLUSIONS: The modifications introduced in the appliance enhance the original DPNR technique and are effective in ameliorating the initial cleft nasal deformity. This facilitates primary surgical cleft lip and nose correction and improves surgical outcomes in patients with complete unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate.     

Modified Activation Technique for Nasal Stent of Nasoalveolar Molding Appliance for Columellar Lengthening in Bilateral Cleft Lip/Palate

Bilateral cleft lip/cleft palate is associated with nasal deformities typified by a short columella. The presurgical nasoalveolar molding (NAM) therapy approach includes reduction of the size of the intraoral alveolar cleft as well as positioning of the surrounding deformed soft tissues and cartilages. In a bilateral cleft patient, NAM, along with columellar elongation, eliminates the need for columellar lengthening surgery. Thus the frequent surgical intervention to achieve the desired esthetic results can be avoided. This article proposes a modified activation technique of the nasal stent for a NAM appliance for columellar lengthening in bilateral cleft lip/palate patients. The design highlights relining of the columellar portion of the nasal stent and the wire‐bending of the nasal stent to achieve desirable results within the limited span of plasticity of the nasal cartilages. With this technique the vertical taping of the premaxilla to the oral plate can be avoided.     

单侧完全性唇腭裂患儿术前正畸及手术前后的上腭裂隙变化

目的 探讨单侧完全性唇腭裂患儿术前正畸及手术前后的上腭裂隙变化.方法 对18例单侧完全性唇腭裂患儿先用上颌腭托矫治器(PNAM)术前正畸治疗后,再进行唇裂修补手术.采用模型测量方法,比较患儿初诊时、手术前1个月和手术后2个月时的上腭裂隙变化.结果 治疗后患儿唇部外形明显改善,腭部裂隙减小,患侧塌陷的鼻翼穹隆高度恢复.结...     

上颌-鼻软骨整形矫治器在婴儿双侧完全性唇腭裂术前正畸中的应用

目的 探讨上颌-鼻软骨整形矫治器在婴儿期双侧完全性唇腭裂术前正畸中的应用价值.方法 对50例双侧唇腭裂患儿,随机分为试验组(n＝30)与对照组(n＝20),试验组于出生10 d～1个月内进行上颌-鼻软骨整形矫治器矫治,对照组均不做术前正畸.两组患儿正畸治疗前(T1)后(T2)对比上唇裂隙、上前牙槽突裂隙关闭程度,对比两组唇腭裂联合整复术后3个月鼻翼外观满意度,作出评价.结果 两组患儿T1、T2两侧上唇裂隙及牙槽突裂隙宽度差别无统计学意义(P＞0.05).患儿术后鼻翼外观满意度试验组87%,高于对照组60%(P＜0.05).结论 该治疗有效减少上唇及上颌骨牙槽突的裂隙宽度,改善鼻外观,达到降低手术难度,增加手术效果的目的.     

Unilateral complete cleft lip and palate repair using lip adhesion and passive alveolar molding appliance

To manage a unilateral complete cleft lip and palate, lip adhesion along with the positioning of a passive alveolar molding appliance was performed in infants at 3 to 6 weeks of age. The lip adhesion creates a force acting on the cleft alveolus. There-after, the greater segment of the alveolus is guided by the appliance, while the lesser segment of the alveolus is prevented from collapsing. Definite cheiloplasty was then performed at 5 to 6 months of age and palatoplasty at 12 to 14 months of age. Fifteen patients with a unilateral complete cleft lip and palate were treated using this protocol from April 1995 to October 1998. Nine were female and six were male. The mean follow-up period was 13 months. The lip adhesion failed in one patient and was performed again 1 month later. Thirteen patients developed good or fair symmetrically aligned alveolar segments plus a symmetric platform for the nose. However, two patients developed poor maxillary orthopedics because of the displacement of the appliance by the patient. The resulting lip scar was aesthetically acceptable in most patients.     

Long-term effects of lip repair on dentofacial morphology in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: Lateral cephalograms from the growth archive of the Sri Lankan Cleft Lip and Palate Project were analyzed in a cohort design to study the long-term effects of lip repair on dentofacial morphology in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. METHODS: A total of 71 patients were recruited, including 23 adult patients with nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate without surgical repair and 48 adult patients with nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate who had lip repair, but without management of alveolus or anterior vomer. The design utilized exact matching on ethnicity and statistical control for gender and age. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The data support the hypothesis that lip repair primarily produces a bone-bending effect on the anterior maxillary alveolus (alveolar molding), accompanied by controlled uprighting of maxillary incisors, and secondarily produces a bone-remodeling effect (bone resorption) in the base of the anterior maxillary alveolus. When analyzed by the age at lip repair and the surgeon who performed lip repair, early lip repair produced a greater bone-remodeling effect than did late lip repair, and variation in the surgeon who performed lip repair had an insignificant impact on dentofacial morphology after adjusting for covariates.