Effect of a virtual reality-enhanced exercise protocol after coronary artery bypass grafting

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Virtual reality (VR) technology has gained importance in many areas of medicine. Knowledge concerning the application and the influence of VR-enhanced exercise programs is limited for patients receiving coronary artery bypass grafting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a virtual "country walk" on the number of sessions necessary to reach cardiac rehabilitation goals in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. SUBJECTS: Twenty subjects who were seen for cardiac rehabilitation between January and June 2004 comprised the study sample. METHODS: The protocol for this study included an initial maximum graded exercise tolerance test, given to determine the subsequent training goals for the subject, followed by biweekly submaximal endurance training sessions. All subjects were assigned by lot to 1 of 2 submaximal endurance training programs, one (group 2) with and the other (group 1) without the added VR environment. In all other respects, the 2 programs were identical. Each training session lasted for 30 minutes and was carried out twice per week for about 3 months. The primary outcome measures were maximum load during the work sessions, target oxygen consumption, target heart rate (beats per minute), and number of training sessions required to reach rehabilitation goals. RESULTS: By the end of 20 training sessions, only 4 of the 10 control subjects had reached the heart rate target goal of 85% their maximum heart rate. In contrast, 9 of the 10 subjects in the VR program had attained this goal by 9 or fewer training sessions. When target metabolic cost (75% peak oxygen consumption) was used as the training goal, all 10 subjects in the VR program had reached this target after 2 training sessions (or, in some cases, 1 training session), but not until training session 15 did a cumulative number of 9 control subjects reach this goal. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These study outcomes clearly support the notion that incorporating a VR environment into cardiac rehabilitation programs will accelerate maximum recovery of patients' cardiovascular function.     

Use of an arterial pH catheter immediately after coronary artery bypass grafting

An arterial pH catheter was inserted into a femoral artery of 15 patients immediately after coronary artery bypass grafting. Catheter pH measurements correlated well with conventional blood gas measurements during the first 12 h postsurgery, and revealed rapid pH changes during weaning and bronchial suctioning. This device is a promising step in the development of a complete on-line blood gas analyzer.     

Pacing of Bachmann's bundle after coronary artery bypass grafting

The purpose of this randomized, prospective trial was to determine if Bachmann's bundle pacing reduces the incidence of AF after CABG. The study included 161 patients with no history of AF who were randomized to three groups. Group 1 included 50 patients as controls. Group 2 included 60 patients who had an epicardial wire placed at the lateral wall of the right atrium. In the 51 patients of group 3, the wire was placed at the Bachmann's bundle. In groups 2 and 3, atrial pacing (AAI 96 beats/min) was initiated immediately after CABG and continued for 5 days. The study endpoint was AF lasting > or = 1 minute. Baseline clinical parameters were similar in all three groups. The incidence of AF was not reduced by pacing (group 1: 42%; group 2:48%; group 3:37%; P = NS). The paced P wave duration was increased in group 2 (129 +/- 14 ms vs group 3: 96 +/- 21 ms; P < 0.05). Paced P wave duration was a risk factor for postoperative AF (odds ratio 1.015; 95% CI 1.0021-1.028; P < 0.05). Analysis comparing the pacing groups revealed a reduction in AF during Bachmann's bundle pacing (50 vs 29%; P < 0.01). Pacing thresholds were significantly better at Bachmann's bundle compared to group 2. In conclusion, an anatomically guided pacing at the Bachmann's bundle does not reduce the overall incidence of postoperative AF compared to controls. However, the Bachmann's bundle offers favorable capabilities for postoperative a trial pacing, and thus it is a preferable site for electrode placement if postoperative atrial pacing is required.     

Health-related quality of life after coronary artery bypass grafting

Title.  Health-related quality of life after coronary artery bypass grafting.
Aim.  The purpose of this study was to monitor changes in health-related quality of life and to identify associated factors among patients having coronary artery bypass grafting and their significant others.
Background.  Heart disease and its treatment affects the lives of both patients and their significant others, and the early stage of recovery from surgery causes particular anxiety for both.
Method.  In this longitudinal study, three sets of questionnaire data were collected 1, 6 and 12 months after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery from patients and significant others at one university hospital in Finland in 2001–2005. We recruited all patients who had been admitted for elective coronary artery bypass grafting surgery during the period specified. The data consisted of the responses from those patients and significant others who had completed all three questionnaires and for whom patient–significant other pairs existed ( n  = 163).
Findings.  Patients' and their significant others' health-related quality of life was at its lowest one month after the operation and improved during follow-up. The change in the mean health-related quality of life score differed between patients and significant others; the improvement in the patients' health-related quality of life was greater than that in the significant others. Neither the background variables used in the study nor social support were associated with change in health-related quality of life.
Conclusion.  Further research is needed to identify factors explaining the change in health-related quality of life to develop interventions to support patients and significant others.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后脑部并发症的监护

冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）能改善心肌供血,有效地缓解或解除患者心绞痛症状,避免心肌梗死的发生,从而提高患者的生活质量,延长寿命,是目前公认的治疗多支冠状动脉严重病变最有效和持久的方法^[1],已在国内广泛开展,但冠状动脉旁路移植术后的患者面临着许多并发症的威胁,脑部并发症即是其中之一,它是冠状动脉旁路移植术后导致死亡和生活质量下降的主要原因。从2003年10月-2008年4月,我科共做冠状动脉旁路移植术35例,发生脑部并发症3例,其中1例死亡,其余患者康复出院。现将护理经验报道如下。     

体外与非体外循环冠脉搭桥术后血清肌钙蛋白I水平变化及临床意义探讨

目的：比较常规体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术和非体外循环冠脉搭桥术后血清肌钙蛋白Ⅰ水平变化，探讨两种术式心肌保护差别。方法：选择48例冠脉搭桥患者，其中体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术组24例，非体外循环冠脉搭桥术组24例，分析两组肌钙蛋白Ⅰ的血浆浓度变化。结果：两组术前临床资料无差别；体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术组术后观察期内血浆肌钙蛋白Ⅰ较非体外循环冠脉搭桥术组明显升高（P〈0．01）。结论：非体外循环冠脉搭桥术组心肌损伤低于体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术组。     

Effects of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting on patient outcome.

BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with postoperative myocardial stunning, hypothermia, formation of microemboli, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome, all of which may prolong recovery from coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. This study sought to compare outcomes in patients undergoing CABG off pump versus on pump. METHODS: Outcomes, including mortality and several morbidities, were reviewed in 1,623 on-pump patients and 683 off-pump patients. Morbidities assessed included postoperative bleeding, incidence of multiorgan dysfunction, and neurologic complications. Chi-square and t-test analysis were used to determine statistical significance. RESULTS: Mortality was 42% lower in the off-pump group than the on-pump group. Both critical care and total hospital length of stay were significantly shorter in the off-pump group. The incidence of postoperative bleeding requiring transfusion or a return to the operating room was reduced by 29% in the off-pump group and the incidence of multiorgan dysfunction was reduced by 31%. The off-pump patients also presented a significantly lower incidence of cerebral vascular accidents and seizures than on-pump patients. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there is an association between improved patient outcome and off-pump CABG surgery. The outcomes of this study show a statistically significant decrease in mortality, critical care length of stay, total hospital stay, incidence of bleeding requiring transfusion or return to the operating room, amount of blood transfused, incidence of multiorgan dysfunction, cerebral vascular accidents, and seizures in off-pump patients when compared with on-pump patients. Such results support the use of myocardial revascularization off pump as an alternative to CABG surgery on pump. CABG surgery off pump may allow a better postoperative clinical course in patients who are candidates for the procedure.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后复发心绞痛患者临床研究

目的:探讨冠状动脉旁路移植术术后再次发作心肌缺血事件的原因.方法:回顾性分析545例行冠状动脉旁路移植术术后复发心绞痛接受冠状动脉造影检查患者的临床资料.结果:545例冠状动脉旁路移植术术后复查冠状动脉造影的患者,糖尿病患者为156例(28.6%),较非糖尿病患者搭桥术后心绞痛复发时间短(P<0.05).266例患者药物治疗(48.8%).247例接受再次介入治疗(45.3%),32例行二次冠状动脉旁路移植术.冠状动脉旁路移植术术后1个月内复发症状者冠状动脉造影显示左乳内动脉闭塞37.5%,1～12个月大隐静脉桥狭窄16.3%,闭塞15.2%,左乳内动脉狭窄15.3%.>1年后症状复发桥血管闭塞以静脉桥为主.结论:冠状动脉粥样硬化的危险因素及搭桥血管的类型影响再次冠状动脉治疗的必要性和倾向性.     

高龄患者冠状动脉旁路移植术后的护理

总结对15例75岁及以上患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术的术后护理要点。包括呼吸道管理、神经系统观察、循环系统监护、保持血糖稳定、维持氧供与氧需的平衡、准确记录出入液量、保持引流管通常、保证营养、预防切口感染、患肢护理、功能锻炼和出院指导。15例患者痊愈出院,术后失访1例,其余14例随访6个月至2年,死亡1例,死亡原因为脑出血,其余患者无严重心脏事件发生。有针对性地做好高龄患者冠状动脉旁路移植术的术后护理,对提高手术成功率,减少并发症的发生,提高生存率具有重要意义。     

单纯冠状动脉旁路移植术患者围术期输血的危险因素分析

目的分析影响单纯冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者围术期血制品使用的危险因素。方法回顾性分析行单纯CABG的4 022名患者围术期使用血制品的情况,单因素及多元Logistic回归分析影响CABG患者血制品使用的相关因素。结果 65.74%(2 644/4 022)的单纯CABG患者在围术期使用过血制品,包括红细胞、血浆、血小板。输血与未输血患者的院内死亡率及并发症发生率比较:未输血组分别为0.00%(0/1 378)、12.84%(177/1 378),输血组分别为0.98%(26/2 644)、26.06%(689/2 644)(P0.01)。Logistic回归多因素分析:性别、年龄、BMI、吸烟史、糖尿病史、病变冠脉数量、术者经验、体外循环、术前波立维使用为CABG患者围术期血制品使用的独立危险因素。结论掌握影响CABG患者围术期使用血制品的危险因素,利于合理、有效的输血治疗。     

冠状动脉搭桥术后症状群轨迹变化研究

目的 探讨冠状动脉搭桥术后患者症状群轨迹的变化,分析与术后症状轨迹变化相关的危险因素.方法 选择行冠状动脉搭桥术患者132例,通过病历和随访获得患者术前,术后1周、6周和3个月的症状评分和一般资料.采用Memorial心力衰竭症状评估量表评估每个症状,潜类别增长模型绘制症状群轨迹图并以多元逻辑回归分析评估影响症状的危险...     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者高血糖影响因素分析

目的：了解冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者血糖控制情况,分析影响血糖升高的因素,为临床上高血糖的预防和降低血糖升高的护理措施提供依据。方法：回顾性分析2013至2016年单纯冠状动脉搭桥术患者418例,根据术后第1日早晨06：00时监测随机血糖值分为未达标组（血糖≥10 mmol/L）和达标组,分析影响术后发生高血糖的因素。结果：术后第1天早晨06：00血糖升高与体外循环、体重指数、心脏手术危险因素、糖尿病史有关（P<0.05）,与年龄、血管活性药物的应用无关。结论：心脏外科术后发生高血糖与多个因素有关,需采取相应措施以免高血糖事件的发生。     

冠状动脉分流术后患者的应对方式和生存质量

目的 :明确冠状动脉分流术 (CABG)后患者应对方式的特点、生存质量水平及两者之间的关系 ,为实施心理干预提供参考依据。方法 :对 5 0位CABG后患者以应对量表 (JCS)及生存质量量表 (SF - 36 )进行问卷调查。结果 :CABG后患者多采用积极应对方式 ;CABG后患者的生存质量为中等水平 ,在生存质量的八个维度中 ,机体疼痛得分最高 ,角色功能得分最低 ;CABG后患者的应对方式和生存质量存在显著正相关。结论 :CABG后患者的生存质量在一定程度上取决于应对方式的选择。护理人员应从各方面给予支持、关心 ,调动患者积极的心理潜能 ,增强患者有效的应对能力以提高其生存质量。     

Early natural course of transient encephalopathy after coronary artery bypass grafting

OBJECTIVE: A decline of neuropsychological performance is an unwanted side effect of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with extracorporeal circulation. There is little data on the neuropsychological changes during the first 2 wks after CABG. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS: In this prospective observational study at our university medical center, a group of 67 patients who underwent routine CABG was selected for absence of comorbidity (such as carotid stenosis, previous stroke, dementia, and advanced general medical disorders) and examined. In this selected group of patients, no focal deficit was seen throughout the study. A total of 20 hospitalized patients with different types of peripheral neuropathy and free from drugs interfering with cognition served as a control group for the practice effects of the neuropsychological testing. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Seven standard tests covering different neuropsychological domains were used as a composite battery. Examinations took place before surgery and serially at days 3, 6, and 9 after CABG; general neurologic examination was done every day, including the first postoperative day. We observed a definite decline in all tests at day 3 (p < .01) and progressive recovery thereafter up to or even beyond preoperative values within 9 days (p < .01). Transient depression as indicated by self-rated scores occurred in some patients. CONCLUSION: We observed a uniform, but transient, deterioration in performance on a battery of frequently repeated standardized neuropsychological tests early after CABG. Our data on the early natural course may help to better evaluate treatment efforts aimed at preventing or reducing after-surgery neuropsychological alterations.     

Predictors and impact of atrial fibrillation after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting

OBJECTIVE: Although an extensive number of studies have attempted to identify predictors of new-onset atrial fibrillation (AFIB) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), a strong predictive model does not exist. Prior studies have included patients recruited from multiple centers with variant AFIB prevalence rates and those who underwent CABG in combination with other surgical procedures. Also, most studies have focused on pre- and perioperative characteristics, with less attention given to the initial postoperative period. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively examine pre-, peri-, and postoperative characteristics that might predict new-onset AFIB in a large sample of patients undergoing isolated CABG in a single medical center, utilizing data readily available to clinicians in electronic data repositories. In addition, length of stay and selected postoperative complications and disposition were compared in patients with AFIB and no AFIB. DESIGN: Retrospective, comparative survey. SETTING: University-affiliated tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: Patients with new-onset AFIB who underwent isolated standard CABG or minimally invasive direct vision coronary artery bypass were identified from an electronic clinical data repository. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The prevalence of AFIB in the total sample (n = 814) was 31.9%. Predictors of AFIB included age (p =.0004), number of vessels bypassed (p =.013), vessel location (diagonal [p <.003] or posterior descending artery [p <.001]), and net fluid balance on the operative day (p =.015). Forward stepwise regression analysis produced a model that correctly predicted AFIB in only 24% of cases, with age (14%) and body surface area (9%) providing the most prediction. The incidence of embolic stroke was higher in AFIB (n = 8) vs. no AFIB (n = 4) patients, but stroke preceded AFIB onset in seven of eight cases. Subjects with AFIB had a longer stay (p =.0004), more intensive care unit readmissions (p =.0004), and required more assistance at hospital discharge (p =.017). CONCLUSIONS: Despite attempts to examine comprehensively predictors of new-onset AFIB, we were unable to identify a robust predictive model. Our findings, in combination with prior work, imply that it may not be feasible to predict the development of new-onset AFIB after CABG using data readily available to the bedside clinician. In this sample, stroke was uncommon and, when it occurred, preceded AFIB in all but one case. As anticipated, AFIB increased length of stay, and patients with this complication required more assistance at discharge.     

Effect of patient-controlled analgesia on pulmonary complications after coronary artery bypass grafting.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether treatment with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) alone or in combination with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can prevent postoperative pulmonary complications after cardiac surgery, when compared with conventional nurse-controlled analgesia. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: University Medical Center. PATIENTS: A total of 120 patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting. INTERVENTIONS: After extubation of the trachea, 120 patients were randomly allocated to three different methods of postoperative pain relief for 72 hrs. In group 1, patients received PCA with a bolus of 1.5 mg piritramide combined with a 10-min lockout interval. Group 2 patients were treated with a combination of PCA and administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prescribed three times per day. Patients of group 3 received conventional nurse-controlled analgesia. Postoperative assessment included daily visual analog pain scoring (VAS) and chest radiographs. All chest radiographs were graded for the extent of atelectasis by a radiologist blinded as to treatment using a scale from 0 to 9 for each of the three lung fields of the right and left lungs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Chest radiograph atelectasis scores and VAS values were similar among the three groups on the first and second days. On the third day, the chest radiograph atelectasis scores of the left lower and the right middle lung field were significantly better in the groups treated with PCA alone (4.7 +/- 3.0; 0.3 +/- 1.0) and in combination with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (3.9 +/- 1.1; 0.4 +/- 1.2) than in the control group (5.5 +/- 3.1; 0.8 +/- 1.8). Furthermore, on the third day, the VAS values for maximum pain were higher in the control group (42.6 +/- 19.7) compared with the VAS values in the two groups with PCA (32.2 +/- 17.9 and 34.5 +/- 21.0). CONCLUSIONS: PCA significantly decreases postoperative pulmonary atelectasis in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting when compared with nurse-controlled analgesia. In addition, patients treated with PCA experienced a higher quality of analgesia. We therefore conclude that treatment with PCA may reduce respiratory complications after coronary artery bypass grafting.     

冠脉搭桥术后应用无创正压通气的观察和护理

目的 探讨无刨双水平气道正压通气(BiPAP)预防冠脉搭桥术后患者低氧血症的观察与护理.方法 应用BiPAP型呼吸机对15例冠脉搭桥术后患者行无创双水平气道正压通气,观察其通气前后动脉血气分析、SaO2、HR、RR、NBP及临床表现的变化.结果 行无创双水平气道正压通气治疗后,12例患者动脉血气及血氧饱和度明显改善,呼吸困难得到缓解,血氧得到纠正,呼吸和循环功能稳定,3例患者因未能纠正低氧血症,排痰不畅,导致二氧化碳潴留重新气管插管行机械通气治疗.结论 无创双水平气道正压通气(BiPAP)预防及治疗冠脉搭桥术后患者低氧血症疗效肯定,正确的护理对提高疗效和减少并发症至关重要.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术对QT间期离散度的影响

目的　探讨冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CABG)对QT间期离散度 (QTd)的影响及其临床意义。方法　 6 2例非体外循环下行CABG的冠心病患者 ,分为不稳定型心绞痛 (A组 )、稳定劳力型心绞痛 (B组 )、合并陈旧性心肌梗死 (C组 ) ,15例冠脉造影正常者作为对照组 (D组 )。分别于术前和术后当天、2、4周及对照组相应时间记录 12导联同步心电图 ,对其QT间期测量 ,计算出QTd ,并进行统计学分析。结果　术前A、B、C 3组的QTd显著大于D组 (P <0 0 1～ 0 0 0 1) ,且A、C组大于B组(P <0 0 5 )。术后 2、4周各组QTd与术前相比均有缩短 (P <0 0 5～ 0 0 1)。A、B两组术后 4周QTd缩短值大于C组 (P <0 0 5 )。术后 4周LVEF恢复至 5 0 %以上者QTd缩短值显著大于LVEF仍低于 5 0 %者 (P <0 0 5 )。C组QTd≤ 70ms者术后QTd缩短值显著大于术前QTd >70ms者 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　QTd作为一种简单、可靠、廉价、无创的方法 ,可用于判断病情严重程度、不同类型冠心病手术疗效、评价和预测血运重建术的效果。     

糖尿病对不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术的影响

目的 探讨糖尿病对不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者的围术期影响.方法 回顾性分析2006 年9月至2010年7月692例行不停跳CABG患者的临床资料.根据术前是否合并糖尿病分为糖尿病组(276例)及非糖尿病组(416例).围术期严密监测患者的血糖,并给予胰岛素严格控制血糖.采用单因素分析糖尿病与CABG术后疗效、围术期并发症发生率及院内病死率的关系.结果 糖尿病组与非糖尿病组患者切口并发症分别为5.8%(16/276)与4.3%(18/416),输血量分别为(890.7±520.6)ml与(825.2±518.4)ml,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05).2组患者术后心律失常(13.0%与13.5%)、围术期肾功能不全(5.1%与2.4%)以及病死率(2.9%与1.9%)差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05),糖尿病组患者的主动脉内球囊反搏使用时间[(3.7±1.6)d与(3.5±1.6)d]、呼吸机使用时间[(2.6±1.9)d与(2.4±1.5)d]差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05).糖尿病组与非糖尿病组患者住院时间分别为(22.0±8.8)d与(20.6±7.6)d,住院费用分别为(8.11±2.40)万元与(7.63±2.20)万元,2组差异有统计学意义(t值分别为2.22、2.71,P均<0.05).结论 糖尿病组与非糖尿病组患者行CABG的围术期并发症及病死率无明显影响,但对患者的住院费用以及住院时间影响较大.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the impact of diabetes on coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)in peroperative patients. Methods Clinical data of 692 CABG patients were collected retrospectively from Sep. 2006 to Jul. 2010. The CABG patients were divided into diabetic group (n = 276) and nondiabetic group (n = 416) according to with the status of diabetes or not before operation. Blood glucose was dynamicaly monitored and treated with insulin to control blood glucose in perioperativeperiod. The postoperative effect,perioperative complication and inhospital case fatality and their relationship with diabetes were analyzed using univariate analysis. Results No significant differences were found regarding the incision complications (5. 8%vs. 4. 3 % , P > 0. 05). The volume of blood transfusion was (890. 7 ± 520. 6) ml in the diabetes group, which was not significantly different from that of (825. 2 ±518. 4)mlin the non-diabetes group (P>0. 05). No significant difference was found on cardiac arrhythmia (13.0% vs. 13. 5%),renal function insufficient (5. 1% vs. 2.4%)and case fatality (2. 9% and 1. 9%) between the diabetes and non-diabetes group (Ps >0. 05). In the diabetes group and non-diabetes group, the duration of IABP (3.7 ± 1. 6) d vs (3.5 ± 1.6)d, use of ventilator (2. 6 ± 1.9)d vs. (2. 4±1.5)d were not sigfnificantly different (Ps >0.05). The length of hospital stay and cost were (22. 0 ±8. 8)d and (8. 11 ±2. 40) thousand RMB in the diabetes group, which were significantly higher than that of (20. 6 ±7. 6)d and (7. 63 ±2. 20) thousand RMB in the non-diabeties group (t =2. 22 and 2. 71 ,Ps <0.05) . Conclusion There are no significant differences in the operative case fatality and complications between patients with diabetes and without nondiabetes. However,diabetes increases hospital stay and expense.