下颌后牙区不同骨质内种植体即刻负载的三维有限元分析

目的 采用三维有限元分析探讨种植体在下颌后牙区不同骨质条件下即刻负载的应力分布,以期为即刻负载的应用选择提供参考.方法 建立下颌后牙区654-|种植体及上部牙冠和牙槽骨的即刻负载模型,根据骨皮质和骨松质比例构成不同分为B1(颌骨完全由均质的骨皮质构成)、B2(3 mm厚骨皮质包绕致密骨松质)、B3(1.5 mm厚骨皮质包绕致密骨松质)、B4(1.5 mm厚骨皮质包绕疏松骨松质)4种骨质条件,模拟颊舌向45°、100 N的力在修复体中心集中加载,分析各种植体在不同骨质内的von Mises应力分布.结果 颊舌向加载后von Mises应力主要集中于种植体颈部舌侧骨皮质,由B1至B4种植体4-|颈周骨内应力平均值[分别为(13.17±9.32)、(12.95±9.14)、(15.00±9.44)、(16.81±10.74)N]和种植体5-|颈周骨内应力平均值[分别为(15.51±10.32)、(14.73±8.96)、(16.79±8.40)、(18.34±8.45)N]的改变趋势一致,B3应力明显高于B1、B2,B4应力明显高于B3(P＜0.05).从B1～B4种植体6-|颈周骨内应力平均值[分别为(42.45±25.71)、(41.66±25.29)、(42.70±23.24)、(42.06±23.66)N]随骨质改变不大,但均显著高于相应骨质内4-|、5-|颈周骨内应力(P＜0.05).结论 在本项实验条件下进行即刻负载,种植体周围应力分布不仅受颌骨骨质的影响,种植体的植入位置以及建立合理的咬合同样非常重要.

Abstract：

Objective To assess and compare the peri-implant stress distribution of three posterior implants under immediate loading with 4 different bone qualities using three dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) analysis. Methods A 3D finite element model representing three implants in a portion of mandible at the 654-| region was developed, and three implants received a crown each. Four types of bone qualities (B1,B2, B3 and B4) were designed for the model. Load of 100 N was applied on the occlusal surfaces of the crowns at a 45° angle to the vertical axis of the implants. Results Von Mises stresses in the peri-implant bone of4-| in bone quality from B1 to B4 were ( 13. 17 ± 9. 32), ( 12. 95 ± 9. 14), ( 15. 00 ± 9. 44 ), and(16.81 ±10.74) MPa, and those of 5-| were (15.51 ± 10.32), (14.73 ±8.96), (16.79 ±8.40), and(18. 34 ±8.45) MPa. Stress in bone quality B4 showed the highest value, followed by B3 bone, the loweststress were found in B1 and B2 bone. It was significantly different (P ＜0. 05). However, von Mises stresses in different quality of bone around 6-| [(42.45 ±25.71), (41.66 ±25.29), (42.70 ±23.24), (42.06 ±23.66) MPa] were close to each other, and were as twice or three times as those of 4-| and 5-| , irrespective of different bone qualities. Conclusions The stress distribution around implant under immediate loading was not only affected by different bone qualities, but also by the direction of loading, and the latter may have a greater impact when a severe load delivered.     

Micromotion and stress distribution of immediate loaded implants: a finite element analysis

Background: Primary stability and micromotion of the implant fixture is mostly influenced by its macrodesign.
Purpose: To assess and compare the peri-implant stress distribution and micromotion of two types of immediate loading implants, immediate loaded screw (ILS) Nisastan and Xive (DENTSPLY/Friadent, Monnheim, Germany), and to determine the best macrodesign of these two implants by finite element analysis.
Methods: In this experimental study, the accurate pictures of two fixtures (ILS: height = 13, diameter = 4 mm and Xive: height = 13, diameter = 3.8 mm) were taken by a new digital camera (Nikon Coolpix 5700 [Nikon, Japan], resolution = 5.24 megapixel, lens = 8× optical, 4× digital zoom). Following accurate measurements, the three-dimensional finite element computer model was simulated and inserted in simulated mandibular bone (D₂) in SolidWorks 2003 (SolidWork Corp., MA, USA) and Ansys 7.1 (Ansys, Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA). After loading (500 N, 75° above horizon), the displacement was displayed and von Mises stress was recorded.
Results: It was found that the primary stability of ILS was greater (152 µm) than Xive (284 µm). ILS exhibited more favorable stress distribution. Maximum stress concentration found in periapical bone around Xive (≈30 MPa) was lesser than Nisastan (≈37 MPa).
Conclusions: Macrodesign of ILS leads to better primary stability and stress distribution. Maximum stress around Xive was less.     

下颌骨各向异性材质模型对种植牙有限元分析的影响

目的 建立含螺纹种植体各向异性的完整下颌骨有限元模型,研究各向异性材质模型模拟对牙种植体有限元分析的影响.方法 采用薄层CT扫描和自主开发的软件分别建立各向异性和等效各向同性的完整下颌骨三维有限元模型,其中在后牙区植入两枚牙种植体,分析在颊舌向、斜向加载时,种植体-骨界面主应力和主应变值的变化.结果 在各向异性下颌骨模型中,除骨皮质第一最小主应力减小6.3%～7.6%和骨松质第三最小主应力减小8.7%～46.0%外,骨界面绝大多数主应力和所有主应变值均大于各向同性;骨皮质主应力增加2.1%～74.1%,主应变增加4.7%～57.3%;骨松质主应力增加10.3%～71.4%,主应变值增加19.5%～63.4%,而且骨松质应力的增加比骨皮质明显.结论 下颌骨种植牙有限元分析时,下颌骨各向异性模拟会明显影响骨界面应力和应变值,并以增加为主.在生物力学研究中应更注重下颌骨各向异性的材质力学特性.     

Effects of overdenture attachment systems with different working principles on stress transmission: A three-dimensional finite element study

PURPOSEThe aim of the present study was to compare the stress distributions on the dental implants, abutments, and bone caused by different overdenture attachment types under functional chewing forces.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe 3D finite element models of the mandible, dental implants, attachment types, and prostheses were prepared. In accordance with a conventional dental implant supported overdenture design, the dental implants were positioned at the bone level in the canine teeth region bilaterally. A total of eight models using eight different attachment systems were used in this study. All the models were loaded to simulate chewing forces generated during the centric relationship (450 N), lateral movement (400 N), protrusive movement (400 N), and also in the presence of a food mass unilaterally (200 N). Stress outputs were obtained as the maximum principal stress and the equivalent von-Mises stress.RESULTSIn all attachment types, higher stress values were observed in the abutments, dental implants, and bone in the magnet attachments in different loading conditions. The highest stress values were observed among the magnet systems in the components of the Titanmagnetics model in all loading conditions (stresses were 15.4, 17.7, and 33.1 MPa on abutment, dental implant, and bone, respectively). The lowest stress value was observed in the models of Zest and O-Ring attachments.CONCLUSIONThe results of the present study implied that attachment types permitting rotation and tolerating various angles created lower stresses on the bone, dental implants, and abutments.     

根管锥度和根管固位材料对牙体组织应力分布影响的三维有限元分析

目的 观察3种锥度根管采用不同根管桩修复对牙体组织应力分布的影响,以期为临床合理选用根管桩提供实验依据.方法 分别建立35号K锉、ProTaper和Profile器械根管预备后的下颌第一磨牙三维有限元模型,并分别模拟纤维树脂桩、不锈钢根管桩和银汞合金桩根管固位修复.运用Marc有限元软件,采用中央垂直加载,分析3种不同根管桩修复时牙颈部和牙根部应力分布的状况.结果 不同根管锥度对3种根管固位方式下的应力分布趋势无明显影响.不锈钢根管桩应力集中部位主要位于远中牙根中上部,远中根管口最高Von-Mises应力约为45 Mpa;银汞桩应力集中部分主要位于远中根管口上端及髓腔内,远中根管口最高Von-Mises应力约为16 Mpa;纤维树脂桩应力分布较均匀,未见明显应力集中.结论 纤维桩是比较理想的根管固位形式,应力分布接近于无根管桩状态;不锈钢根管桩在根中部容易形成高应力集中,增加根折发生率.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect of root canal taper and post on tooth stress distribution. Methods Three-dimensional finite element models of human mandibular first molar with root canals prepared with 35# K file, ProTaper and Profile were established. The tooth were restored with fiberresin, stainless steel and silver amalgam posts respectively. A vertical load on tooth occlusal surface was simulated. Marc software was used to analyze and calculate the stress distributions in the tooth restored with three kinds of different root canal posts, especially the in the cervical part and root. Results Different tapered root canals had no obvious influence on stress distribution in all three different posts. Stress distribution of stainless steel post located at the cervical and middle part of distal root, the highest Von-Mises stress was about 45 MPa. Stress distribution of silver amalgam post located at the orifice of root canal and pulp fundus, the highest Von-Mises stress was about 16 MPa. Stress distribution of fiber-resin post had no obvious stress concentration. Conclusions Fiber-resin post is the most ideal root canal post. Stainless steel post causes remarkable stress concentration in the root, which may raise the possibility of root fracture.     

下颌固定义齿不同桥体跨度下受载的三维有限元分析

目的　分析当固定义齿桥体加长时修复体及其基牙支持组织的受力状况。方法　在建立下颌固定义齿三维有限元模型的基础上 ,将桥体的跨度分别加至原长的 2～ 4倍 ,施加相同大小的垂直向载荷 ,利用MARC软件计算并绘制各种情况下的应力分布图像。结果　当固定义齿桥体加长时 ,修复体受载后的应力分布情况不发生改变 ,但最大等效应力相应增加。当桥体跨度增加至原长的3倍时 ,最大VonMises应力为 2 11.30MPa(桥体加载 )。结论　桥体的跨度增加超过约 3个前磨牙宽度时 ,有可能会对修复体造成损害     

种植体周围骨内应力分布的三维有限元分析

目的针对不同类型的牙槽骨科学地选用种植体,提高种植体临床疗效,延长使用寿命。方法采用三维有限元分析方法,将圆柱状、螺纹状和台阶状种植体分别植入4类骨质结构中,对此12种情况进行应力分析。结果在同种骨质模型中,圆柱状种植体颈部周围骨内的应力集中最小;就同种形态种植体而言,较低的骨质密度不利于种植体的应力分布。结论圆柱状是一种最有利于降低颈部骨质吸收的形态结构。螺纹状种植体周围骨内应力最大值大于圆柱状,而螺纹自身非力学优势极大的拓展了该型种植体的使用范围,但螺纹尖端处的高应力区域和螺纹之间的低应力区域是影响其长期使用效果的潜在不利因素。台阶状种植体相对较适合骨质好的情况,其根部出现局部高应力区域,若应力处于骨生理承受范围之内,将有利于减少根部骨质疏松。     

下颌后牙区不同骨质内种植体即刻负载的三维有限元分析

Objective To assess and compare the peri-implant stress distribution of three posterior implants under immediate loading with 4 different bone qualities using three dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) analysis. Methods A 3D finite element model representing three implants in a portion of mandible at the 654-| region was developed, and three implants received a crown each. Four types of bone qualities (B1,B2, B3 and B4) were designed for the model. Load of 100 N was applied on the occlusal surfaces of the crowns at a 45° angle to the vertical axis of the implants. Results Von Mises stresses in the peri-implant bone of4-| in bone quality from B1 to B4 were ( 13. 17 ± 9. 32), ( 12. 95 ± 9. 14), ( 15. 00 ± 9. 44 ), and(16.81 ±10.74) MPa, and those of 5-| were (15.51 ± 10.32), (14.73 ±8.96), (16.79 ±8.40), and(18. 34 ±8.45) MPa. Stress in bone quality B4 showed the highest value, followed by B3 bone, the loweststress were found in B1 and B2 bone. It was significantly different (P ＜0. 05). However, von Mises stresses in different quality of bone around 6-| [(42.45 ±25.71), (41.66 ±25.29), (42.70 ±23.24), (42.06 ±23.66) MPa] were close to each other, and were as twice or three times as those of 4-| and 5-| , irrespective of different bone qualities. Conclusions The stress distribution around implant under immediate loading was not only affected by different bone qualities, but also by the direction of loading, and the latter may have a greater impact when a severe load delivered.     

双端种植固定桥修复前后种植体-骨界面的动力学研究

目的 探讨动态加载时种植桥的骨界面应力分布规律,为临床提供参考.方法 在双端种植桥修复前后的有限元模型上,模拟一个咀嚼周期0.875 s内连续性的垂直向、舌向及颊向运动,分别对两颗种植基牙和种植桥进行单独加载和共同加载.计算种植体-骨界面的应力并比较,绘制应力图.结果 修复前加载(5-｜) 牙冠,斜向加载完成时(5-｜)骨界面的应力最大值是垂直加载完成时的4.2倍.修复后同时加载两颗种植基牙的修复冠及桥体,斜向加载完成时(5 -｜)骨界面的应力最大值是垂直加载完成时的1.2倍.修复前加载在(5-｜)牙冠上,0.300 s时应力最大值为48.393 MPa;单独加载种植桥的(5-｜)修复冠,0.300 s时模型总体最大值为9.541 MPa,在(7-｜)骨界面的远中颈缘.单独加载桥体和同时加载种植基牙的修复冠及桥体时(7-｜)骨界面应力最大值在各时段末均大于(5-｜)骨界面.结论　双端种植桥减少斜向载荷的不利影响,均匀合理地分布骨界面的应力.     

A finite element analysis of stress distribution in bone tissue surrounding uncoupled or splinted dental implants

Background: Several studies on one‐stage surgery in the treatment of the edentulous maxilla with implant‐supported fixed prostheses have reported problems with removable provisional prostheses, which can load the implants in an uncontrollable manner during healing, and jeopardize healing. Immediate splinting of the implants with a fixed provisional prosthesis has been proposed to protect the bone‐implant interface. Purpose: This study used the finite element method (FEM) to simulate stresses induced in bone tissue surrounding uncoupled and splinted implants in the maxilla because of bite force loading, and to determine whether the differences in these stress levels are related to differences in observed bone losses associated with the two healing methods. Materials and Methods: Stress levels in the maxilla were studied using the FEM program TRINITAS (Institute of Technology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden) in which all phases – preprocessing/modeling, equation solving, and postprocessing/evaluation – were simulated. Results: Stress levels in bone tissue surrounding splinted implants were markedly lower than stress levels surrounding uncoupled implants by a factor of nearly 9. Conclusion: From a mechanical viewpoint, FEM simulation supports the hypothesis that splinting reduces damage evolution in bone tissue, which agrees with clinical observations.     

The influence of various core designs on stress distribution in the veneered zirconia crown: a finite element analysis study

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate various core designs on stress distribution within zirconia crowns.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three-dimensional finite element models, representing mandibular molars, comprising a prepared tooth, cement layer, zirconia core, and veneer porcelain were designed by computer software. The shoulder (1 mm in width) variations in core were incremental increases of 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm in proximal and lingual height, and buccal height respectively. To simulate masticatory force, loads of 280 N were applied from three directions (vertical, at a 45° angle, and horizontal). To simulate maximum bite force, a load of 700 N was applied vertically to the crowns. Maximum principal stress (MPS) was determined for each model, loading condition, and position.

RESULTS

In the maximum bite force simulation test, the MPSs on all crowns observed around the shoulder region and loading points. The compressive stresses were located in the shoulder region of the veneer-zirconia interface and at the occlusal region. In the test simulating masticatory force, the MPS was concentrated around the loading points, and the compressive stresses were located at the 3 mm height lingual shoulder region, when the load was applied horizontally. MPS increased in the shoulder region as the shoulder height increased.

CONCLUSION

This study suggested that reinforced shoulder play an essential role in the success of the zirconia restoration, and veneer fracture due to occlusal loading can be prevented by proper core design, such as shoulder.     

七种不同（牙合）型对颞下颌关节应力影响的三维有限元分析

目的　探讨由形态变化产生的根尖主应力变化对颞下颌关节 (TMJ)应力的影响。方法　取光弹法测得的正中载荷作用下 7种型各牙根尖应力参数 ,在所建下颌骨三维有限元模型上加载 ,比较其TMJ应力。结果　 (1)髁突前斜面及其表面软骨和关节盘中部主要承受压应力 ,髁突后斜面及其表面软骨和关节盘后部主要承受拉应力 ;(2 )与正常相比 ,平面、远中、部分后牙反、缺牙的TMJ应力均有不同程度变化 ,其中平面的变化最明显。单侧上颌第三磨牙伸长、单侧下颌第三磨牙伸长的TMJ应力变化均不明显。结论　由型改变导致的正中咬合时根尖主应力变化 ,对关节应力性质的影响不明显 ,但对应力大小有一定影响。     

下颌牙种植体即刻加载三维有限元模型的建立

目的:建立包含即刻加载螺纹种植体的下颌骨三维有限元模型,以深入研究牙种植体即刻加载骨界面的力学分布规律。方法:以女性无牙牙合下颌骨为标本,采用螺旋CT扫描,DICOM格式保存。将DICOM数据导入计算机,用自主开发的通用外科手术集成系统(UniversalSurgicalIntegrationSystem,USIS)和ANSYS软件进行划分单元建模,并模拟ITI螺纹种植体的真实形态,在下颌骨前牙区植入3颗种植体,模拟种植体即刻加载的状态,将种植体骨界面定义为滑动摩擦。结果:建立了结构精确的含即刻加载螺纹种植体的下颌骨三维有限元模型,牙种植体螺纹螺旋形态连续一致。结论:本实验建立的有限元模型的几何相似性、生物力学相似性及临床适应性均达到实验要求,为进一步研究牙种植体即刻加载的骨界面力学分布提供了良好的基础。     

钛基台支持的CAD/CAM全瓷单冠不同载荷位置的三维有限元应力分析

目的分析钛基台支持的CAD/CAM全瓷单冠在载荷位置不同时全冠的应力情况,为种植上部结构的临床设计提供理论参考。方法建立钛基台以及粘接固位的下颌第二前磨牙牙冠的三维有限元模型,在基台上方偏颊侧(a)、基台正上方(b)、基台上方偏舌侧(c)的牙冠■面3个不同部位分别施加300N的轴向静载荷,计算分析全冠的应力情况。结果对于玻璃陶瓷全冠,当载荷作用于位置a时,最大拉应力在舌侧颈缘处,约为13MPa;最大压应力位于颊侧颈缘处,约为-45MPa。载荷作用于位置b时,最大拉应力在与基台顶部中心区域接触处的牙冠组织面,约为20MPa。载荷作用于位置c时,最大拉应力在牙冠颊侧颈缘处约为15MPa;舌侧颈缘处最大压应力值为-40MPa。氧化锆全冠在三种载荷类型时的应力场分布与玻璃陶瓷全冠类似,应力值大小不同。结论钛基台支持的CAD/CAM全瓷单冠,当载荷作用于位置a时,牙冠颊侧颈缘应增加强度以防止折裂,牙冠舌侧颈缘处应防止脱粘接;载荷作用于位置b时,基台上方牙冠■面需要增加强度;载荷作用于位置c时,牙冠颊侧颈缘处易发生脱粘接,舌侧颈缘处容易折裂。     

种植全口义齿的三维有限元分析--上部连接设计对应力的影响

目的：分析选用不同上部连接设计时种植全口义齿及其支持组织的应力状况以指导临床设计。方法：用三维有限元法研究螺丝固定结构与球帽附着结构对种植体全口义齿应力状况的影响。结果：采用螺丝固定结构较采用球帽附着结构者,义齿的种植体骨界面应力高出６１％,基托应力高出２１８％,种植体本身应力及人造牙列应力变化不大。结论：球帽附着结构较螺丝固定结构能显著降低种植体骨界面应力和义齿基托应力,利于义齿坚固耐用和支持组织健康。     

Comparative finite element analysis of mandibular posterior single zirconia and titanium implants: a 3-dimensional finite element analysis

PURPOSEZirconia has exceptional biocompatibility and good mechanical properties in clinical situations. However, finite element analysis (FEA) studies on the biomechanical stability of two-piece zirconia implant systems are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of the two-piece zirconia and titanium implants using FEA.MATERIALS AND METHODSTwo groups of finite element (FE) models, the zirconia (Zircon) and titanium (Titan) models, were generated for the exam. Oblique (175 N) and vertical (175 N) loads were applied to the FE model generated for FEA simulation, and the stress levels and distributions were investigated.RESULTSIn oblique loading, von Mises stress values were the highest in the abutment of the Zircon model. The von Mises stress values of the Titan model for the abutment screw and implant fixture were slightly higher than those of the Zircon model. Minimum principal stress in the cortical bone was higher in the Titan model than Zircon model under oblique and vertical loading. Under both vertical and oblique loads, stress concentrations in the implant components and bone occurred in the same area. Because the material itself has high stiffness and elastic modulus, the Zircon model exhibited a higher von Mises stress value in the abutments than the Titan model, but at a level lower than the fracture strength of the material.CONCLUSIONOwing to the good esthetics and stress controllability of the Zircon model, it can be considered for clinical use.     

不同螺距种植体集中载荷的有限元分析

目的:用三维有限元方法分析不同螺距种植体-骨界面应力分布状况,确定利于应力均匀分布的最佳螺纹参数设计.方法:建立包含上部结构的牙种植体、局部下颌骨块三维有限元模型,利用Cosmos/works软件分析在垂直、斜向45° 2 种集中载荷下螺距分别为0.6、 0.8、 1.0 mm的3 种种植体与骨界面的应力分布状况.结果:螺距为0.8 mm种植体周围Von-Mises应力、拉应力、压应力峰值较小,应力分布最均匀;同一螺距种植体斜向载荷下应力显著高于垂直载荷;应力集中主要出现于种植体颈部、皮质骨上缘和种植体末端最下一个螺纹处.结论:螺纹种植体螺距影响骨界面的应力分布和(牙合)力传导,为避免应力集中种植体末端螺纹应进行适当的截齿处理,种植义齿设计和修复时应尽可能减小或避免非轴向力.     

(牙合)面厚度与肩台宽度连续变化的下颌第一磨牙全瓷冠三维有限元分析

目的 探讨(牙合)面厚度和肩台宽度同时连续变化情况下下颌第一磨牙全瓷冠的优化设计,以期为全瓷冠的临床设计提供理论基础.方法 运用逆向工程及计算机辅助设计技术建立(牙合)面厚度和肩台宽度连续变化的下颌第一磨牙三维有限元模型,设定(牙合)面厚度变化范围为1～3 mm,肩台宽度变化范围为0.4～1.2 mm,并在全瓷冠颊尖垂直向(牙合)面加载225 N的力,观察验面厚度和肩台宽度同时变化对全瓷冠、粘接剂、基牙、牙周膜和牙槽骨等效应力峰值的影响,同时进行灵敏度分析.结果 随着(牙合)面厚度和肩台宽度的增加,除牙周膜和牙槽骨的等效应力峰值无明显变化外,全瓷冠、粘接剂和基牙的等效应力峰值均下降.当(牙合)面厚度≥1.87 mm、肩台宽度≥0.66 mm时,全瓷冠、粘接剂和基牙的应力响应曲线斜率均位于-1～1之间,即在此区间内等效应力峰值变化相对较小.灵敏度分析显示,肩台宽度对全瓷冠和基牙等效应力峰值的影响较大,(牙合)面厚度对粘接剂等效应力峰值的影响较大.结论 在本项研究所设定的参数范围内,下颌第一磨牙全瓷冠的(牙合)面厚度应不小于1.87 mm,肩台宽度应不小于0.66 mm.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of different occlusal thickness and shoulder finish line depth on stress distribution of all-ceramic crowns and to select optimal occlusal thickness and shoulder finish line depth using continuous variation of parameters. Methods This analysis was performed using mandibular first molar finite element modl. The range of occlusal thickness was set from 1 mm to 3 mm, and that of shoulder finish line depth was from 0. 4 mm to 1.2 mm. Load of 225 N was applied perpendicularly to the occlusal surface of the tooth at all buccal cusps to simulate functional occlusal force. The maximum equivalent stresses in crown, cement layer, abutment, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone were calculated, and the sensitivities of stresses to the variables were also evaluated. Results The maximum equivalent stresses in crown, cement layer and abutment decreased as occlusal thickness and shoulder finish line depth were increased, while no obvious change were found in maximum equivalent stresses in periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. When occlusal thickness exceeded 1.87 mm and shoulder finish line depth exceeded 0. 66 mm,the tangent slope rate of the maximum equivalent stress response curves ranged from - 1 to 1. Data indicated that occlusal thickness played a more important role in reducing maximum equivalent stress in cement layer than finish line depth did, and shoulder finish line depth was a more effective parameter in reducing maximum equivalent stress in crown and abutment than occlusal thickness was. Conclusions Occlusal thickness exceeding 1.87 mm and shoulder finish line depth exceeding 0. 66 mm are optimal design for ceramic crown on mandibular first molar from biomechanical point of view.     

3D finite element analysis to detect stress distribution: spiral family implants

Aim  

Spiral family implants are a root-form fixtures with increasing thickness of tread. This characteristic gives a self-tapping and self-condensing bone properties to implants. To study spiral family implant inserted in different bone quality and connected with abutments of different angulations a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was performed. Once drawn the systems that were object of the study by CAD (Computer Aided Design), the FEA discretized solids composing the system in many infinitesimal little elementary solids defined finite elements. This lead to a mesh formation where the single finite elements were connected among them by nodes. For the 3 units bone-implant-abutments several thousand of tetrahedral elements having 10 parabolic nodes were employed.     

Biomechanical three-dimensional finite element analysis of monolithic zirconia crown with different cement type

PURPOSE

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of various cement types on the stress distribution in monolithic zirconia crowns under maximum bite force using the finite element analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The models of the prepared #46 crown (deep chamfer margin) were scanned and solid models composed of the monolithic zirconia crown, cement layer, and prepared tooth were produced using the computer-aided design technology and were subsequently translated into 3-dimensional finite element models. Four models were prepared according to different cement types (zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate, glass ionomer, and resin). A load of 700 N was applied vertically on the crowns (8 loading points). Maximum principal stress was determined.

RESULTS

Zinc phosphate cement had a greater stress concentration in the cement layer, while polycarboxylate cement had a greater stress concentration on the distal surface of the monolithic zirconia crown and abutment tooth. Resin cement and glass ionomer cement showed similar patterns, but resin cement showed a lower stress distribution on the lingual and mesial surface of the cement layer.

CONCLUSION

The test results indicate that the use of different luting agents that have various elastic moduli has an impact on the stress distribution of the monolithic zirconia crowns, cement layers, and abutment tooth. Resin cement is recommended for the luting agent of the monolithic zirconia crowns.