广州市不同家庭燃料致室内空气污染状况调查

对广州市燃煤和燃气家庭的室内空气进行了监测,了解燃煤对南方城市室内空气的污染状况以及污染物在室内的消长情况。结果发现,不论燃煤还是燃气,燃烧时都可导致室内空气污染物水平显著高于室外。燃煤导致的室内空气污染状况比燃气家庭严重,前者以ＳＯ２、ＣＯ和ＩＰ污染为主,后者则以ＮＯ２污染为主。无论是燃煤还是燃气,均以餐中时段室内污染物浓度最高;餐后０．５ｈ,各污染物浓度即迅速下降接近餐前水平。与北方城市存在很     

燃气热水器对室内空气污染的研究

为了探讨燃气热水器对室内空气污染的状况 ,我们对直排式、普通烟道式这两种燃气热水器在不同通风状态、不同燃烧时间室内一氧化碳 (CO)、二氧化碳 (CO2 )、二氧化氮 (NO2 )及甲醛的浓度进行了测定。结果发现 ,在不同通风状态下 ,直排式和普通烟道式燃气热水器燃烧后不同时间室内各污染物浓度均较燃烧前明显增高 ,并有递增趋势 ;室内各污染物除甲醛外均严重超标 ;直排式燃气热水器在关窗状态下使用室内污染物浓度最高 ,超标最严重 ;普通烟道式燃气热水器造成的污染明显低于直排式燃气热水器 ;通风能降低污染物浓度。上述结果表明 ,直排式和普通烟道式燃气热水器都能造成室内空气污染。     

南京某住宅小区室内空气污染调查

对使用不同燃料的6种居民住宅进行冬夏两季的室内空气污染调查,结果室内空气污染高于室外,冬季室内污染比夏季严重,燃煤住宅污染高于其它燃料的住宅。多因素分析表明影响室内空气质量的主要因素依次为:燃料类型、季节、燃烧地点和住宅类型。     

住宅室内空气颗粒物污染状况及其与大气浓度关系的初探

目的了解当前住宅室内空气PM2.5和PM10的污染水平及其与室外大气浓度的关系。方法选择10户市区常住家庭,采用单孔多段冲击式颗粒物采样仪进行室内外空气PM2.5、PM10浓度的同时监测。结果非采暖期室内空气PM2.5和PM10的浓度范围分别为27.0～272.9μgm3和42.9～309.6μgm3;采暖期分别为20.7～251.4μgm3和34.0～283.9μgm3。PM2.5与PM10浓度之间呈良好的直线相关关系。室内外颗粒物浓度的相关关系在非采暖期和采暖期有所不同。结论住宅室内空气颗粒物污染比较严重,今后应进一步研究室内颗粒物的污染规律,探讨颗粒物对人群健康的影响。     

北京市密云县新农村室内空气污染现状

目的了解新农村室内空气质量和不同燃料能源对室内空气质量的影响。方法采用标准方法对居室内空气质量进行检测。结果两河村、下屯村、白草洼村、荞麦峪村在采暖期和非采暖期按监测指标总项次合格率分别为91.8%、90.0%、84.5%、92.7%和98.2%、98.2%、99.1%、93.6%;二氧化碳、甲醛、可吸入颗粒物、菌落总数5项指标各有不同程度超标;采暖期和非采暖期4村合计总项次合格率比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=20.43,P〈0.01）;二氧化碳、总挥发性有机物、菌落总数非采暖期室内空气质量好于采暖期。结论新农村室内空气质量存在轻微的污染,混合燃料为主要能源对室内空气质量影响较大,非采暖期室内空气质量好于采暖期室内空气质量。     

新农村室内空气质量现状研究

目的了解新农村室内空气质量和不同燃料能源对室内空气质量的影响。方法采用标准方法对居室内空气质量进行检测。结果 A村、B村、C村、D村在采暖期（非采暖期）按监测指标总项次合格率分别为92%、90%、84%、93%（98%、99%、99%、94%）;二氧化碳、甲醛、可吸入颗粒物、菌落总数五项指标各有不同程度超标;采暖期和非采暖期四村合计总项次合格率比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=20.43,P〈0.01）;二氧化碳、可吸入颗粒物、总挥发性有机物、菌落总数非采暖期室内空气质量好于采暖期。结论新农村室内空气质量存在轻微的污染,混合燃料为主要能源对室内空气质量影响较大,非采暖期室内空气质量好于采暖期室内空气质量。     

新建住宅装修后化学污染特征分析及防制对策

目的探讨因装修导致室内污染的特征和规律，为预防控制提供科学依据。方法新建小区住宅卫生学调查均采用问讯填写调查表方式；监测方法和评价标准按照《室内空气质量标准》（GB/T18883-2002），对30户新装修住宅的141个监测点进行空气中有害污染物测定。结果甲醛和总挥发性有机物（TVOC）在新装修居室内空气中有超标，以甲醛超标严重，超标率达60.99％，TVOC超标率为26．95％；居室各房间均有分布，以主卧和书房浓度较高，甲醛最高超标8．5倍；TVOC最高超标7．7倍；装修6个月后，污染物明显下降，但在冬季装修的居室会在来年夏季出现污染物浓度回升的现象。结论甲醛和TVOC是新装修居室内空气中主要污染物，超标严重的主要分布在装载度高的房间；装修季节对室内空气中污染物浓度有明显影响．春夏季温度高的季节装修好于冬季；除特殊情况外，一般在装修好6个月后，甲醛等污染物已降至较低水平，最后对防治污染从不同角度提出了防制对策。     

兰州市住宅空气污染对儿童呼吸系统健康的影响

目的了解兰州市住宅空气污染对儿童呼吸系统健康的影响。方法于2006年11月-2007年2月（采暖期）和2007年5-9月（非采暖期）,对兰州市城关区、七里河区（文化区）、西固区（工业区）120套住宅室内空气甲醛、苯、SO2、NO2、CO和可吸入颗粒（PM10）浓度进行检测。采用儿童健康状况调查表对被检测地区3所幼儿园和3所小学1-2年级1700名学生进行呼吸系统病症（咳嗽、咯痰、气喘、支气管炎）影响因素（室内、外空气污染因素以及其他因素）调查,并进行Logistic回归分析。结果兰州市采暖期居室空气中SO2、CO、NO2、PM10浓度高于非采暖期,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）PM10污染最为严重,室外空气污染是儿童呼吸道病症发生的危险因素;引起儿童呼吸道病症的室内空气污染危险因素主要有家人吸烟、装修程度、燃料类型、开窗通风等;母亲文化水平以及性别、年龄对儿童呼吸系统病症的发生也有一定的作用。结论儿童呼吸系统疾病的发生是室内空气污染源及其散发强度、住宅外空气污染程度、人群自身因素和行为综合作用的结果。     

烟台市新装修住宅室内空气污染特征分析

目的了解烟台市新装修住宅室内空气质量及对居民健康的影响,为室内空气污染控制提供科学依据。方法随机选择烟台市区内50户新装修完并入住的住宅作为研究对象,检测指标为甲醛、苯系物(苯、甲苯和二甲苯)和总挥发性有机物(TVOC)。按室内空气质量标准(GB/T 18883-2002)对各种污染物进行评价。结果监测结果显示室内空气中甲醛、苯系物和总挥发性有机物存在不同程度的超标现象,其中甲醛超标尤为严重,最大超标7.8倍,卧室中的污染物超标普遍高于其他房间。结论本次调查结果显示烟台市新装修住宅室内空气污染存在不同程度的超标。     

60户新装修住宅室内空气质量分析

目的调查某市因住宅装修后居室空气质量及污染因素对居民健康的影响。方法检测室内空气中污染物的含量并对居住人员进行问卷调查。结果该市新装修住宅室内空气检测合格率为58．3％，检测季节、检测时距装修的时间间隔、装修类型对室内空气质量都有不同程度的影响。结论劣质建材中污染物含量超标是引起室内装修污染的主要原因，加强装修后住宅的通风，并延迟人住时间，对预防污染的危害有积极作用。     

北京市新装修场所室内空气的污染状况及其影响因素

目的调查北京新装修住宅室内空气中甲醛和总挥发性有机物污染的情况,找出具有共性的影响因素,为控制室内空气污染提供依据。方法采用传感器法对北京地区新装修场所的207套房间进行了室内空气中甲醛和总挥发性有机物的检测,找出室内环境空气质量具有共性的影响因素。结果有害物质的释放随着温度的升高而增多,春秋两季,甲醛和总挥发性有机物超标率达到39.0%和74.9%,夏季均为100%,冬季为14.3和42.9%%;不同居室类型中,空气中甲醛和总挥发性有机物浓度最高的是会议厅内,均达到100.0%,其次是商务场所为42.9%和28.6%,最低的普通居民住宅为38.3%和79.2%;在相同外界因素下,通透户型的甲醛和总挥发性有机物浓度明显低于单面通风结构的住宅;阳面房间的有害物质浓度高于阴面的房间。结论温度、居室类型、户型、房间朝向是影响室内环境空气质量的主要影响因素。应针对污染情况,采取有效措施,以降低污染程度。     

哈尔滨市室内空气质量对学龄儿童肺功能的影响

目的 探索哈尔滨市及城郊室内空气质量,并分析其对学龄儿童肺功能指数的影响,为预防呼吸系统相关疾病的发生提供参考.方法 在采暖季对哈尔滨市及城郊80户学龄儿童室内环境中的C02、甲醛、苯、PM10、细菌总数进行监测,应用层次分析模型(IAAH)对室内空气质量进行综合评价,并分析室内空气质量与学龄儿童肺功能指数的相关性.结...     

探讨农村改炉改灶的途径

目的通过模拟实验，提出农村改进炉灶的途径。方法在模拟房间测定了室内空气污染物浓度和回风炉热工性能，室内空气污染物浓度、换气次数、炉灶热工性能测试分别按国家标准规定进行。结果①炉灶烟囱从下到上全部为负压，居室内安装有烟囱的炉灶可使室内空气质量达到卫生标准；②提高烟囱高度可造成较大负压，提高排烟量，促进燃烧，但排烟热损失和燃料消耗也随之增加；③实验的炊事、取暖回风炉的平均火力强度、炊事热效率、取暖热效率、烟气热损失等数据表明其结构较合理；④砖砌燃煤燃柴台灶的烟气热损失、取暖热效率表明燃烧热量没有得到较好利用，木柴燃烧速度快，需要空气量大，应选用较大断面烟囱。结论居室内安装有烟囱的炉灶可有效控制燃煤燃柴造成的室内空气污染；提出了包括合理的炉灶结构、适宜的烟囱高度和断面、增设炕烟道取暖、热水器等多种控制污染和节能的改进炉灶途径。     

Indoor air and human health--sick house syndrome and multiple chemical sensitivity

The number of complaints about the quality of indoor air has increased during the past two decades. These complaints have been frequent enough that the term "Sick House Syndrome or Sick Building Syndrome" and "Multiple Chemical Sensitivity" has been coined. Complaints are likely related to the increased use of synthetic organic materials in house, furnishing, and consumer products; and the buildings, furnishings, and consumer products; and the decreased ventilation for energy conservation in homes. Approximately thousand volatile chemicals have been identified in indoor air. The main sources of these chemicals are house materials, combustion fumes, cleaning compounds, and paints or stains. Exposure to high levels of these emissions and to others, coupled with the fact that most people spend more time indoors than outdoors, raises the possibility that the risk to human health from indoor air pollution may be potentially greater than the risk posed from outdoor pollutants. The complaints most frequently voiced with respect to Sick House Syndrome are irritations of the eye, nose, and throat; cough and hoarseness of voice; headache and mental fatigue. The syndrome of multiple chemical sensitivities is controversial subject with increasing impact on the field of indoor air quality. The controversy surrounding Multiple Chemical Sensitivity includes its definition, theories of etiology and pathogenesis, diagnostic, and life style. Multiple Chemical Sensitivity is considered the hypothesis that is a disease caused by exposure to many chemically distinct environmental substances at very low.     

燃煤污染氟中毒病区居民室内空气氟污染

中国14个省、市、自治区的部分地区盛产高氟、高硫煤,居民以落后的烧煤方式——室内堆煤做饭、取暖,由于没有炉灶及烟囱,燃烧不完全,排出大量含氟煤烟,污染室内空气及粮食、蔬菜、饮水,造成严重的氟中毒。室内空气中氟化物及二氧化硫浓度分别为10.5～304μg/m~3及0.2～122.7mg/m~3,其日平均浓度均超过国家大气卫生标准的几倍到几十倍。在一些病区居民总氟摄入量为2.43～11.3mg/d·人,超过规定水平。摄氟途径为消化道、呼吸道。所有病区居民从呼吸道摄氟量均超过国家标准,而从消化道摄氟量仅重病区超过规定。由此看出,从呼吸道摄入氟对氟斑牙的患病率起着重要作用。     

Comparisons of seasonal fungal prevalence in indoor and outdoor air and in house dusts of dwellings in one Northeast American county

Fungi cause allergies and many other adverse health effects. In this study, we characterized the nature and seasonal variation of fungi inside and outside homes in the Greater New Haven, Connecticut area. Three indoor air samples (in the living room, bedroom, and basement) and one outdoor sample were collected by the Burkard portable air sampler. House dust samples were collected in the living room by a vacuum cleaner. The mold concentrations varied widely from house to house in both indoor and outdoor air. No significant difference (p>0.05) in concentration and type of fungi between living room and bedroom or by season was observed. Both concentration and type of fungi were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the basement than other indoor areas and outdoor air in winter. The type of fungi in living room, bedroom, and outdoor air were found to have significant changes among seasons, but there was no significant difference for the basement among seasons. Cladosporium spp. was dominant in both indoor and outdoor air in summer. Penicillium and Aspergillus were dominant in indoor air in winter, but neither was dominant in any season in outdoor air. The type of fungi and their concentrations in house dust samples were not representative of those isolated in indoor air. In dust samples, more Mucor, Wallemia, and Alternaria species, but less Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Penicillium species were found in all seasons. Air sampling in spring or fall in every suspected house is suggested for year-round fungal exposure assessment.     

Source identification of airborne Escherichia coli of swine house surroundings using ERIC-PCR and REP-PCR

Evidence is mounting that microorganisms originating from livestock impact the air quality of the animal houses themselves and the public in the surrounding neighborhoods. The aim of this study was to develop efficient bacterial source tracking capabilities to identify sources of Escherichia coli aerosol pollution caused by pigs. Airborne E. coli were isolated from indoor air, upwind air (10 and 50 m away) and downwind air samples (10, 50, 100, 200 and 400 m away) for five swine houses using six-stage Andersen microbial samplers and Reuter-Centrifugal samplers (RCS). E. coli strains from pig fecal samples were also collected simultaneously. The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerize chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) and the repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP-PCR) approaches were used to study the genetic variability and to determine the strain relationships among E. coli isolated from different sites in each swine house. Results showed that 35.1% (20/57) of the bacterial DNA fingerprints from the fecal isolates matched with the corresponding strains isolated from indoor and downwind air samples (similarity ?90%). E. coli strains from the indoor and downwind air samples were closely related to the E. coli strains isolated from feces, while those isolated from upwind air samples (swine house C) had low similarity (61-69%). Our results suggest that some strains isolated from downwind and indoor air originated in the swine feces. Effective hygienic measures should be taken in animal farms to prevent or minimize the downwind spread of microorganism aerosol.     

家用燃料气态燃烧产物对室内空气污染的初步评估

目的 初步评估天然气、液化石油气和蜂窝煤的气态燃烧产物对室内空气污染的影响程度和特征.方法 在特别设计的3间实验房间内分别使用天然气、液化石油气和蜂窝煤在室内进行定量燃烧,同时根据国家标准方法采集空气样品并测定SO2、NO2、CO和甲醛的浓度,对其排放量和排放特征进行分析.结果 3种燃料的气态燃烧产物(SO2、NO2、CO、甲醛)中,均以CO和NO2的排放量最高.在日均用量下,蜂窝煤的CO和NO2排放量远高于天然气和液化石油气.使用蜂窝煤的家庭CO单位排放量高达30 136 mg/kg,明显高于液化石油气(8 725 mg/kg)和天然气(2 755 mg/kg);液化石油气的NO2单位排放量(42.69 mg/kg)则明显高于蜂窝煤(20.01 mg/kg)和天然气(11.87 mg/m3).在通风不良的室内,均可使室内CO和NO2浓度均超过GB/T 18883-2002<室内空气质量标准>.结论 厨房室内燃烧天然气或液化石油气,能造成CO和NO2的污染.     

宁夏地区成人哮喘室内环境因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨与成人哮喘有关的室内环境危险因素.方法 采用成组设计的病例对照流行病学研究方法,选择2004年7月-2006年5月在宁夏医学院附属医院与银川市医院呼吸科病房住院和门诊确诊的哮喘患者122例为病例组,选择两所医院附近的无过敏性疾病和呼吸疾病的社区居民205例为对照组.进行单因素和多因素非条件Logistic回归模型分析.结果 单因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果显示有统计学意义(P＜0.05)的因素有:住房是平房,住房装修,在装修室内感到气短,床褥经常晾晒,厨房无排烟设备,排烟渠道通向墙内烟道,冬天用焦炭取暖,用柴草做饭.多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果显示,住房是平房、住房装修与哮喘的发生成正相关(P＜0.01),OR值分别为10.26,6.23.床褥经常晾晒是哮喘的保护因素(OR=0.27,P＜0.01).结论 室内环境因素与哮喘的发生密切相关.住房是平房、住房装修可能会增加患哮喘的危险性,床褥经常晾晒可降低哮喘的发生.