PET-CT在肾上腺转移瘤诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨18F-FDG PET-CT对肾上腺转移瘤的诊断价值.方法 对88例经病理或临床随访确诊的肾上腺转移瘤及良性病变的患者行18F-FDG PET-CT检查,分别测量肾上腺病灶（共107个）的大小（短径）、CT值及最大标准摄取值（SUVmax）,采用t检验、x 2检验及Pearson相关性检验对各组数据进行统计学分析,采用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）分析确定CT值及SUVmax区分肾上腺转移瘤与良性病变的最佳临界点.结果 107个病灶中,最终确诊73个为肾上腺转移瘤,34个为良性病变,肾上腺转移瘤与良性病变病灶的大小分别为（2.17± 1.14）cm、（1.76±1.00）cm（t=1.817,P=0.072）;CT值分别为（29.65±10.29） Hu、（14.83±14.42） Hu（t=5.389,P=0.000）;SUVmax分别为9.28±5.33、2.81±1.14（t=9.890,P=0.000）.肾上腺转移瘤的大小、CT值与SUVmax均存在正相关性（r=0.620,P=0.000;r=0.561,P=0.000）.肾上腺转移瘤左右侧分布比例为：左侧58.2％（32/55）,右侧9.1％（5/55）,差异有统计学意义（x2=29.689,P=0.000）.ROC曲线分析示,以SUVmax＞ 4.1且CT值＞20 Hu作为诊断标准,则敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为91.3 ％（63/69）、94.7％（36/38）、92.5％（99/107）、96.9％（63/65）和85.7％（36/42）.结论18F-FDG PET-CT对肾上腺转移瘤的诊断具有较高的敏感性、特异性及准确性;以SUVmax＞4.1且CT值＞20 HU作为诊断标准,可较好地诊断出肾上腺转移瘤和肾上腺良性病变.     

Prospective evaluation of unilateral adrenal masses in patients with operable non-small-cell lung cancer.

Although adrenal metastases are frequently noted with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at autopsy, their incidence in patients with operable NSCLC is unclear. We prospectively assessed consecutive patients with otherwise operable NSCLC for the incidence and histology of unilateral adrenal masses. Assessment included blood chemistries, lung function tests, bronchoscopy, chest x-ray, bone scan, and computed tomography (CT) of the head, chest, and upper abdomen. Of 246 patients with otherwise operable NSCLC, 10 (4.1%) had a unilateral adrenal mass. Unilateral adrenal masses were needle-aspirated under CT control. If cytology was nondiagnostic, adrenalectomy was performed. Four (40%) of 10 patients had adrenal metastases proven by needle aspiration. Of the six (60%) patients with benign unilateral adrenal masses, one was demonstrated by needle aspiration. In the other five patients, a nondiagnostic needle aspiration led to adrenalectomy, which yielded two adenomas, two hyperplastic nodules, and one hemorrhagic cyst. There was no significant difference between the patients with benign and metastatic unilateral adrenal masses with respect to patient age or stage and size of adrenal mass. Patients with benign unilateral adrenal masses underwent curative resection of their NSCLC and had significantly prolonged survival compared with patients with metastatic unilateral adrenal masses treated with chemotherapy (P = .037). Median survival of patients with benign and metastatic unilateral adrenal masses was greater than 30 months and 9 months, respectively. In conclusion, the presence of unilateral adrenal masses in patients with otherwise operable NSCLC should not preclude thoracotomy without pathologic proof of metastatic disease.     

Mediastinal lymph node staging by means of positron emission tomography is less sensitive in elderly patients with non-small-cell lung cancer

PURPOSE: We sought to identify the impact of age on the sensitivity and specificity of integrated positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT; CT) on mediastinal lymph node staging of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of 206 consecutive patients with histologically proven NSCLC who underwent resection and/or mediastinoscopy in our center between September 2004 and January 2007. All of these patients had preoperative staging with integrated PET-CT as an adjunct to chest CT before resection and/or mediastinoscopy. Diabetic patients and patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were excluded. The pathologic results of all of these cases were reviewed and correlated with those on CT and integrated PET-CT. RESULTS: The sensitivity and positive predictive values (PPV) of PET-CT in mediastinal nodal staging were significantly lower in elderly patients (age>or=65 years; sensitivity, 42%; PPV, 66%) than in younger patients (age<65 years; sensitivity, 52%; PPV, 74%). Specificity and negative predictive values were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: PET-CT staging of the mediastinum is less sensitive in elderly patients with NSCLC who have a lower PPV. Positive mediastinal uptake on PET-CT should be verified by mediastinoscopy, irrespective of age. Elderly patients with positive mediastinal uptake should not be refuted a curative intent surgical resection on the basis of positive mediastinal uptake alone.     

Adrenalectomy for isolated adrenal metastasis after Gamma Knife Surgery for an intracerebral metastasis of non-small-cell lung carcinoma

Only a limited group of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is eligible for treatment with a curative intent. Adrenalectomy for a solitary adrenal metastasis of NSCLC may be curative when combined with resection of the primary tumor. It is unclear whether resection of an isolated adrenal metastasis is justified in patients with a second metastasis. We report a case of successful adrenalectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy in a patient who was previously treated with a right lower lobe resection and subsequent Gamma Knife treatment of an intracranial metastasis. At 20-month follow-up, patient was in a good clinical condition without signs of recurrent disease. In selected cases, adrenalectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy for an adrenal metastasis of NSCLC may be performed successfully, with good short-term results, even after earlier treatment of a cerebral metastasis.     

Adrenalectomy for solitary adrenal metastases from non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND: The treatment of patients with adrenal metastases from lung cancer (non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC) remains controversial. Several studies of adrenalectomy in cases of isolated adrenal metastases from NSCLC suggest that these patients could have improved survival. Our aim is to define the history of patients after resection of solitary metastases to the adrenal gland and to identify characteristics of patients who achieved prolonged survival. METHODS: Between January 1997 and July 2000, 11 patients underwent curative resection for metastatic NSCLC of the adrenal gland in our institution. In all patients who were accepted for curative adrenalectomy, the primary NSCLC had been treated by complete resection. RESULTS: Eleven patients (seven men and four women) with unilateral adrenal metastases of NSCLC entered the study. Median age was 59 years (range 47-67 years). There was no perioperative death. The overall median survival after metastasectomy was 12.6 months (CI: 9.2-16.1 months). Patients with curative resection and metachronous disease (n=6) had a median survival of 30.9 months and tended to do better than patients with synchronous adrenal metastases (n=5) (median survival: 10.3 months). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that adrenalectomy for clinically solitary, resectable metastases can be performed safely. It appears reasonable that such selected patients should be considered surgical candidates.     

18F-FDG PET-CT在非小细胞肺癌术前区域淋巴结分期中的价值

目的 探讨18F-FDG PET-CT在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者术前区域淋巴结(N)分期方面的价值,以及CT密度和双时相扫描在淋巴结性质判定方面的作用.方法 43例手术病理证实的NSCLC患者均于术前行18F-FDG PET-CT扫描,对常规扫描图像采用PET法(单纯根据18F-FDG摄取水平判断淋巴结性质)和PET+CT密度法(结合CT密度和摄取水平判断淋巴结性质)分析.摄取水平通过目测法和半定量分析法结合判定.双时相扫描的储留指数(RI)>10%为摄取升高.以病理检查作为金标准对所得结果进行分析.结果 以区域淋巴结组为单位,PET法的诊断敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为88.0%、88.4%、88.3%、59.5%和97.4%,PET+CT密度法的相应值分别为84.0%、94.6%、92.9%、75.0%和96.8%,其中2种方法的特异度和准确度之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).28组淋巴结行双时相扫描,良恶性组摄取变化值(△SUVmax)之间和砒之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);在23组延迟相摄取升高的淋巴结中,11组为转移;在5组无摄取升高的淋巴结中,1组为转移.结论 18F-FDG PET-CT在肺癌患者术前N分期方面有较高的诊断价值,结合淋巴结CT密度和18F-FDG摄取水平可进一步提高诊断的特异度和准确度.对于常规相摄取增高的淋巴结,延迟相摄取升高对判断淋巴结性质的价值有限,但无摄取升高则更支持良性诊断.     

A 66-year-old woman with newly diagnosed oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer

A 66-year-old woman presented with newly diagnosed stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a large adrenal metastasis. She initially had flu-like symptoms and dyspnea and was found to have a right upper lobe (RUL) lung nodule. Chest CT showed a 1.4-cm spiculated RUL lung nodule, peripheral right lung nodule, right perihilar mass, and 10.9-cm left adrenal mass. PET/CT showed enhancement of the RUL nodule, hilar mass, and left adrenal mass. She presented for evaluation of treatment options. This case was thought to represent an instance of oligometastatic stage IV NSCLC. Literature suggests that a select patient population with otherwise resectable disease may benefit from surgical resection of a lung primary and the isolated metastasis with improved survival. This seems to be most effective in patients who have undergone a complete staging evaluation with PET scan; CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis; and a brain MRI revealing T1-2, N0-1, M-oligo disease. This radical approach should be reserved for patients with potentially curative disease based on the staging evaluation and who are otherwise good surgical candidates.     

Results of a surgical resection for patients with stage IV non--small-cell lung cancer

PurposeThis study retrospectively investigated the clinical significance of surgical treatment for stage IV non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).SubjectsThere were 36 patients who underwent surgical resection for stage IV NSCLC between 1999 and 2008.ResultsThe patients included 22 males and 14 females. All patients had either synchronous distant metastasis or pleural dissemination. The mean age of the patients was 65.8 years (range, 18 to 90 years). The histological types included 29 adenocarcinomas, 5 squamous-cell carcinomas and 2 large-cell carcinomas. The organs of metastasis were bone in 5 patients, brain in 4, adrenal gland in 4, axillary lymph nodes in 3, liver in 2, and 1 patient had a contralateral pulmonary metastasis. The number of metastases was one site in 13, two sites in 3, three sites in 1, and five sites in 2 patients. The patients with bone metastasis were treated with radiation, and the patients with brain metastasis underwent stereotaxic radiosurgery. The patients with either adrenal metastasis, axillary lymph node metastasis, or contralateral lung metastasis underwent surgical resection. Among the patients with distant metastasis, the 5-year survival rate was 30.1 %. There were 17 patients with pleural dissemination. The 5-year survival rate in these patients was 25.3%. The overall 5-year survival rate after surgery in the patients with stage IV disease was 26.8%.ConclusionSelected patients who can undergo surgical resection for the primary tumor and effective local therapy for metastatic lesions still have a chance to obtain long-term survival. Surgical treatment for NSCLC with oligometastatic disease can be considered as one arm of multidisciplinary treatment.     

Annual abdominal ultrasonographic examination after curative NSCLC resection

BACKGROUND: There is no established follow-up strategy in non-small cell lung cancer patients after complete resection. Follow-up regimens are different between nations, institutions, and surgeons. We tried to investigate the role of annual abdominal ultrasonographic examination in completely resected NSCLC patients. METHODS: We reviewed 265 consecutive patients who had their NSCLC completely resected at our institution from July 1992 through December 2000 and were followed by a single surgeon. Annual abdominal ultrasonography was performed until 5 years after resection. Chest CT and abdominal CT are not included in our routine follow-up program. Instead, we used ultrasonography to survey the abdomen because abdominal ultrasonography is less costly than abdominal CT, is non-invasive, and does not require contrast media. RESULTS: A total of 892 ultrasonographic examinations were performed. Fifty-nine (22.3%) patients developed recurrence. Annual ultrasonography detected lesions suspicious of recurrence in 15 patients. Further work-up diagnosed NSCLC recurrence in 2 (0.8%) patients (multiple liver metastases in one and right adrenal metastasis in one). The two patients soon developed disseminated disease and died in less than a year. CONCLUSIONS: Annual abdominal ultrasonography in the follow-up protocol for completely resected NSCLC patients was not beneficial. Our experience in the present study may be used as valid evidence to exclude abdominal ultrasonography from future trials comparing follow-up regimens after complete resection of NSCLC. A better follow-up strategy needs to be established.     

Are positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scans useful in preoperative assessment of patients with peritoneal disease before cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC)?

Introduction: CRS and HIPEC confer survival benefit in selected patients with peritoneal metatases (PM). Accurate preoperative assessment of disease burden and exclusion of distant metastases are crucial in selecting the appropriate patient. We evaluate the utility of PET-CT scans in comparison with CT and MRI scans in patients considered for CRS and HIPEC.

Methods: Data were retrospectively collected from patients who had been discussed for CRS and HIPEC between January 2011 and December 2015, at our institutional multidisciplinary tumour board. Patients who underwent PET-CT scan were included. Results of PET-CT were compared against traditional imaging. Patient and tumour factors were analysed to identify those who were most likely to benefit from PET imaging.

Results: Four hundred and seven patients were considered for CRS and HIPEC. PET-CT was performed for 128(31.4%) patients: being the only imaging modality in 37 and used as an adjunct in 91. In the latter group, it was not beneficial in 58 patients as it provided no additional information (n?=?33) or showed lesions of minimal FDG uptake (n?=?25). In 33 patients, PET-CT provided definitive answers for indeterminate lesions seen on CT and MRI, confirmed the diagnosis of peritoneal disease in 10 patients (30.3%), identified extra-peritoneal disease and/or nodal metastases in 15 (45.5%) and excluded peritoneal disease in 8 (24.2%). The usefulness of PET-CT was predicted by tumour histology (p?=?.009), with non-mucinous tumours benefitting the most.

Conclusion: Our results suggest that PET-CT can be used as an adjunct to CT and/or MRI scans, when lesions on the CT/MRI scans are indeterminate, and that it is most useful in patients with non-mucinous tumours.     

Surgical management of metastatic adrenal tumors: Decision-making factors in imaging

The present study aimed to clarify decision-making factors based on imaging for laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) or open adrenalectomy (OA) for adrenal metastasis (AM) based on our previous experience. From November 2003 to November 2006, 11 adrenalectomies were performed for AM for malignancies such as lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and breast cancer at Tokai University Hospital. A diagnosis of AM for these malignancies was suspected whenever a newly diagnosed adrenal mass was located, characterized by a basal computed tomography (CT) density superior to 10 Hounsfield units, strong or heterogeneous vascular enhancement following contrast injection and/or increasing size in sequential imaging studies. There was no evidence of extra-AM. The approach to surgical management using LA or OA was determined on the basis of CT and/or magnetic resonance imaging. The patients were reviewed every 2 or 3 months by physical examination and systemic CT. We analyzed the decision-making factors based on imaging for surgical management with LA or OA from the results of oncological outcome, imaging, intraoperative and pathohistological findings. In this study, 9 patients underwent 11 adrenalectomies (9 laparoscopic and 2 open procedures). Non-small cell lung cancer was the most common primary malignancy (5 adrenalectomies of 4 patients), followed by RCC (4 adrenalectomies of 4 patients) and breast cancer (2 adrenalectomies of 1 patient). The median tumor size for the LA group was 3.1±0.7 cm (range 2.1-4.3) and for the OA group, 6.1±0.8 cm (5.5 and 6.7 cm) (p=0.001). The operative time for the LA group was 127±42 min (range 90-215) and for the OA group, 224±47 min (190 and 257 min) (p=0.018). Blood loss for the LA group was 49±63 g (range 3-207) and for the OA group, 340±10 g (333 and 347 g) (p<0.001). No complications were noted and no conversion of LA to OA occurred. All 9 adrenal tumors selected for LA were removed safely without strong adhesion to the surrounding tissue. Two adrenal tumors removed by OA had a strong adhesion to the surrounding tissue. All 9 patients had complete resection, without capsular disruption and a negative margin in the pathological findings. No port-site and local recurrences occurred. No patients presented with local relapse or port-site metastasis. Disease-free survival rate for the LA group was 57% and for the OA group, 50% (p=0.661). LA is a less invasive treatment than OA for AM. However, for complete resection, OA should be selected for cases where resection by LA is difficult. Therefore, in the decision making towards the appropriate surgical management with LA or OA, it is important to closely assess pre-operative imaging. Imaging features supporting OA include no detection of fatty tissue between the tumor and proximal organs, tumors with an irregular contour, large tumors and tumors with a cystic component.     

Transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound/fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of a malignant adrenal gland in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer and a negative CT scan

Adrenal metastasis is only seen on CT scan is less than 5% of patients with otherwise resectable NSCLS, but this diagnosis has a major impact on treatment and prognosis. We present a case of a patient with NSCLC and an adrenal metastasis, which was diagnosed by EUS/FNA of an enlarged adrenal gland, who had false-negative CT scan for adrenal metastasis. PET was not performed. Prospective studies are needed to assess the incremental yield of EUS/FNA over upper abdominal CT scan and PET for detecting left adrenal metastasis in patients with suspected or proven otherwise respectable NSCLC.     

Late adrenal metastasis in operable non-small-cell lung carcinoma

Treatment of early-stage (I, II, and some IIIA) non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is curative resection. Simultaneous isolated adrenal metastasis represents a dilemma. Although many studies addressing the management of adrenal metastasis diagnosed simultaneously with NSCLC have been published, only very few reports of late adrenal metastasis can be found in the literature. Our purpose is to discuss the management of solitary late (metachronous) adrenal metastasis from operable NSCLC based on published experience. We describe a patient with a solitary metachronous adrenal metastasis diagnosed 3 years after resection of NSCLC. Adrenalectomy was done, followed by combination chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin. MEDLINE literature on similar cases was reviewed and updated. Only 18 cases have been reported from 1965 to 2000. The median interval between the diagnosis of NSCLC and development of adrenal metastasis was 11.5 months. All patients were male. Unilateral adrenal metastases were reported in 15 patients, whereas 3 had bilateral metastases. Five patients were treated with adrenalectomy, and eight patients were treated with adrenalectomy and postoperative adjunctive chemotherapy. Chemotherapy alone was used in two patients and two patients underwent palliative radiation therapy. One patient was treated with intraarterial chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy. Solitary metachronous adrenal metastases are rare. There are no standard treatment guidelines for this group of patients. Review of the literature showed that median survival after treatment was 19 months for the group treated with adrenalectomy followed by chemotherapy; 15 months for the chemotherapy group; 14 months for the adrenalectomy group; and 8 months for the group treated with palliative radiation.     

Kidney cancer metastasis to the adrenal gland. Role of adrenalectomy

We analysed case records of 2507 patients with renal cell carcinoma treated in the department of onco-urology of Cancer Research Center (Moscow). 1939 of them underwent nephrectomy between 1971 and 1999. The overall incidence of adrenal metastases according to CT and histological findings was 4.7%. Synchronous metastases occurred in 90 and metachronous ones in 30 patients. Radical nephrectomy with adrenalectomy was performed in 18 out of 90 patients with synchronous metastases, palliative nephrectomy in 20 and 52 patients were not considered for surgery. Among 18 patients who underwent complete surgical resection, 12(66%) had either lymph node involvement or distant metastases. A microscopic metastasis was found on histological examination only in 1 patient with normal CT scan and macroscopically intact adrenal on intraoperative assessment. Mean survival after radical nephrectomy with adrenalectomy in 6 patients with solitary lesions was 57 months compared to the longest survival of 31 months in patients with widespread disease. Solitary metachronous ipsilateral and contralateral adrenal involvement was present in 7 patients. The average interval between nephrectomy and appearance of adrenal metastasis in this group was 73 months. One patient was lost for follow-up and one died of adrenal deficiency 4.3 months after adrenalectomy. One patient underwent a consecutive removal of brain and lung metastases 33 and 38 months following adrenalectomy while the remaining 4 were alive in 15, 16, 26 and 34 months with no evidence of the disease. Thus, ipsilateral adrenalectomy is obligatory only in patients with severe disease as shown by CT scan or at nephrectomy. About one-third of the patients will benefit from the surgery. Adrenalectomy should be performed in case of obvious adrenal involvement. The aggressive surgical approach is justified in solitary metachronous adrenal involvement because of long-term survival expected in some of such patients.     

手术前PET-CT对非小细胞肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移的诊断价值

目的探讨术前PET-CT显像对非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)纵隔淋巴结转移的诊断价值。方法选取2011年10月至2012年8月间进行手术根治或纵隔淋巴结活检的25例NSCLC患者。所有患者术前均行PET-CT检查,并根据手术或纵隔镜结果进行诊断及分期,计算PET-CT对诊断纵隔淋巴结的准确性、灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值。结果 25例患者中,纵隔淋巴结阳性率为28.0%。PET-CT对诊断纵隔淋巴结转移的准确性、灵敏度、特异度、阳性和阴性预测值分别为76.0%、57.1%、83.3%、57.1%和83.3%。3例假阴性患者的纵隔最大淋巴结短径分别为1.0、0.9和0.7cm。3例假阳性患者均为炎性增生。结论 PET-CT对NSCLC手术患者纵隔淋巴结转移的诊断灵敏度较低,特异度和阴性预测值较高。因此,PET-CT显示为阳性的纵隔淋巴结,有必要行纵隔镜检查;而阴性者则可不需行纵隔镜检查。     

Optimal anatomic coverage for CT in staging lung cancer: lessons from PET-CT correlation

Objective

To determine the optimal anatomic coverage at CT that would provide the most accurate staging for patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Methods

We reviewed lung cancer staging PET-CT scans and correlated them with staging chest CT scans performed within 50 days of the PET-CT study. There were 113 patients who underwent both studies within our time frame. We reviewed the results of subsequent imaging studies and surgical and biopsy procedures to determine the final stage for each patient. This study was approved by the local institutional review board.

Results

In 86 (76%) of 113 patients, staging by PET-CT and by CT from the lung apices through the lung bases was identical. PET-CT upstaged 21 patients (19%) compared with CT findings; in 13 of these patients the PET-CT noted disease that was either outside of the anatomic range of any lung cancer staging CT or was within the area scanned by CT, but was not evident by CT. In the other 8 upstaged patients, extending the anatomic scope of the CT scan to the supraclavicular region (5), adrenal glands (2) or abdomen (1) would have resulted in correct staging.

Conclusions

CT scanning from the supraclavicular region through the caudal adrenal glands improves the accuracy of CT staging of lung cancer compared with scanning from the lung apices through the lung bases. Anatomic coverage beyond the adrenal glands has a low yield for improved staging, at the cost of requiring administration of oral contrast to all patients.

Summary

To determine the optimal anatomic coverage at CT that would provide the most accurate staging for patients with non-small cell lung cancer, we reviewed lung cancer staging PET-CT scans and correlated them with staging chest CT scans performed within 50 days of the PET-CT study. CT scanning from the supraclavicular region through the caudal adrenal glands improves the accuracy of CT staging of lung cancer compared with scanning from the lung apices through the lung bases. Anatomic coverage beyond the adrenal glands has a low yield for improved staging, at the cost of requiring administration of oral contrast to all patients undergoing lung cancer staging.     

Lymph node staging by means of positron emission tomography is less accurate in non-small cell lung cancer patients with enlarged lymph nodes: analysis of 1,145 lymph nodes

BACKGROUND: Despite documented superiority of integrated positron emission tomography-computerized tomography (PET-CT) over computerized tomography (CT) in lymph node staging in non-small cell lung cancer, little is known about the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of integrated PET-CT among enlarged lymph nodes. We sought to assess if PET-CT is uniformly accurate among enlarged and non-enlarged lymph nodes. METHODS: A retrospective review of 206 consecutive patients with histologically proven non-small cell lung cancer who underwent resection and/or mediastinoscopy in our centre over 30 months period was carried out. All these patients had pre-operative staging with integrated PET-CT as an adjunct to chest CT prior to resection and/or mediastinoscopy. Diabetic patients (BM>or=8.0 mmol/l) and those who received neo-adjuvant chemotherapy were excluded. The pathological results of all these cases were reviewed and correlated with those on CT and integrated PET-CT. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values were higher in integrated PET-CT than CT alone in all lymph nodes, whether N1 or N2. When lymph nodes were stratified by size, the sensitivity of PET-CT was significantly higher among enlarged (>1cm) than non-enlarged (1cm) should be with caution as the specificity of PET-CT is lower and its ability to detect truly negative nodes become reduced. NSCLC patients with enlarged nodes by CT criteria who are PET-CT negative may require cervical mediastinoscopy to rule out metastatic spread to these nodes. Prospective studies are warranted.     

~(18)F-FDG PET-CT与强化CT对非小细胞肺癌区域淋巴结诊断价值的评价

目的 探讨~(18)F-脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)PET-CT与强化CT对非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)区域淋巴结的诊断价值.方法 随机选择手术治疗的NSCLC患者122例,术前2周内行PET-CT检查,同期行CT强化扫描,根据术后病理检查结果,评价PET-CT和CT诊断NSCLC区域淋巴结的价值.结果 PET-CT能对80.3%NSCLC患者的区域淋巴结正确分期,13.1%的患者分期过度,6.6%的患者分期过低,而CT分别为55.8%、26.2%和18.0%.PET-CT对NSCLC区域淋巴结诊断的敏感度、特异度和准确率分别为86.3%、85.0%和85.3%,CT分别为68.6%、71.0%和70.4%,二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).PET-CT能纠正CT出现的81.3%的假阴性和71.6%的假阳性淋巴结,CT能纠正PET-CT出现的57.1%的假阴性和45.2%的假阳性淋巴结.5.9%的病理阳性淋巴结内存在微小的癌灶且短径<10 mm,被PET-CT和CT均诊断为假阴性;8.2%的病理阴性淋巴结短径>10 mm(隆突下淋巴结>15 mm),存在炎症及高的FDG摄取,被PET-CT和CT均诊断为假阳性,这些淋巴结是二者共同的盲点.结论 与强化CT相比,PET-CT能提高NSCLC区域淋巴结诊断的准确率,并能纠正CT出现的假阳性和假阴性错误.CT对PET-CT也是一个有益的补充,二者联合应用能相互弥补在NSCLC区域淋巴结诊断中的不足.     

The role of positron emission tomography in evaluating mediastinal lymph node metastases in non-small-cell lung cancer

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a modality that differentiates malignant from benign processes based upon metabolism rather than anatomy. A number of studies have confirmed improved accuracy of PET over computed tomography (CT), but until a few recent studies, most had failed to include satisfactory histologic confirmation. The objective of this study was to compare PET and CT to histologic staging of the mediastinum in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Histologic examination of mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs) was performed on 40 patients with NSCLC at mediastinoscopy and/or at surgical resection. PET scans were interpreted by one of two nuclear medicine physicians, blinded to histology, using CT scans for anatomic localization. CT scans were independently evaluated for mediastinal lymphadenopathy. The overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of PET were 78% (31 of 40), 67% (four of six), and 79% (27 of 34), respectively. The overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of CT were 68% (27 of 40), 50% (three of six), and 71% (24 of 34), respectively. PET was superior to CT at correctly identifying mediastinal nodal metastases; however, both modalities were inferior to the gold standard of surgical staging. PET is more accurate than CT in staging the mediastinum of patients with NSCLC. PET failed to identify lymph node metastasis in 33% of patients with histologically proven MLN involvement, and false positives were present in 15%. At present, mediastinoscopy should remain the standard of care for preoperative mediastinal staging for NSCLC.     

PET-CT对非小细胞肺癌精确放疗靶区勾画的影响

目的 探讨正电子发射体层显像(PET)与cT同机融合图像(PET-CT)对非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)大体肿瘤靶区(GTV)勾画的影响.方法 选取46例具有典型影像表现的NSCLC患者的PET-CT资料,根据其影像学特点将所有病例分为3组,肺不张组16例,纵隔和(或)肺门淋巴结转移组18例,外周型单纯肺内病灶组12例.根...