Use of body weight and body surface area in dosing of anticancer agents in adult patients

Dosing of anticancer drugs in adults is mostly adjusted to estimated body surface area or body weight. Dose normalisation to body size is assumed to decrease the interindividual pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability. This approach is rarely validated before approval. Theoritically, body size should be used only if it has been demonstrated that it constitues a significant factor affecting clinical variability. Recent studies have shown, a posteriori, that several marketed anticancer agents could be administered at a fixed dose. Moreover, the abandon of body surface area in dosing of new drugs in phase I trials has been recommended. At the present time, body size continues to be used in the dosing of new agents in adult patients. This review presents the concepts and the limits of weight and body surface area-based dosing of anticancer drugs in adult patients.     

牛磺酸的抗肿瘤作用

牛磺酸是具有简单化学结构的含硫氨基酸,也是人体的条件必需营养素.牛磺酸具有广泛的生理学功效,是机体的内源性抗损伤物质.近年来,人们发现牛磺酸在肿瘤的预测、预防和治疗中具有重要的应用价值,且牛磺酸在体内的浓度与转运都与肿瘤的发生和发展密切相关.     

Foreign body oesophagus in neonate with unusual presentation

Children up to the age of 6 years present commonly in the ENT Department with the foreign bodies in the aero-digestive tract. The most common foreign body is coin in the cricopharynx. But it is rare to see foreign body in neonate. Authors have come across with a rare case of foreign body oesophagus in neonate causing obstructive symptoms to both respiratory and food passages after homicidal attempt.     

A wake up call for sleep disordered breathing

An impacted foreign body in the subglottis is a rare cause of upper airway obstruction in children. More often than not the diagnosis is delayed; especially where proper history is not forthcoming. This peculiar condition can masquade as laryngotracheobronchitis or a croup. Though it is rare, a foreign body in the subglottis should be kept in mind in the investigation of a child with stridor.     

Radiological assessment after stereotactic body radiation of lung tumours

The increasing use of stereotactic body radiation therapy for lung tumours comes along with new post-therapeutic imaging findings that should be known by physicians involved in patient follow-up. Radiation-induced lung injury is much more frequent than after conventional radiation therapy, it can also be delayed and has a different radiological presentation. Radiation-induced lung injury after stereotactic body radiation therapy involves the lung parenchyma surrounding the target tumour and appears as a dynamic process continuing for years after completion of the treatment. Thus, the radiological pattern and the severity of radiation-induced lung injury are prone to changes during follow-up, which can make it difficult to differentiate from local recurrence. Contrary to radiation-induced lung injury, local recurrence after stereotactic body radiation therapy is rare. Other complications mainly depend on tumour location and include airway complications, rib fractures and organizing pneumonia. The aim of this article is to provide a wide overview of radiological changes occurring after SBRT for lung tumours. Awareness of changes following stereotactic body radiation therapy should help avoiding unnecessary interventions for pseudo tumoral presentations.     

Refinements in the technique of liposuction

While liposuction can be used to change the contour of practically the entire body, it has limitations. Because of the nature of the technique employed during the procedure, it also has a certain inherent possibility for complications. One hopes to avoid these by using sound judgment in choosing patients and by employing prudence and good technique during surgery. In addition, the surgeon's artistry is of paramount importance; one truly performs plastic (plastikos = to mold) surgery when resculpturing a patient's body.     

手术治疗食管型颈椎病一例

引起吞咽困难的疾病较多,主要有食管癌、贲门痉挛、食管憩室症、缺铁性吞咽困难综合征、弥漫性食管痉挛症等.近年来随着对颈椎病研究的不断深入,由于颈椎退变的原因引起吞咽困难的食管型颈椎病逐渐得到临床医生的认识和注意,在1992年的全国颈椎病会议上被初步定为颈椎病一种类型,其发病率约占颈椎病中的2%﹪[1-2].     

光学体表引导放疗技术的临床应用

光学体表引导放疗技术采用三维体表成像原理实时获取体表图像,通过与参考图像比较,可完成治疗前位置验证、治疗中实时监控和门控治疗等功能。它是一种无创无辐射的技术,其临床应用主要包括颅内、头颈、胸腹部、乳腺、四肢以及儿童肿瘤的治疗,应用研究进展包括更少体表标记、更少束缚固定、更安全碰撞预测和更准确实时追踪方面。     

Traumatic retropharyngeal abscess presenting with quadriparesis: A case report

Retropharyngeal abscess is not very common in adults. If it occurs,it is usually secondary to tuberculous lesion of spine or penetrating forgein body in food passage. We describe a case of retropharyngeal abscess with quadriparesis following neck trauma.     

Basic and tumor immunology: a review

The immune system is one of the most important means by which more complex animals protect themselves from external threats. There are two immune systems: the innate and the adaptive. The innate is the most basic and has existed for the longest time; the adaptive immune system is a more recent evolutionary development. The immune system plays a critical role in surveillance and prevention of malignancy. It is only when malignant cells develop mechanisms to escape the immune system that they become clinically significant tumors. Our knowledge of the immune system has grown enormously. We have begun to understand not only the mechanisms by which it protects us but also the ways in which it can inflict injury on the body. We are also learning about how it communicates with the environment and how its various components interact within the body. With this information, we are learning how to manipulate it to our greater benefit.     

Forgotten foreign body in the larynx (A case report)

An interesting and unsual case of foreign body of larynx in adult is presented here, where the foreign body is a fish bone, quite large in size and has multiple projections by which it was impacted firmly in the subglottic region of larynx for about 3 months. Large irregular fish bone impacted for about 3 months in an adult larynx is very rare, and as such is reported.     

Air-rifle bullet in the sphenoid sinus

The sphenoid sinus is rare site for foreign body impaction. A novel method of extraction of the foreign body from sphenoid sinus (an air-rifle bullet) is presented in this discussion following failure of an earlier attempt to remove it.     

Obesity in breast cancer – What is the risk factor?

Environmental factors influence breast cancer incidence and progression. High body mass index (BMI) is associated with increased risk of post-menopausal breast cancer and with poorer outcome in those with a history of breast cancer. High BMI is generally interpreted as excess adiposity (overweight or obesity) and the World Cancer Research Fund judged that the associations between BMI and incidence of breast cancer were due to body fatness. Although BMI is the most common measure used to characterise body composition, it cannot distinguish lean mass from fat mass, or characterise body fat distribution, and so individuals with the same BMI can have different body composition. In particular, the relation between BMI and lean or fat mass may differ between people with or without disease. The question therefore arises as to what aspect or aspects of body composition are causally linked to the poorer outcome of breast cancer patients with high BMI. This question is not addressed in the literature. Most studies have used BMI, without discussion of its shortcomings as a marker of body composition, leading to potentially important misinterpretation. In this article we review the different measurements used to characterise body composition in the literature, and how they relate to breast cancer risk and prognosis. Further research is required to better characterise the relation of body composition to breast cancer.     

Spontaneous expulsion of an interesting long standing metallic foreign body (iron nail) from left main bronchus

Worldwide experiences of spontaneous expulsion of foreign body bronchus ranges between 2-4%. We are reporting here an unusual and interesting case of a long standing irregular metallic large foreign body in left main bronchus, which was lying there for more than one month duration and suddenly while preparing the patient for endoscopic removal, it was expelled out spontaneously. These types of incidences make us wiser to keep the rare and remote possibility in mind, especially when there is a remote but dangerous possibility of subglottic lodgement of foreign body with spontaneous expulsion.     

Nutritional cancer risks derived from energy and fat

Both animal and human studies indicate that increased caloric intake and increases in body weight and obesity are associated with increased risk of cancer of the breast, endometrium, ovaries, colon, rectum and prostate. Recent animal studies indicate that it is the total caloric intake, rather than the percent of fat in the diet, that is associated with tumorigenesis and carcinogenesis, and that tumor development depends on a complex interaction involving energy intake, energy expenditure, energy retention within the body (body fat vs lean body mass) and body size. Omega-3 fatty acids inhibit tumorigenesis and tumor growth in many cancer models in rodents. Exercise diminishes tumor formation in mice, rats and humans. Exercise delays mortality from all causes, and life-long exercise is associated with decreased cancers of the breast and reproductive system in women, and cancer of the colon in women and men.     

Unusual foreign body of larynx

An interesting and unusual case of foreign body of larynx is presented here, where the foreign body—bubble gum—was lying over the vocal cord and in subglottis. Bubble gum is used very commonly as a mouth cleaner. A balloon can be made for fun from bubble gum, after chewing it well ; its thin layer is wrapped between teeth and tongue. Then air is forcibly blown through the thin layer to make balloon.     

左上颈无痛性肿物明显增大

患者左上颈肿物6年,近1年增大明显,无其他不适.MRI检查发现肿物生长包绕颈动脉,CT检查显示肺部多个结节,诊断为恶性颈动脉体瘤.在行颈动脉压迫锻炼后,实施肿瘤连同颈动脉切除,并重建颈动脉,患者恢复顺利.讨论认为恶性颈动脉体瘤的诊断应以生物学行为是否有侵犯和转移为准,而非依组织学表现诊断.术后PET-CT证实肺部为转移瘤,病理诊断有淋巴结转移.病例较军见,对此类病例的手术及后续治疗应总结经验教训.     

Body composition analysis within 1 month after gastrectomy for gastric cancer

Gastric Cancer - A significant body weight loss (BWL) is observed during 1 month after gastrectomy for gastric cancer. However, it remains unclear which body component mainly accounts for...     

Air gun pellet in the ethmoidal sinus

An unusual case of a foreign body (air-gun pellet) in the right ethmoidal sinus is being presented, it was removed intranasally.     

酶联免疫法测定人乳腺肿瘤及其体液p21蛋白

本文研究了乳腺癌组织提取物和病人血清中ras癌基因产物p21蛋白的表达.结果表明良性乳腺瘤与恶性乳腺癌之间有明显差异.使用双抗体夹心法测定组织提取物和体液p21蛋白浓度是有效的.乳腺癌病人体液中p21蛋白含量较低,并且与健康人差异较小.