急性局灶性细菌性肾炎的CT诊断

报道了１９例急性局灶性细菌性肾炎（ＡＦＢＮ）的影像表现。本组病例全部经ＣＴ、Ｂ超和ＩＶＰ检查，３例行选择性肾动脉造影（ＳＲＡＧ），结果表明ＣＴ、Ｂ超敏感性优于ＩＶＰ和ＳＲＡＧ。笔者认为ＣＴ观察到肾实质局限性肿大并多层面肾筋膜增厚为该病定性提供了有价值的诊断依据。Ｂ超、ＩＶＰ无特征性表现，ＣＴ与ＳＲＡＧ联合应用对ＡＦＢＮ的鉴别诊断很有意义。明确诊断需抗炎治疗后Ｂ超、ＣＴ复查或穿刺细胞学检查。     

胰腺分裂的ERCP诊断及其意义：附14例分析

目的：探讨胰腺分裂的内窥镜逆行性胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）表现特点及其在胰腺炎病因学中的作用。材料和方法：对临床资料完整的１４例胰腺分裂的ＥＲＣＰ、常规ＣＴ和Ｂ超（ＢＵＳ）表现、血清淀粉酶活性和合并胰腺炎情况等作一分析。结果：（１）背侧和腹侧胰管长度分别为１６．５６±２．５２ｃｍ和５．５５±１．４６ｃｍ。多数病例有背侧（１０／１４）和腹侧（８／１４）胰管扩张及末端括约肌段缩窄（１０／１４）。背胰管内造影剂的排空多延迟（８／１４）。（２）常规ＣＴ和ＢＵＳ检查未见胰腺外形改变。（３）９３％的病例合并急性或慢性胰腺炎。结论：（１）经小乳头插管行背胰管造影为诊断胰腺分裂的必要手段。（２）常规ＣＴ和ＢＵＳ无确诊价值。（３）胰腺分裂患者易因小乳头缩窄使胰液排空受阻而引起胰腺炎。     

急性胰腺炎的早期CT诊断和预测价值

作者应用ＣＴ分组和Ｒａｎｓｏｎ分类早期预测急性胰腺炎（ＡＰ）严重度。搜集住院病例８６例，重症３８例，轻度４８例。将ＡＰ的ＣＴ表现分为二组：有胰周蜂窝组织炎为重症ＡＰ（ＩＩ组），余为轻度ＡＰ（Ｉ组）；将Ｒａｎｓｏｎ标准分三类：Ｒａｎｓｏｎ数≥３分为重症ＡＰ（２，３类），余为轻度ＡＰ（１类）。结果表明：ＣＴ分组和Ｒａｎｓｏｎ分类预测重症ＡＰ的敏感性、特异性和准确指数分别为９２．１％，９０％，８２．１％     

Alzheimer病与血管性痴呆的SPECT

目的：研究脑ＳＰＥＣＴ在诊断及鉴别Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ病（ＡＤ）和血管性痴呆（ＶＤ）方面的作用。材料和方法：分别选择符合《精神障碍诊断和统计手册》第４版（ＤＳＭ—ＩＶ）中ＡＤ或ＶＤ诊断标准的患者各１７例和１２例，进行ＳＰＥＣＴ检查，兼作ＣＴ（或ＭＲＩ），并作神经心理测定及其它相关量表评分。将ＡＤ、ＶＤ和ＳＰＥＣＴ结果，以及ＳＰＥＣＴ和ＣＴ（或ＭＲＩ）的结果进行比较。结果：ＡＤ的ＳＰＥＣＴ以颞、顶叶低灌注为典型表现，ＶＤ以局灶性低灌注为主。在右颞下回和右枕叶，ＡＤ组ＳＰＥＣＴ放射性计数比值显著低于ＶＤ组（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１），而在左顶叶显著高于ＶＤ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。两组左半球的放射性计数比值普遍低于右半球，但ＶＤ的左右不对称性明显重于ＡＤ，以左顶叶最为突出（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＭＲＩ结果与ＳＰＥＣＴ有较多的一致性。各量表评分除Ｈａｃｈｉｎｓｋｉ缺血指数外，均无显著差异。结论：ＳＰＥＣＴ在诊断和鉴别ＡＤ与ＶＤ方面有一定实用价值     

^99mTc—MIBI心肌灌注显像与电子束CT诊断冠心病的比较

目的比较９９ｍＴｃ甲氧基异丁基异腈（ＭＩＢＩ）心肌ＳＰＥＣＴ显像与电子束ＣＴ（ＥＢＣＴ）冠状动脉钙化（ＣＡＣ）定量积分对冠心病诊断的价值。方法２１例经冠状动脉造影确诊的病人同时进行９９ｍＴｃＭＩＢＩ心肌ＳＰＥＣＴ显像（潘生丁介入试验）及ＥＢＣＴ检查，以冠状动脉造影为金标准，以决策矩阵法评价心肌ＳＰＥＣＴ及ＥＢＣＴ的临床应用价值。结果心肌ＳＰＥＣＴ显像灵敏度为９１％，特异性为８０％，准确性为８６％；ＥＢＣＴ以钙化积分≥１００为阳性标准，则其灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为５５％、１００％及７６％。结论心肌ＳＰＥＣＴ显像和ＥＢＣＴ冠状动脉ＣＡＣ定量积分法均为非创伤性检查法，对冠心病的诊断各具优势及局限性，有互补作用     

急性胰腺炎病变范围与临床分级相关性的探讨

回顾性分析了５９例急性胰腺炎（ＡＰ）患者，入院后首次ＣＴ平扫征象及相关临床资料，据此提出了一套基于胰腺肿大程度和胰周及腹膜后间隙扩散范围的ＣＴ平扫分级标准，着重探讨了各个腹膜后间隙受累所代表的不同的临床意义。研究结果证实该ＣＴ标准具有早期判断ＡＰ严重性及预后的价值；ＣＴ标准与临床标准（Ｒａｎｓｏｎ标准）结合更能提高早期预后判断的准确性和可靠性。作者建议对临床疑有ＡＰ者应及早作ＣＴ检查。     

PACS系统的应用体会

目的：介绍我院影像医学存档与通讯系统（ＰＡＣＳ）应用的经验。材料与方法：将所有Ｂ超、ＣＴ、Ｘ线机和一台ＩＢＭ服务器、四台奔腾Ⅱ档次的工作站及惠普光盘塔连接成医学数字影像传输（ＤＩＣＯＭ）网络;ＤＩＣＯＭ服务器与各种图像浏览终端羞以太网络;通过ＨＵＢ连接成ＰＡＣＳ系统。结果：将常规放射图像的模拟信号通过数字转换器转换为数字信号后,与ＣＴ等数字成像系统的数字信号一并输入光盘塔,并进行诊断。将数字图像和诊断报告一起舆到医院各个图像浏览终端,使其可通过ＷＥＢ界面系统及咨询平台进行查询。ＰＡＣＳ投入使用２年来,效果良好。结论：ＰＡＣＳ的应用明显提高了放射科及相关科室的工作效率,方便了工作、教学、科研和会诊。     

急性胰腺炎的早期CT诊断和预后评估

目的：探讨ＣＴ对急性胰腺炎的价值及预后评估意义。材料和方法：搜集急性胰腺炎３０例进行回顾性分析,全部病例均作平扫,３例加作增强,检查前不口服造影剂,３０例均按Ｂａｌｔｈａｚａｒ分级,并与临床病情程度及预后进行对照。结果：Ａ级２例,Ｂ级２例,Ｃ级３例,Ｄ级６例,Ｅ例１７例。水肿型者多为Ａ－Ｃ级,出血坏死型者多属Ｅ级,５例有并发症。结论：ＣＴ检查对急性胰腺炎具有较高诊断价值;ＣＴ影象学分级对于急性胰腺     

头颈部DSA与CT、MRI临床应用的回顾性研究

目的：在目前广泛应用ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ甚至ＣＴＡ、ＭＲＡ的情况下，探讨ＤＳＡ在头颈部疾病中的应用价值、限度及相关问题。方法：回顾性复习２８０例头颈部ＤＳＡ检查的临床、影像学及部分手术病理资料，其中１９０例造影或手术前后曾行ＣＴ和或／ＭＲＩ。共行５０６例次ＤＳＡ，包括ＩＶＤＳＡ４６例次，ＩＡＤＳＡ４６０例次。并作密度时间曲线分析。分别选用离子型（ＩＣＭ）或非离子型（ＮＩＣＭ）造影剂。结果：２８０例ＤＳＡ明确诊断２６６例（９４．６４％），包括肿瘤２９例，血管性病变１９８例，其它４例及未见异常３５例，其中ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ未见异常，ＤＳＡ显示明确病变１４例。未明确诊断１４例（５．３６％），包括造影剂重度反应３例，临床ＳＡＨ或ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ显示病变，ＤＳＡ未见异常１１例。本组发生造影剂不良反应２９例（１０．３６％），其中ＩＣＭ２５例（１５．１５％），ＮＩＣＭ４例（３．４８％），两者差别有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：ＩＡＤＳＡ对头颈部疾病，尤其小动脉病变仍然有确诊价值，且便于介入治疗     

先天性肾动—静脉畸形的影像诊断与介入治疗（附二例报告及文献复习）

目的：评价静脉尿路造影（ＩＶＵ）超声（ＵＳ）ＣＴ和肾动脉造影在先天性肾动静脉畸形（ＲＡＶＭ）诊断中的作用，评价经导管栓塞（ＴＣＥ）在本病治疗中的作用，并复习献，材料与方法：２例持续肉眼血的男性患，均有ＩＶＵ，ＵＳ，ＣＴ和肾动脉造影，并对其影像表现进行分析和比较，动－静脉畸形用明胶海绵颗粒，钢圈，鱼肝油酸经导管栓结果：ＩＶＵ，ＵＳ和ＣＴ几乎不能发现ＲＡＶＭ的阳性表现，肾动脉造影可以显示病灶的位置     

Prognostic value of CT in the early assessment of patients with acute pancreatitis

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the prognostic value of early CT in acute pancreatitis, the role of pancreatic necrosis as a indicator of prognosis, and the need for the routine use of IV iodinated contrast material in early CT to assess prognosis in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of 148 patients who underwent unenhanced and contrast-enhanced helical CT within 72 hr after onset of symptoms of a first episode of acute pancreatitis. Patients were classified by CT grade and grouped into two categories (mild: grades A, B, C; and severe: grades D and E) that were correlated with complications and death. In the grades including patients with pancreatic necrosis, it was also correlated with complications and death. RESULTS: All complications (n = 15) and deaths (n = 4) occurred in patients with a CT grade of severe disease; differences as compared with mild grade were significant (p < 0.001 and p < 0.03, respectively). CT grade had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 61.6%, respectively, for predicting morbidity and 100% and 56.9% for predicting mortality. The 13 patients with necrosis were all in the severe group (p < 0.001). Necrosis detection on early CT had a sensitivity and specificity of 53.3% and 90.2%, respectively, for predicting morbidity and 75% and 83.8% for mortality. CONCLUSION: Early unenhanced CT alone was a good indicator of severity of acute pancreatitis in our selected population. CT grade was sensitive for predicting outcome in acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic necrosis, estimated on early, contrast-enhanced CT and seen only in patients having severe disease, was a specific predictor of morbidity and mortality. These findings lead us to suggest that the use of iodinated contrast material to assess necrosis can be reserved for only those patients classified as having severe disease on unenhanced CT.     

Accuracy of early CT findings for predicting disease course in patients with acute pancreatitis

Purpose

To investigate whether computed tomography (CT)-based scoring systems obtained within 72 h of symptoms onset can predict disease course in acute pancreatitis.

Methods

Between October 2007 and December 2015, 189 patients (age range 21–93 years) who underwent abdominopelvic CT for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis were included in the study. Balthazar grade and original and modified versions of CT severity index (CTSI) measurements were carried out for each patient.

Results

There were significant associations between each CT based scoring system and development of pancreatic and extrapancreatic complications (p < 0.001). A cutoff value of > 6 for CTSI and > 9 for the modified version of CTSI achieved a specificity of 98.7 and 99.2% for predicting pancreatic and extrapancreatic complications with areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.96 and 0.96, respectively. Balthazar grade of > C yielded a sensitivity of 98.4% for predicting pancreatic and extrapancreatic complications with an AUC of 0.95. The modified version of CTSI had the most significant association with pancreatic and extrapancreatic complications (HR: 3.22; p = 0.002, HR: 2.99, p = 0.003, respectively). Pancreatic necrosis was the only parameter significantly associated with mortality (HR: 5.83, p = 0.045).

Conclusion

Early CT scan has an important role in prediction of complications and the management of acute pancreatitis.

     

CT平扫对急性胰腺炎及并发症诊断和预测预后的价值

目的 分析腹部CT扫描在急性胰腺炎并发症诊断及预测预后中的价值.方法 选取急性胰腺炎患者151例,分析腹部CT中常见表现与患者并发症和死亡的关系.对比不同Balthazar CT 严重指数 (CTSI)分级患者的预后情况.结果 CT中具有脂肪肝、胸腔积液、肝上间隙积液、肾上腺受侵(AGI)、肾周间隙受侵(PSI)和胃裸区受侵(GBAI)的患者,其并发症发生率显著高于上述CT征象阴性患者(P<0.05).随着CTSI分级加重,患者的禁食时间、发热时间、住院时间、血淀粉酶恢复时间逐渐延长,假性囊肿、中转手术、器官衰竭发生率和死亡率逐渐上升(P<0.05).结论 重度脂肪肝、AGI、GBAI、PSI和肝上间隙积液为急性胰腺炎患者并发症和死亡的危险因素.     

Value of CT and clinical criteria in assessment of patients with acute pancreatitis

OBJECTIVE: To re-assess the value of CT and clinical criteria as prognostic and severity indicators in acute pancreatitis and the correlation between them. METHODS: Sixty-five cases with acute pancreatitis (AP) were included in the study. The hospitalization days, fevering days and overall complications were regarded as clinical endpoints for the patient group. CT criteria used for AP evaluation included Balthazar's plain CT scan score, CT severity index (CTSI) and London's pancreatic size index (PSI) score. Clinical criteria was Ranson score. The correlations between each criterion and the clinical endpoints, and the relation between CT and clinical criteria were analyzed. The power of each criterion and combination of CT and clinical criteria in predicting overall complications of AP were assessed and compared by using a receiver operative characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: The mean scores of PSI, Ranson among the three groups classified according to overall complications were significantly different. Except Balthazar's plain CT scan criterion, each criterion's mean score in-groups with local complications was significantly higher than that in-group without. The overall complications were significantly more in severe group than that in mild group classified according to each criterion except plain CT scan criterion. Mean days of hospital stay and fevering were significantly longer in severe group with Ranson score than that in mild group. PSI and Ranson score had a linear correlation with fevering days, and Ranson score had a linear correlation with hospitalization days. In CT criteria, only PSI had a linear correlation with Ranson score. The findings of plain CT scan was found to be some laggard compared with that of clinic. ROC analysis showed the largest A(Z) of Ranson score, and there was no A(Z) increase when CT criteria were added to clinical criteria. CONCLUSION: The predictive values of Ranson and PSI score in AP patients are superior to that of other criteria. CT criteria are superior to clinical criterion in predicting local complications, and short-term CT follow-up examination is important in the evaluation of AP.     

Magnetic resonance imaging for acute pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis is characterized by acute chemical injury of the pancreatic parenchyma and peripancreatic tissue. The increased frequency of death in acute pancreatitis is directly correlated with the degree and progress of pancreatic necrosis. Moreover, the occurrence of some local complications in acute pancreatitis, such as pancreatic hemorrhage, peripancreatic abscess or large pseudocyst, and pseudoaneurysm, could influence the choice of treatment for these patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to help evaluate the presence and degree of pancreatic necrosis, and is crucial for identifying complications of acute pancreatitis and predicting prognosis. The purpose of this article is to describe MRI techniques for acute pancreatitis, to review the spectrum of pancreatic and peripancreatic patterns, as well as to survey various complications secondary to acute pancreatitis on MRI. The role of MRI in the initial evaluation and staging of acute pancreatitis is emphasized.     

Splenic and perisplenic involvement in acute pancreatitis: determination of prevalence and morphologic helical CT features

PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to determine the prevalence and morphologic helical CT features of splenic and perisplenic involvement in patients with acute pancreatic inflammatory disease in correlation with the severity of the pancreatitis. METHOD: One hundred fifty-nine contrast-enhanced helical CT scans of 100 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis were reviewed retrospectively and independently by three observers. CT scans were scored using the CT severity index (CTSI): Pancreatitis was graded as mild (0-2 points), moderate (3-6 points), and severe (7-10 points). Interobserver agreement for both the CTSI and the presence of splenic and perisplenic involvement was calculated (K statistic). Correlation between the prevalence of complications and the degree of pancreatitis was estimated using the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: The severity of pancreatitis was graded as mild (n = 59 scans), moderate (n = 82 scans), and severe (n = 18 scans). Splenic and perisplenic abnormalities detected included perisplenic inflammatory fluid collections (95 scans, 58 patients), narrowing of the splenic vein (35 scans, 25 patients), splenic vein thrombosis (31 scans, 19 patients), splenic infarction (10 scans, 7 patients), and subcapsular hemorrhage (2 scans, 2 patients). No cases of splenic artery pseudoaneurysm formation, intrasplenic venous thrombosis, intrasplenic pseudocysts, or abscesses were detected. The interobserver agreement range for scoring the degree of pancreatitis and the overall presence of abnormalities was 75.5-79.2 and 71.7-100%, respectively. A statistically significant difference between the presence of abnormalities and the severity of pancreatitis was observed (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Splenic vein thrombosis (19%) and splenic infarction (7%) are relatively common CT findings in association with acute pancreatitis. The CTSI proves to be accurate in predicting these complications as there is a statistically significant correlation between the prevalence of these complications and the severity of pancreatitis.     

急性胰腺炎预后的CT研究进展

急性胰腺炎(AP)早期是诊断与治疗的关键时期,早期影像诊断可对预后进行推测并判断一些重要并发症出现的可能性。目前,CT检查为早期AP最重要的影像检查技术,已建立多种评分系统进行AP严重度的评估,其中应用最广泛的是CT严重度指数(CTSI)及修订的CTSI(MCTSI)。CT评分可较好地预测预后,甚至判断是否出现器官衰竭。CECT所见的低强化及CTP显示的灌注减低是预示胰腺梗死的较好指标,但CT难以预测AP是否出现血管并发症及合并感染。     

仅胰周坏死型胰腺炎的临床特点及影像表现

仅胰周坏死型胰腺炎(EXPN)是指仅累及胰腺周围脂肪组织/细胞坏死,而胰腺实质未见确切坏死的一种急性坏死性胰腺炎的独立亚型。EXPN的严重程度及预后介于急性间质水肿性胰腺炎与胰腺实质坏死(伴或不伴有胰周坏死)两者之间,且其累及范围也是影响该病严重程度及预后结局的重要因素。因此,正确认识及诊断EXPN,为临床提供适宜的干预依据,对提高病人预后、降低病人死亡率具有重要意义。就EXPN的定义、流行病学、影像表现及预后予以综述。     

Single-portal-phase low-tube-voltage dual-energy CT for short-term follow-up of acute pancreatitis: evaluation of CT severity index,interobserver agreement and radiation dose

Objectives

To intra-individually compare single-portal-phase low-tube-voltage (100-kVp) computed tomography (CT) with 120-kVp images for short-term follow-up assessment of CT severity index (CTSI) of acute pancreatitis, interobserver agreement and radiation dose.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed 66 patients with acute pancreatitis who underwent initial dual-contrast-phase CT (unenhanced, arterial, portal phase) at admission and short-term (mean interval 11.4 days) follow-up dual-contrast-phase dual-energy CT. The 100-kVp and linearly blended images representing 120-kVp acquisition follow-up CT images were independently evaluated by three radiologists using a modified CTSI assessing pancreatic inflammation, necrosis and extrapancreatic complications. Scores were compared with paired t test and interobserver agreement was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC).

Results

Mean CTSI scores on unenhanced, portal- and dual-contrast-phase images were 4.9, 6.1 and 6.2 (120 kVp) and 5.0, 6.0 and 6.1 (100 kVp), respectively. Contrast-enhanced series showed a higher CTSI compared to unenhanced images (P?P?>?0.7). CTSI scores were comparable for 100-kVp and 120-kVp images (P?>?0.05). Interobserver agreement was substantial for all evaluated series and subcategories (ICC 0.67–0.93). DLP of single-portal-phase 100-kVp images was reduced by 41 % compared to 120-kVp images (363.8 versus 615.9 mGy cm).

Conclusions

Low-tube-voltage single-phase 100-kVp CT provides sufficient information for follow-up evaluation of acute pancreatitis and significantly reduces radiation exposure.

Key Points

? Single-portal-phase CT provides sufficient evaluation for follow-up of acute pancreatitis. ? Follow-up CT does not benefit from unenhanced or arterial-phase acquisition. ? CT severity index scores are equal for dual-contrast-phase 100-/120-kVp acquisition (P?>?0.05). ? 100-kVp single-portal-phase follow-up CT of acute pancreatitis significantly reduces radiation exposure.     

Peripancreatic vascular abnormalities complicating acute pancreatitis: contrast-enhanced helical CT findings

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and morphologic helical computed tomography (CT) features of peripancreatic vascular abnormalities in patients with acute pancreatic inflammatory disease in correlation with the severity of the pancreatitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty-nine contrast-enhanced helical CT scans of 100 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis were retrospectively and independently reviewed by three observers. CT scans were scored using the CT severity index (CTSI): pancreatitis was graded as mild (0-2 points), moderate (3-6 points), and severe (7-10 points). Interobserver agreement for both the CT severity index and the presence of peripancreatic vascular abnormalities was calculated (K-statistic). Correlation between the prevalence of complications and the degree of pancreatitis was estimated using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: The severity of pancreatitis was graded as mild (n = 59 scans), moderate (n = 82 scans), and severe (n = 18 scans). Venous abnormalities detected included splenic vein (SV) thrombosis (31 scans, 19 patients), superior mesenteric vein (SMV) thrombosis (20 scans, 14 patients), and portal vein (PV) thrombosis (17 scans, 13 patients). Arterial hemorrhage occurred in five patients (6 scans). In our series, no cases of arterial pseudoaneurysm formation were detected. The interobserver agreement range for scoring the degree of pancreatitis and the overall presence of major vascular abnormalities was 75.5-79.2 and 86.2-98.8%, respectively. The presence of the vascular abnormalities in correlation with the severity of pancreatitis was variable. CONCLUSION: Vascular abnormalities are relatively common CT findings in association with acute pancreatitis. The CT severity index is insufficiently accurate in predicting some of these complications since no statistically significant correlation between their prevalence and the severity of pancreatitis could be established.