壳聚糖纳米粒作为基因载体的研究:制备,特征和对DNA的保护

目的:制备载基因壳聚糖纳米粒,研究纳米粒药剂学特征以及对DNA的保护作用.方法:复凝聚法制备纳米粒,对纳米粒的形态、粒径及分布、Zeta电位、包封率、载药量和处方影响因素进行了考察,凝胶阻滞法分析壳聚糖和pDNA的聚合方式,pDNA保护性试验考察壳聚糖纳米粒抵抗核酸酶的能力.结果:制备的pDNA/壳聚糖纳米粒为结构较紧密的不规则球形,平均粒径为(240.4±13.2)nm,多分散指数为(0.173±0.05),Zeta电位为(18.4±0.6)mV,包封率为(95.2±1.9)%,载药量为(30.7±0.8)%.凝胶阻滞分析结果表明,纳米粒荷正电,pDNA与壳聚糖之间通过静电作用而完全结合.纳米粒的粒径、Zeta电位受处方中的壳聚糖相对分子质量、N/P(壳聚糖中伯胺基数目/pDNA中磷酸基数目)比、pDNA浓度、Na2SO4浓度和pH值等因素影响.pDNA保护性试验表明,壳聚糖纳米粒对pDNA有保护作用.结论:壳聚糖可以有效凝聚pDNA,采用复凝聚法可制得200～500 nm范围荷正电的纳米粒,有较高的包封率和载药量,可有效保护pDNA免受核酸酶降解.壳聚糖作为黏膜给药的非病毒基因载体具有应用价值.     

载替莫唑胺纳米粒制备方法比较研究

目的 比较载替莫唑胺聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯纳米粒( TMZ-PBCA-NP)的不同制备方法,确定最佳制备工艺.方法 以α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯(BCA)为载体,分别采用乳化聚合法和界面聚合法制备TMZ-PBCA-NP,加以吐温-80(T-80)进行表面修饰,并通过zeta电位仪检测纳米粒粒径和电位、透射电镜观察纳米粒形态、紫外分光光度计测定各自的包封率和载药量.结果 乳化聚合法制备的TMZ-PBCA-NP平均粒径(135.8±11.3)nm,表面电位(-24.8±2.2 )mV,包封率(44.23±2.04)％,载药量(2.80±0.05)％ ;界面聚合法制得的载药纳米粒平均粒径(175.4±10.2)nm,表面电位(-18.3±3.6 )mV,包封率(44.35±2.58)％,载药量(2.31±0.47)％.透射电镜下观察两种方法所制备的纳米粒大小均较为均匀,粒子间无明显聚集.结论 采用乳化聚合法制备TMZ-PBCA-NP效果较优于界面聚合法.     

高压乳匀法制备中药固体脂质纳米粒

目的采用高压乳匀法将中药有效成分包载于固体脂质纳米粒(SLN),并研究制备的纳米粒的主要性质。方法选择水飞蓟宾(SIL)和汉防己甲素(TET)为模型药物,采用高压乳匀法将其分别包载于SLN。在电镜下观察其形态,以粒度分析仪和Zeta电位分析仪测定其粒径和Zeta电位,用葡聚糖凝胶柱层析法和HPLC测定其包封率和载药量,还观察了SLN的稳定性。结果高压乳匀法制备的SIL-SLN呈球状,形态规则,平均粒径为(157±8)nm,Zeta电位为(-35.36±2.68)mV,包封率为95.64%,载药量为4.63%;TET-SLN呈片状存在,不规则,粒径较小,平均粒径为(47±3)nm,Zeta电位为(-32.99±2.54)mV,包封率为97.82%,载药量为4.76%。SIL-SLN和TET-SLN有较高稳定性。结论高压乳匀法适于制备包载中药的SLN。     

包载替莫唑胺和索拉非尼PLGA纳米粒的制备及评价

目的 制备替莫唑胺和索拉非尼PLGA纳米粒,并对其粒径、形貌、稳定性及体外释放进行考察,探讨其是否可用于抗脑胶质瘤的体内体外研究。方法 纳米沉淀法制备替莫唑胺索拉和索拉非尼PLGA纳米粒,测定粒径、电位、形貌、包封率和载药量以及稳定性。结果 所得纳米粒的平均粒径为(106.71±0.21)nm、多分散系数为(0.24±0.05),电位(-27.30±1.20)mV,纳米粒呈规则的球状均匀分布,大小均一,表面光滑;PLGA纳米粒中替莫唑胺的包封率及载药量分别为(75.89±3.12)%、(3.61±0.78)%;索拉非尼的包封率及载药率分别为(48.61±1.20)%、(1.50±0.98)%。结论 采用纳米沉淀法制备的PLGA纳米粒,呈球形形貌、粒径分布均匀、有良好的稳定性,可用于抗脑胶质瘤的体内体外研究。     

聚乙二醇化壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及局部滴眼给药性能评价

目的 制备一种聚乙二醇修饰的壳聚糖纳米粒,评价其局部滴眼给药性能.方法 以伏立康唑为模型药物,采用离子交联法制备载药的聚乙二醇化壳聚糖纳米粒,对其进行表征后,分别考察纳米粒的药物缓释能力、对眼表药物代谢动力学的影响及其角膜渗透性.结果 聚乙二醇化壳聚糖纳米粒粒径为(235±23)nm,Zeta电位为(+23.1±0.6) mV,载药量为11.16％,包封率为61.35％.纳米粒体外释放药物非常缓慢,可持续释药48 h;相比于伏立康唑水溶液,纳米粒的药物浓度-时间曲线下面积明显增加,药物半衰期延长,清除率减少,眼表药物平均滞留时间延长(P＜0.05).荧光标记的聚乙二醇化壳聚糖纳米粒可穿透角膜上皮逐渐向角膜基质渗透.结论 与药物水溶液相比,聚乙二醇化壳聚糖纳米粒能够有效减少眼表药物的流失,改善药物的生物利用度.     

透明质酸修饰的白蛋白纳米粒的制备及抗肿瘤作用的初步评价

目的 制备透明质酸修饰的白蛋白纳米粒,对其修饰程度和载药性能进行考察,并初步评价其抗肿瘤作用.方法 用去溶剂化法制备白蛋白纳米粒,并用透明质酸修饰纳米粒表面,以表面活性氨基的减少作为评价透明质酸修饰的白蛋白纳米粒的修饰程度的指标,并筛选最佳处方;考察pH和载药量及包封率的关系.使用噻唑蓝比色法(MTT)测定纳米粒对人肝癌细胞株HepG2的抑制率.结果 制备所得的透明质酸修饰的白蛋白纳米粒的平均粒径为396 nm,Zeta电位-19.7 mV,表面氨基减少率为34.28%;透明质酸修饰的米托蒽醌白蛋白纳米粒载药量11.13%,包封率94.64%,平均粒径为398 nm,Zeta电位-17.9 mV,且具有明显的缓释作用.透明质酸修饰的米托蒽醌白蛋白纳米粒比米托蒽醌水溶液具有更强的细胞抑制率(P＜0.05).结论 所用制备工艺稳定,可用于制备透明质酸修饰的白蛋白纳米粒.透明质酸修饰的米托蒽醌白蛋白纳米粒具有不低于药物溶液的活性.     

重组人血管内皮抑素壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及体外评价

采用离子凝胶法制备重组人血管内皮抑素(商品名:Endostar)壳聚糖纳米粒,并对纳米粒的载药量、包封率、粒径、形态、体外释放、体外活性及Endostar结构的完整性进行考察。制得的Endostar壳聚糖纳米粒载药量为(10.5±1.1)%,包封率为(81.3±1.8)%;平均粒径为137 nm,为球形结构;体外释放10 d累积释放达到80%。凝胶电泳实验说明Endostar结构完整,制备与释放过程结构均未被破坏;人脐静脉内皮细胞增殖实验说明Endostar纳米粒仍保留原有的生物活性。结果表明壳聚糖作Endostar的载体,制得的纳米粒具有合适的粒径及包封率,并能达到缓释作用,不会破坏Endostar的结构,同时保留原有的生物活性。     

新型姜黄素纳米粒制备、表征及其体外抗肿瘤活性评价

目的制备高载药量姜黄素纳米粒,并考察其体外稳定性和抗肿瘤活性。方法用油酸(OA)对姜黄素(Cur)进行化学修饰。采用改良的溶剂挥发法制备聚乙二醇聚乳酸乙酸酯(mPEG-PLGA)载Cur-OA2纳米粒(mPEG-PLGA-Cur-OA2,PPCO)。并以纳米粒载药量(drug loading,DL)、包封率(entrapment efficiency,EN)为指标,通过3因素3水平正交试验对工艺进行优化。采用正交确定工艺制备3批载药纳米粒,应用动态光散射粒度仪和透射电镜测定载药纳米粒的zeta电位、粒径与形态。采用体外37℃水浴降解特性来评价其稳定性。最后利用MTT法对纳米粒体外抗肿瘤活性进行初步评价。结果正交实验,包封率影响因素为:有机相与水相的量(B)>超声时间(C)>药物与材料比(A)。载药量影响因素为:有机相与水相的量(B)>药物与材料比(A)>超声时间(C)。利用正交设计筛选出的方法制备纳米粒,其载药量达(24.870±0.029)%,包封率为(81.250±0.101)%,zeta电位-23.9±1.6mV,平均粒径235.0±25.8nm,粒度分布均匀,呈单峰分布。载药纳米粒在37℃,前4h降解了20%,而其后的70h里,只降解了5%左右,相比姜黄素稳定性得到了极大提高。纳米粒体外抗肿瘤活性研究表明,所制备的纳米粒对HepG2细胞仍然具有较好的抑制作用,经48h处理后,其IC50为40.61μmol/L,但相比姜黄素15.76μmol/L有所下降,表现为减毒效应。结论 PPCO纳米粒呈均匀球形、载药量高,稳定性好,并有较好的体外抗肿瘤活性。     

眼用伊曲康唑固体脂质纳米粒的制备及其体外释放

目的为解决伊曲康唑(ITZ)的分散性,制备伊曲康唑固体脂质纳米粒(ITZ-SLN),并考察其体外释放规律。方法采用微乳法-低温固化法制备ITZ-SLN;用马尔文激光粒度仪测定纳米粒的Zeta电位与粒度分布,低温高速超滤离心分离SLN与未包封的药物,反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定包封率及其载药量,采用扩散法-超滤法测定纳米粒(ITZ-SLN)的体外释放行为。结果纳米粒的粒径为(15.23±2.10)nm,Zeta为(-22. 65±0.91)mV,包封率为(96.02±2.10)%,载药量为(0.15±0. 02)%,其体外释放规律符合一级释放动力学方程。结论该制剂处方设计和工艺方法可行,可达到缓释效果。     

O-羧甲基乳糖酰化壳聚糖-聚乳酸阿霉素纳米粒的制备及其物理化学性质的测定

目的制备具有肝靶向性的O-羧甲基乳糖酰化壳聚糖-聚乳酸阿霉素纳米粒,并对纳米粒药物含量、包封率和粒径大小进行检测。方法制备出O-羧甲基乳糖酰化壳聚糖-聚乳酸阿霉素纳米粒,并通过紫外分光光度计测定纳米粒的载药量以及包封率,激光粒度分析仪及电镜测量粒径大小。结果电镜及激光粒度分析仪检测证实纳米粒大小均匀,粒径(197±32)nm,载药量为(44.79±4.27)μg/mg,包封率(67.34±3.32)%。结论该实验制备的纳米粒其粒径小,载药量及包封率高。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Electro-Acupuncture Combined with the Trigger Point Needle-Embedding for Treatment of Primary Trigeminal Neuralgia in 31 Cases

In recent years, the author of this essay has applied electro-acupuncture combined with the trigger point needle-embedding for treatment of primary trigeminal neuralgia in 31 cases, yielding satis- factory results as reported in the following.     

Investigation of Matrix Metalloproteinase -1, 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 in Endometriosis

Objective： To explore the role of matrix metalloproteinase-1,2 （MMP-1, MMP-2） and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 （TIMP-1） in endometriosis. Methods： The eutopic and ectopic endometria from 40 subjects suffering from endometriosis and regular.endometria from 40 subjects （excluding endometriosis） were collected and examined by in situ hybridization technology and western blot assay. Results： Both expressions of MMP-1 and -2 were stronger in ectopic endometrium and eutopic endometrium than in normal endometrium. On the contrary, the expression of TIMP-1 in ectopic endometrium and eutopic endometrium was lower. The differences were significant （P 〈 0.01 ）. Moreover, there was no relationship among the expressions of MMP-1, 2 and TIMP-1 in ectopic endometrium. Conclusion： The expressions of MMP-1, 2 and TIMP-1 lose balance and lack of periodic changes in ectopic endometrium , which explains the biological invasive behavior of endometriosis. It was suggested-that regulating the balance between the MMPs and TIMP-1 should be an ideal therapeutic target to endometriosis.     

Shi Da-zhuo (史大卓) —An outstanding cardiologist of integrative medicine

Prof. SHI Da-zhuo, Ph.D., male, was born on March 20, 1960. Prof. SHI entered the Ph.D. program in 1990 at the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences under the supervision of Prof. CHEN Ke-ji, majoring in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. After receiving his Ph.D. degree in 1993, Prof. SHI started working at the Cardiovascular Center in Xiyuan Hospital affiliated to China Academy of Chinese Medical sciences.     

Persist in and Carry Forward the Integrative Medical Research——Speech at the 6th National General Congress of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine by Academician CHEN Zhu,Minister of Ministry of Health

The 6th National General Congress of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine （CALM） was convened at 19-20, April 2008 in Beijing. Academician CHEN Zhu, the minister of Ministry of Health indicated at the congress that the integration of Chinese and Western medicine is very well in keeping with the situation of our country and the general rule of development in medical science; and as a good integration of Chinese medicine and Western medicine, it is mutually beneficial and advantageous to both of them. Seeing the creativity shown in integrative medical investigation in theoretic and methodological sides, we should and must persist in and develop it.