联合检测血清胃蛋白酶原、胃泌素-17在萎缩性胃炎及胃癌筛查中的价值

目的: 通过测定不同胃疾病的血清胃蛋白酶原(PG)Ⅰ、PGⅡ水平和二者比值(PGR)以及胃泌素-17(G-17)水平,探讨PG、G-17作为萎缩性胃炎和胃癌筛查指标的价值.方法: 选取2012年8月至2013年10月行胃镜检查的门诊及住院患者共278例,根据胃镜及病理结果分为4组,包括非萎缩性胃炎组105例,萎缩性胃炎组42例,胃癌组64例和胃溃疡组67例.用酶联免疫吸附试验定量检测每例血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ和G-17水平,并计算PGR值.结果: 萎缩性胃炎组及胃癌组PGⅠ水平和PGR均较非萎缩性胃炎组明显降低(P< 0.01),G-17水平明显升高(P< 0.01);胃癌组PGⅠ水平和PGR均较萎缩性胃炎组明显降低(P< 0.01),G-17水平差异无统计学意义(P >0.05).胃癌组中,进展期胃癌血清PGⅠ水平、PGR明显低于早期胃癌(P< 0.01),G-17水平差异无统计学意义(P >0.05).结论: 血清PGⅠ、PGR降低及G-17升高提示了萎缩性胃炎和胃癌的高危风险,联合检测血清PG和G-17可以作为胃萎缩及胃癌的筛查手段,为是否需行进一步胃镜检查提供积极参考.     

血清胃蛋白酶原与胃溃疡及胃癌

目的 通过检测血清胃蛋白酶原I、血清胃蛋白酶原Ⅱ,探讨胃溃疡及胃癌患者血清胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ、血清胃蛋白酶原Ⅱ及血清胃蛋白酶原I/血清胃蛋白酶原Ⅱ比值的变化规律.方法 用免疫放射法测定血清PGⅠ及PGⅡ并计算PGI/PGⅡ的比值即PGR.结果 消化性溃疡患者血清PGI及PGⅡ升高.在溃疡组的分层研究中,血清PGI及PGR升高在活动组更为明显,而在愈合组变化无统计学意义.胃癌患者血清PGI降低、PGR降低.在胃癌组的分层研究中:早期胃癌患者PGI及PGR明显降低;进展期胃癌患者PGI及PGR亦降低,两者间无统计学差异.结论 测定血清PGI、PGⅡ水平及PGR值对胃溃疡及胃癌患者的鉴别诊断具有重要的参考意义.     

血清胃蛋白酶原对胃癌筛查价值的探讨

目的探讨血清胃蛋白酶原在胃癌筛查中的价值。方法用ELISA方法对1102名患者血清PG水平进行检测,并行内镜病理组织学检查,采用ROC曲线确定PG筛查胃癌的最佳界定值。结果与对照组、萎缩性胃炎组、胃良性溃疡组相比,早期胃癌组、进展期胃癌组PGI、PGR下降(P<0.05),进展期胃癌组PGI、PGR较早期胃癌组下降(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,早期胃癌组、进展期胃癌组、胃良性溃疡组PGII升高(P<0.05)。PGI及PGR在ROC曲线下面积为0.920和0.831,对胃癌的诊断价值较高。PGI≤71.50μg/L或PGR≤4.50作为筛查标准时,对胃癌高危人群筛查的灵敏度为83.33%,特异度为82.25%。结论血清PGI、PGR在不同胃部病变中的表达水平不一致,对胃癌的早期筛查和早期诊断具有重要价值。PGI≤71.50μg/L或PGR≤4.50是东莞地区筛查胃癌较合适的界定值。     

胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ、Ⅱ和胃泌素-17在不同胃黏膜疾病患者血清中的表达水平及意义

目的:检测胃蛋白酶原(PG)和胃泌素-17在不同胃黏膜疾病患者血清中的表达水平及意义。方法:选取2014年10月-2015年10月来我院就诊的150例不同胃黏膜疾病患者作为观察对象,分别为慢性萎缩性胃炎组、胃溃疡组和胃癌组,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法测定不同胃黏膜疾病患者血清中血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ和G-17水平,并计算PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值(PGR),对其进行统计学分析。结果:通过血清检测和幽门螺杆菌(HP)感染检测的结果进行分析,发现三组的PGR水平均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。慢性萎缩性胃炎组和胃癌组的PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平比胃溃疡组低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);胃癌组的G-17水平比胃溃疡组和萎缩性胃炎高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);萎缩性胃炎组的G-17水平比胃溃疡组低,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:血清学检测胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ、Ⅱ和胃泌素-17水平的变化与不同胃黏膜有密切关联,可以作为胃癌和慢性萎缩性胃炎胃部疾病的诊断和筛查标准。     

血清胃蛋白酶原及胃泌素-17水平与胃癌的相关性研究

目的 探讨血清胃蛋白酶原(PG)I、PGⅡ、PG I/PGⅡ(PGR)及胃泌素-17(GAS-17)水平在胃癌患者中的诊断价值及相关性.方法 选取该院454例胃部疾病患者,104例健康者(对照组),分别检测各组血清PG I、PGⅡ、PGR及GAS-17水平.绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、PGR及GAS-17水平在胃癌和非胃癌组中的诊断价值,并应用Lo-gistic回归模型分析胃癌的独立危险因素.结果 胃癌组、萎缩性胃炎组和非萎缩性胃炎组血清PGI及PGR明显低于对照组(P＜0.05),且胃癌组血清PG I及PGR明显低于萎缩性胃炎组、非萎缩性胃炎组和胃溃疡组(P＜0.05).胃癌组血清GAS-17水平明显高于对照组、非萎缩性胃炎组和胃溃疡组(P＜0.05).胃癌组与对照组血清PGⅡ水平比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).进展期胃癌组血清PGI及PGR明显低于早期胃癌组(P＜0.05),而血清GAS-17水平明显高于早期胃癌组(P＜0.05).胃癌TNM分期越高,血清PG I水平降低越明显(P＜0.05),血清GAS-17水平升高越明显(P＜0.05).ROC曲线显示,血清PGI、PGⅡ、PGR、GAS-17及联合检测对胃癌组的诊断效能优于非胃癌组,且4项联合检测的曲线下面积(AUC)高于单项检测,其灵敏度和特异度分别为83.7％和76.8％.多元Logistic回归分析发现胃癌家族史、不正确的饮食习惯、PG I及GAS-17进入回归模型,其OR值及95％CI分别为6.481(3.562～11.316)、2.843(1.103～6.918)、2.624(1.094～4.521)、1.735 (1.046～3.912).结论 血清PGI、GAS-17及PGR水平变化与胃癌的病程进展及分化程度相关,联合检测有助于提高胃癌的阳性诊断率.     

血清胃蛋白酶原检测在胃疾病诊断中的应用价值

目的:观察血清胃蛋白酶原(PG)检测在胃疾病诊断中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析273例胃疾病患者的临床资料,其中胃溃疡44例,慢性萎缩性胃炎67例,慢性浅表性胃炎45例,十二指肠溃疡59例,胃癌58例,每一类型患者均作为一组。另选取同期健康体检者197例作为对照组。采用放射免疫分析法测定血清PGⅠ和PGⅡ水平,比较各组PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平和PGⅠ/PGⅡ。结果:与对照组相比,胃溃疡和十二指肠溃疡组患者血清PGⅠ和PGⅡ水平均较高(P<0.05),PGⅠ/PGⅡ较小(P<0.05),慢性萎缩性胃炎和胃癌组患者血清PGⅠ和PGⅠ/PGⅡ均较小(P<0.05),浅表性胃炎组患者PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:患者血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平和PGⅠ/PGⅡ与胃黏膜病变关系密切,对胃疾病的诊断具有重要意义。     

胃蛋白酶原亚群测定与萎缩性胃炎诊断的相关研究

目的研究血清中胃蛋白酶原(PG)亚群水平在健康体检者及胃部疾病患者中的变化规律,探讨血清中PG亚群测定对萎缩性胃炎诊断的意义。方法利用放射免疫法测定健康体检者和胃溃疡、萎缩性胃炎、胃癌患者中PGⅠ、PGⅡ及PGⅠ/PGⅡ值的变化,将正常对照组与疾病组及各疾病组之间进行统计学分析。结果①与正常对照组相比,萎缩性胃炎、胃癌患者血清PGⅠ、PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值降低(q=5.97、q=6.18,P均<0.05;q=6.24、q=6.34,P均<0.01),胃溃疡患者血清PGⅠ升高(q=5.01,P<0.05)、PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值降低(q=4.72,P<0.05);②与胃溃疡组相比,萎缩性胃炎和胃癌患者血清PGⅠ明显降低(q=7.20、q=7.03,P均<0.001),PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值也降低(q=7.20,P=0.001);③萎缩性胃炎组与胃癌组相比,PGⅠ和PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值均无统计学差异(q=1.05、q=1.36,P均>0.05)。血清PGⅠ≤80μg/L且PGⅠ/PGⅡ≤6时,检测萎缩性胃炎的灵敏度为53.3%,特异度为94.3%。结论血清PGⅠ和PGⅠ/PGⅡ的降低,是胃癌及萎缩性胃炎发生的危险因素,可以作为筛查和辅助诊断的一项血清学指标,血清PGⅠ≤80μg/L且PGⅠ/PGⅡ≤6对检测萎缩性胃炎有较好的灵敏度和特异性。     

血清胃蛋白酶原水平测定在胃疾病中的作用

目的 通过测定血清胃蛋白酶原(PG)Ⅰ、PGⅡ水平及其比值变化,探索血清胃蛋白酶原与胃部病变的关系.方法 本研究采用观察性病例-对照研究,共834例受检者纳入研究.在做血清试验前,入选者诊断都经活检组织病理学检查证实,并根据病理结果将受检者分为糜烂性胃炎组106例、萎缩性胃炎组208例、胃溃疡组102例、十二指肠球部溃疡组108例、胃癌组106例,正常组204例,每1例均用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)定量测定空腹血清PGⅠ和PGⅡ.结果 PGⅠ和PGR(PGⅠ/PGⅡ)水平在糜烂性胃炎组(140.71±31.51μg/L,14.06±5.01)、十二指肠溃疡组(145.43±34.15μg/L,15.24±4.11)和胃溃疡组(141.63±33.26μg/L,14.71±1.91)显著增高,在萎缩性胃炎组(88.53±17.95μg/L,7.26±2.51)明显低于正常组(124.89±33.26μg/L,11.19±4.79),在胃癌组(49.76±19.52μg/L,3.76±1.21)明显低于正常组和萎缩性胃炎组(均P<0. 05).结论 PGⅠ、PGR水平显著低下可作为萎缩性胃炎和胃癌筛查的有效手段,有助于提高胃癌早诊率.     

血清胃蛋白酶原、胃泌素-17及幽门螺杆菌检测在胃癌及癌前病变诊断中的价值研究

目的探讨血清胃蛋白酶原(PG)、胃泌素-17(G-17)及幽门螺杆菌(Hp)检测在胃癌及癌前病变诊断中的应用价值。方法选取该院2017年1月～2018年1月治疗的168例胃部疾病患者为研究对象,分为浅表性胃炎45例、胃溃疡40例、萎缩性胃炎30例、非典型增生28例、胃癌25例,同时选取38例健康体检者为对照组。采用荧光免疫层析法检测各组血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、PGⅠ/PGⅡ(PGR)及G-17水平。~(13)C尿素呼气试验检测各组Hp并比较Hp感染阳性率。对各组及Hp阳性组、Hp阴性组血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、PGR及G-17水平进行分析比较。结果与其余各组相比,胃癌组PGⅠ明显降低,溃疡组PGⅠ明显升高(P0.01)。胃癌组、溃疡组及非典型增生组PGⅡ明显高于对照组(P0.01)。胃癌组PGR明显低于其余各组,非典型增生组及萎缩性胃炎组PGR明显低于对照组、浅表性胃炎组及溃疡组(P0.01)。胃癌组G-17明显高于其余各组,萎缩性胃炎组G-17明显低于溃疡组、非典型增生组及胃癌组。溃疡组、萎缩性胃炎组、非典型增生组及胃癌组Hp阳性率明显高于对照组(P0.05)。与Hp阴性组相比,Hp阳性组PGⅠ及PGR明显降低,G-17明显升高(P0.01)。结论血清胃蛋白酶原、胃泌素-17及幽门螺杆菌检测在胃癌及癌前病变的诊断中具有重要价值。     

血清胃蛋白酶原检测在胃部疾病诊断中的意义

目的:探讨血清胃蛋白酶原(Pesinogen,PG)PGⅠ、PGⅡ含量变化与不同胃黏膜病变的关系,为胃癌的早期诊断提供线索。方法:采用放射免疫分析方法测定197例正常人、273例各种胃病患者的血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ含量,并进行统计学分析。结果:与对照组相比,慢性萎缩性胃炎患者PGⅠ水平有所下降(P<0.05);十二指肠溃疡患者PGⅠ明显升高(P<0.01);胃溃疡患者PGⅠ略有升高而PGⅡ明显升高(P<0.01);慢性浅表性胃炎患者PGⅠ、PGⅡ变化不明显;胃癌患者PGⅠ、PGⅠ/PGⅡ明显下降(P<0.01)。以PGⅠ<35μg/L或PGⅠ/PGⅡ<1.5为临界值,联合诊断胃癌,其灵敏度为72.4%,特异性为84.0%。结论:血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ含量的变化与胃黏膜病变密切相关,对癌前病变及胃癌的早期筛查具有重要的临床意义。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.