HBsAg carriers among healthy Nepalese men: a serological survey

The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was studied among 2,585 healthy Nepalese men, aged 16-50 years, who required medical check-ups for employment abroad. Serum samples, collected during July-September 1999, were tested for HBsAg using a third-generation ELISA kit. Of the 2,585 men, 24 (0.93%) were positive for HBsAg, indicating that hepatitis B infection in the target group was below the intermediate endemicity. The prevalence of HBsAg was minimum (0.36%) in the central development region, followed by western, eastern and mid-western development regions (0.82%,1.16%, and 2.08% respectively, chi2 = 4.76, p < 0.2). The positivity of HBsAg was slightly higher in the hilly region (1.11%) than in the terai (0.84%) and mountainous regions (0%), which was not significant (chi2 = 2.1, p < 0.5). The prevalence was highest in the 46-50-year age group. Alanine aminotransferase was tested in all 24 positive and 150 negative subjects to indicate the stage of infection. Seven (29.16%) of the 24 positive cases had elevated alanine aminotransferase, indicating associated liver damage (chi2 = 4.16, p < 0.05) and it was significantly associated with positivity of HBsAg (chi2 = 32.6, p < 0.001). All 9 positive subjects from the terai region had normal alanine aminotransferase, whereas 7 of the 15 subjects from the hilly region had it elevated (chi2 = 1.76, p < 0.001). Seven (29%) of the positive subjects were chronic carriers with its sequel in the liver, and the remaining 17 subjects (70.84%) may be in the incubation period or convalescent stage or may be chronic carriers. The results suggest that the population should be educated about the sequel of the infection.     

黑龙江省健康人群乙型病毒性肝炎血清流行病学分析

目的 了解黑龙江省1～29 岁人群乙型肝炎（乙肝）病毒（HBV）感染状况和乙肝疫苗（HepB）预防接种效果,以及乙肝病毒感染者血清标志物8年后的变化情况。方法 2014年9月,在黑龙江省采用分层二阶段整群随机抽样方法,调查7个县（区）932名1～29岁居民,同时对2006年在黑龙江省健康人群乙肝血清学调查中检测出乙肝感染者45人,分别于2009年和2014年追踪调查乙肝病毒感染血清标志物变化情况,应用酶联免疫吸附试验检测乙肝病毒感染血清标志物。结果 黑龙江省1～29岁人群HBV感染率为7.51%,乙肝病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）阳性率为1.29%;HepB接种率为88.09%。5岁以下人群HBV感染率为3.17%,HBsAg阳性率为0.26%;HepB接种率为100%。2006-2014年8年,有66.67%的HBeAg阳性患者转为HBeAg阴性。结论 黑龙江省1～29 岁人群HBsAg流行率呈下降趋势,黑龙江省乙肝防控工作已显成效。     

江门市从业人员职业体检9 999人的HBV感染血清学调查

目的了解江门市从业人员乙型肝炎病素(HBV)感染和流行情况,为卫生监督、疾病诊断、防治工作提供依据.方法用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法对9999例来我中心进行职业体检的从业人员的HBV血清学5项标志物(两对半)检测结果进行统计学分析.结果共检出HBsAg阳性1 028例,总阳性率为10.28%;HBV感染者3 177例,总感染率为31.77%;男性HBV感染率为34.49%,女性HBV感染率为28.80%,男性明显高于女性(χ2=37.18,P＜0.005);不同工种间,以有毒工种人员HBV感染率最高,为38.75%;其次为桑拿按摩从业人员,感染率为35.41%;再次为饮食行业人员,感染率为32.00%;最低为公共场所从业人员,感染率为30.01%,各工种间的感染率差异有非常显著性(χ2=17.65,P＜0.005);共检出18种两对半模式,特殊模式较多出现.结论该市从业人员HBV感染仍处于较高水平,某些特殊工种人群感染严重,常规检查肝功能,两对半不可忽视.应加大监督力度,有效控制HBV的流行和传播.     

深圳市初治HIV感染者合并HBV感染率及特征分析

目的　了解深圳市初治HIV感染者合并HBV感染率、特征及HBV易感率。方法　以2015—2018年深圳市第三人民医院收治的未接受过抗反转录病毒治疗的成年HIV感染者作为研究对象,收集其基本特征和临床资料,分析纳入对象合并HBV的感染率、合并感染者特征及HBV易感率。结果　共纳入4666例初治HIV感染者,合并HBV感染率为10.46%（488/4666）;合并感染率随年龄升高、CD4细胞计数的降低和WHO HIV 临床分期的加重均呈现逐渐增高的趋势（P均＜0.05）。不同HBV DNA水平分组间HIV RNA的差异以及不同HIV RNA水平分组间HBV DNA的差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）。HIV/HBV共感染者以HBeAg阴性所占比例较高（76.2%）,但HBeAg阳性者ALT异常率高于HBeAg阴性者（31.03% vs. 15.86%, P＜0.05）。深圳市HIV感染者HBV易感率为24.73%（1154/4666）,女性高于男性（31.56% vs. 24.16%, P＜0.05）,15～24岁在各年龄组中最高,为29.00%（P＜0.05）。结论　深圳市初治HIV感染者合并HBV感染率和HBV易感率均较高。年龄较大和病程较重的HIV感染者合并HBV感染率最高。建议对HIV感染者常规进行治疗前HBV的筛查、临床状态的评估及用药后的监测。对乙型肝炎（乙肝）五项检测均为阴性的HBV易感者建议接种乙肝疫苗。     

成都市入托儿童乙肝病毒感染状况调查分析

目的 了解入托儿童乙肝病毒感染状况及乙肝疫苗免疫效果,为防治工作提供依据.方法 对2005～2007年共8 716名入托儿童抽取静脉血,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测乙肝两对半,调查结果用SPSS11.0进行分析.结果 儿童乙肝病毒总感染率为0.28%.乙肝病毒感染率2005年、2006年、2007年分别为0.13%、0.15%、0.46%,2007年与2005年、2006年比较差异均有统计学意义(χ2=13.8075、16.7643,均P＜0.01);男童乙肝病毒感染率为0.30%,女童为0.25%,性别间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).乙肝疫苗接种率为97.23%,全程接种率为94.62%.抗-HBs总阳性率为63.84%,2005年、2006年、2007年分别为65.48%、70.68%、57.79%,各年份间差异有统计学意义(χ2=130.9123,P＜0.01);男童抗-HBs阳性率为62.88%,女童为64.94%,性别间差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.0067,P＜0.05).乙肝两对半模式有12种,以抗-HBs阳性模式居首位.结论 入托儿童乙肝病毒感染率较低,抗-HBs阳性率较高.2007年与前两年相比,乙肝病毒感染率有所升高,抗-HBs阳性率有所下降.必须重视儿童乙肝病毒的防治工作,进一步提高儿童的乙肝疫苗接种率.     

毕节市人群乙肝感染状况及血氟含量检测

目的 了解贵州省毕节地区燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒非干预区-鸭池镇下坝村与干预区-长春镇长春乡人群的乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染状况与流行趋势以及血氟含量。方法 采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法进行HBV血清学标志物检测,酶标仪分析HBV血清学结果;采用氟离子选择电极法测定血氟含量。结果 共调查汉族人群532人,检出HBV感染403例,感染率高达75.75%;其中高血氟人群检出HBV感染326例,感染率为68.78%;正常血氟人群检出HBV感染42例,感染率为65.63%。结论 贵州毕节鸭池镇下坝村与长春镇长春乡均具有较高的HBV感染率及血氟含量。     

四川德阳地区HBsAg阳性人群HBV感染流行病学横断面调查

目的 分析德阳地区乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性人群HBV感染的流行病学特征.方法 选2020年该地区健康体检信息以HBV血清学标志物检测结果筛选受试对象,选取1645例HBsAg阳性患者为主要对象分析人群流行病学特征.使用Epidata录入数据,使用SPSS统计软件包分析数据.结果 除职业分布在两性分布存在差...     

某医院感染的现患率调查

目的 了解某院医院感染的现患率.方法 采取床旁调查和病历调查相结合的方式.结果 共调查人数为528人,医院感染率为3.98％.各科室医院感染现患率前3位分别为重症监护病房33.33％,神经内科15.38％,心内科7.89％.医院感染部位前3位依次为下呼吸道、上呼吸道、胃肠道.抗菌药物使用率为63.64％.结论 通过医院感染现患率调查,及时发现医院感染管理中存在的问题,有利于控制和预防医院感染.     

Human leptospirosis in Somalia: a serological survey

Sera from Somalis of both sexes between the ages of 16 and 60 were examined for leptospiral agglutinins. 37% of 105 apparently healthy individuals living in the arid Mogadishu area were positive, as were 64% of 107 schistosomiasis patients living in two villages on the Shabeele River (50 · 5% over-all). Pools of sera from similar subjects, as well as leprosy patients living on the Juba River and patients in Mogadishu hospitals with suspected viral hepatitis showed a similar prevalence rate of 56%. These figures are higher than prevelance rates for leptospiral antibodies generally found in other parts of the world, and in part may be related to the nomadic, cattle-droving existence common in Somalia. The titres of 11 · 2% of the positive sera examined singly indicated recent infection. Approximately twice as many subjects from the river villages as from the Mogadishu area were positive for more than one serovar, and a greater number of serovars were recorded from the villages. Antibodies to bratislava serovar, not previously recorded in Africa, were found in 57% of positive subjects, showing the highest prevalence rate among the investigated serovars. Co-antibodies to saprophytic Leptospira biflexa serovars were found in many of the sera.     

高中生乙型肝炎血清学及S基因序列进化分析

目的 了解江苏省海门市高中生乙型肝炎感染情况及其HBVS基因的变异情况.方法 采用整群抽样方法抽取江苏省海门市职业中心校的407名高三学生进行乙肝血清学调查;采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)和巢氏聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增方法检测血清样本的乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙型肝炎病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)和乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)S基因并进行进化分析.结果 407名高中生中乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性率为6.39%;在家中、乡镇卫生院和县级及以上医院出生学生的HBsAg阳性率分别为11.76%、8.02%和2.27%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);抗-HBs滴度≥10U/L者占72.5%,且呈U形分布;不同乡镇、不同性别学生抗-HBs滴度差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);407名高中生HBV S基因均为C基因型,主要变异在蛋白疏水区,抗原决定簇a区未发生免疫原性改变.结论 出生时接受的医疗水平对HBV感染有影响;海门市高中生HBV S基因受到正选择作用而出现变异,但未发生免疫原性改变.     

男性HPV感染的流行病学研究进展

摘要:人乳头瘤病毒感染在人群中十分普遍,由于该病毒在宫颈癌中扮演的重要角色,其在女性中研究较多。随着分子生物学技术广泛地应用于人乳头瘤病毒的检测和流行病学调查,使人们对于男性人乳头瘤病毒的感染有进一步的认识。本文就男性HPV感染的检测取样方法、检测部位及不同部位的感染率、影响HPV感染率的危险因素进行综述。随着各种研究的出现,最近的观点认为临床医生取材的结果准确性优于患者本人。恰当的检测方法及检测手段对HPV感染检出率的提高至关重要,不同的标本均可从一定程度上反应该病毒的感染状态,医生可根据情况选择恰当的方案。未行包皮环切术及HIV感染等均为男性HPV感染的危险因素。     

Prevalence of smoking among currently married Kuwaiti males and females

A structured questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 608 Kuwaiti couples through a household face-to-face interview. Both spouses were non-smokers in more than half (50.8%) of all the couples, and there was a single couple (0.2%) with both spouses currently smoking. Only 0.5% of the wives reported current smoking. The prevalence of smoking was 3.2% among divorced/widowed women from the same households. The difference between the two groups of women remained significant upon controlling for the confounding effect of age. Among the husbands, frequencies of current and ex-smokers were 37% and 11%, respectively. Younger respondents consumed more tobacco and were initiated to smoking at an earlier age. Logistic regression showed that people with one to 11 years of formal education were more likely to be current smokers as compared to the rest of the respondents (adjusted relative risk: 2.07, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.46–2.93). Reasons for the observed findings have been discussed.     

42920例受检者HBV感染状况及血清学标志物结果分析

目的了解某院就诊人群乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染情况及其血清学标志物组型。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测2001年1月-2003年12月就诊患者中的42920例受检者的HBV血清学标志物。结果HBV现症感染率高达27，16％，其中HBsAg，HBeAg，HBcAb均为阳性者占10.06％；HBsAg，HBeAb，HBcAb均为阳性者占13.87％；单项HBsAg阳性或HBsAg与HBcAb2项结果阳性者占3．16％；HBsAg，HBsAb，HBeAg，HBcAb 4项结果阳性60．05％；HBsAg，HBsAb，HBeAb，HBcAb4项结果阳性占0．02％。结论所检人群中HBV感染率高，血清学标志物组型多，医院应高度重视，以避免就诊时发生医院内交叉感染。     

广州市部分健康人群乙型肝炎感染情况分析

目的：了解广州市健康人群乙型肝炎(乙肝)感染率及免疫水平，探讨健康人群乙肝预防的对策与措施。方法：对2290名前来广州市疾病预防控制中心预防门诊要求接种乙肝疫苗的健康人群，采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定HBsAg、抗—HBs、HBeAg、抗—Hbe、抗—Hec，按年龄、性别分组进行5项标志物(HBVM)的分析比较。结果：HBsAg总阳性率为12．93％，男、女分别为16．53％、10．00％，差异有显性(P＜0．01)；抗—HBs总阳性率为49．61％，其中男性为46．93％，女性为51．72％，各年龄组间抗—HBsAg阳性率差异有显性(P＜0.01)；HBVM全阴率为31．44％，男性为31．49％，女性为31．41％，差异无显性(P＞0．05)。结论：人群中乙肝感染率高，免疫水平低，易感多，建议制定成人乙肝疫苗扩大免疫计划，及时对易感人群接种乙肝疫苗，减少乙肝发病率。     

社区老年男性寂寞感现状及其影响因素分析

目的 调查社区老年男性寂寞感现状并对其影响因素进行分析,为改善老年男性寂寞感,提高晚年生活质量提供依据.方法 选取唐山市10个社区卫生服务中心辖区居民中年龄≥75岁的老年男性,使用加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校孤独量表(UCLA)测评老年男性寂寞感现状,通过x2检验和多因素logistic回归分析进行老年男性寂寞感的影响因素...     

Prevalence and associated factors of depressive symptoms among Chinese doctors: a cross-sectional survey

Objectives  

Doctors, the major workforce in hospitals, are doing heavy emotional and physical work which may lead to depressive symptoms. However, in China, few studies are available pertaining to the prevalence and associated factors of depressive symptoms among doctors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of depressive symptoms and to explore its associated factors among Chinese doctors in public hospitals.     

AIDS-related risk among adolescent males who have sex with males, females, or both: evidence from a statewide survey

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the prevalence of AIDS-related risk behaviors among adolescent males with female, male, and both-sex sexual partners and explored factors related to these behaviors. METHODS: Three waves of a population-based survey provided data on male high school students: 3065 with only female sexual partners, 94 with only male partners, and 108 with both. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine AIDS-related outcomes. RESULTS: Youths with any same-sex experience reported less school AIDS education. Bisexual experience predicted multiple sexual partners, unprotected intercourse, sexually transmitted disease, and injection drug use. School AIDS education and condom instruction predicted less AIDS-related risk. CONCLUSIONS: Bisexually active adolescent males report especially high levels of AIDS risk behavior. School-based AIDS prevention should address the needs of all sexually active youths.     

乙肝病毒前S2抗原与HBV血清标志物和HBV DNA相关性分析

目的：通过对乙肝病毒前S2抗原（Pre S2）与乙肝病毒（HBV）血清标志物及HBV DNA检测的对比分析，进而对乙肝病毒前S2抗原临床应用价值进行探讨。方法：对226例HBsAg阳性标本采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测HBV血清标志物和Pre S2及荧光定量聚合酶链反应（FQ-PCR）检测HBV DNA。结果：226例HBsAg阳性标本中，Pre S2与HBeAg、HBV DNA的总符合率分别为62.8%和74.3%，与HBeAg、HBV DNA之间均关联显著；Pre S2与HBeAg之间差异有统计学意义，与HBV DNA之间差异无统计学意义；Pre S2的检出率高于HBeAg。结论：Pre S2的检测可以较好的反映HBV存在和复制情况，Pre S2作为辅助或补充指标联合HBV血清标志物与HBV DNA同步动态检测，具有重要的临床应用价值。     

HBV孕妇感染现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解孕妇乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的感染状况、感染模式及影响因素。方法 采用ELISA法检测孕妇乙型肝炎血清标志物(HBVM)。结果 孕妇HBV总感染率为8.63%(264/3 060),HBsAg阳性率为8.19%(251/3060)。孕妇HBV感染的HBVM模式有12种,以"小三阳"模式最多见为35.98%(95/264)。不同职业、年龄感染率相近(P>0.05)。有明确乙型病毒性肝炎疫苗接种史孕妇感染率为6.72%(78/1161),明显低于未接种孕妇(11.79%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 孕妇存在一定程度的HBV感染,以"小三阳"模式最多见,乙肝疫苗接种是预防孕妇HBV感染的有效方法。