Relationship of alcohol consumption to diet: a population-based study in Hawaii

The relationship of alcohol use to diet was examined in 2272 male and 2337 female adults aged 45 y and older who provided a quantitative diet history during 1977-1979. Mean values for each dietary variable, adjusted for smoking, ethnicity, income, and education, were compared in each sex between abstainers and drinkers and by tertile of ethanol intake. Linear relationships with extent of drinking were also sought. Drinkers were found to be less obese than abstainers. Consumption of carbohydrate, vitamins, calcium, fruits, fruit juices, and raw vegetables was greater among abstainers whereas consumption of fat (particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids), cholesterol, zinc, meat, pickled vegetables, and dried fish was greater among drinkers. Because validations of dietary questionnaires have shown that alcohol consumption is more accurately recalled than food intake, the possibility of a residual confounding effect for these dietary variables should be considered in epidemiologic studies of alcohol and health.     

Differences in dietary intake associated with smoking status

This study was designed to identify and describe smoking-related differences in dietary and nutritional factors that are potential independent predictors of cancer risk or effect modifiers or confounders of tobacco-cancer relationships. Data were obtained from a large hospital-based case-control study which was designed to estimate the cancer risk from various tobacco products and consisted of 465 male and 300 female incident lung cancer cases and 870 male and 556 female hospitalized patient controls matched on sex and age (+/- 5 years). Nutritional data were analysed as log-transformed frequencies of thirty food items, nine factor scores generated to describe overall patterns of dietary intake, and estimated daily nutrient scores for fat, vitamin A, fibre, and cholesterol. In general, the dietary habits of ex-smokers more closely resembled those of never-smokers than those of current smokers. We found that after controlling for case-control status, education, alcohol consumption, and age, there were many more significant differences in nutritional exposures by smoking status than could be explained merely by chance. For both sexes we observed significantly increased consumption of fruits and higher vitamin A and fibre scores in non-smokers compared to current smokers (for any smoking vs non-smoking comparison the P-value was always less than 0.002, 0.01, and 0.007, respectively). A similar but weaker relationship was observed for high-fat, sweet foods such as ice cream. An inverse association, also of smaller magnitude, was found for other high-fat foods items. Implications for further study and strengths and weaknesses of the current study are discussed.     

Dietary habits and pancreatic cancer risk in a cohort of middle-aged and elderly Japanese

Few epidemiological studies have examined associations between diet and pancreatic cancer in Japan. In the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk, we evaluated the relationship between dietary factors, including meat, vegetable, and fruit intake, and the risk of pancreatic cancer deaths. Among the original cohort established between 1988 and 1990, 46,465 men and 64,327 women aged 40-79 yr were followed-up through December 31,1999. During 1,042,608 person-years of follow-up, we documented 300 deaths from pancreatic cancer. A 33-item food-frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake at the baseline survey. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to estimate the relative risks of pancreatic cancer death in relation to the intake frequency of food items. We did not observe an overall association between meat intake and pancreatic cancer risk. Except for a 50% decrease in risk associated with high fruit intake among men, we did not find other significant inverse relationships between vegetable and fruit intake and pancreatic cancer risk. Smoking did not modify the associations with dietary habits. Our study suggested that high consumption of pickles and wild edible plants, mainly bracken, might be related to increased pancreatic cancer risk; however, this finding should be confirmed in other epidemiological studies.     

Healthy nutrition and the prevention of cancer

A number of risk factors of cancer diseases can be identified in the diet of the Hungarian population, and also one may infer the presence of these risk factors from statistics on food purchasing, the results of household budget surveys and those of earlier nutrition surveys. These risk factors are: overweight and obesity involving two thirds of the male and half of the female population, insufficient vegetable and fruit consumption, insufficient wholemeal cereal consumption, inadequate dietary fibre intake, high sugar intake, regular heavy drinking, as well as high fat, animal fat, cholesterol and salt intakes. The messages for decreasing the risks of cancer diseases--as presented herein--have been included in the recommendations for healthy nutrition aimed at eliminating the risk factors of diet-related diseases.     

Vitamin A and other dietary factors in the etiology of esophageal cancer

The risk of esophageal cancer, in relation to the frequency of consumption of selected dietary items, was evaluated in a hospital-based case-control study; this study was of 105 histologically confirmed cases and 348 control subjects with acute conditions unrelated to any of the established or potential risk factors for esophageal cancer. The frequency of consumption of carrots, green vegetables, or fresh fruits was lower in cases. Further, cases tended to eat meat and fish less frequently and eggs more frequently. The estimated multivariate relative risks were 0.6 for regular (more than once a week) carrot consumption and 0.6 and 0.3, respectively, for the highest levels of vegetable or fruit consumption (compared with the lowest ones). Consequently, a strong negative association emerged between estimated beta-carotene (but not retinol) intake and esophageal cancer risk. The risk of cancer of the esophagus was not significantly related to subjective scores of fat and whole-meal food intake; however, a strong positive association did emerge with measures of alcohol consumption. Although the information collected does not allow precise definition of specific micro-nutrient(s) causally related with esophageal cancer risk, the confirmation of marked differences in reported diet between esophageal cancer cases and controls is still of interest; this is mostly in consideration of the strength and persistence of the associations after allowing for alcohol and tobacco use in addition to indicators of socioeconomic status.     

Dietary indicators of oral and pharyngeal cancer

The relationship between frequency of consumption of a selected number of indicator foods and oral and oropharyngeal cancer risk was analysed in a case-control study conducted in Northern Italy on 105 cases of oral and pharyngeal cancer and 1169 controls in hospital for acute, non-neoplastic or digestive diseases. Besides significant and strong direct associations with tobacco (relative risk, RR = 11.0 for current versus never smokers) and alcohol (RR = 5.8 for upper versus lower consumption tertile), consumption of six food items (milk, meat, cheese, carrots, green vegetables and fruit) were inversely and significantly related to oral and pharyngeal cancer risk. The strongest protection was apparently related to frequent fruit consumption, with RRs of 0.8 and 0.2 in the two highest tertiles. Allowance for major potential confounding factors, including tobacco, alcohol and social class indicators explained only part of the dietary correlates observed. The two items remaining significant after multivariate analysis were fruit (RR = 0.3 for the upper tertile) and alcohol (RR = 3.8 for the upper tertile). The associations observed may simply reflect a generally poorer nutritional status in the cases, although the observation that fruit consumption appears to be a particularly important protective factor against oropharyngeal cancer is of potential interest, in terms of aetiological clues and preventive implications.     

Foodstuffs and colorectal cancer risk: a review

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To assess the relationships between food intake and colorectal cancer risk. METHODS: Systematic review of available prospective studies on dietary intake and colorectal cancer. RESULTS: Twelve out of 15 studies found no significant relationship between vegetable intake and colorectal cancer risk; also, 11 out of 14 studies found no relationship with fruit consumption. Conversely, the combined consumption of vegetables and fruit reduced colorectal cancer risk in three out of six studies, although the relationship was somewhat inconsistent between genders and anatomical localizations. Most studies found no relationship between cancer risk and red meat (15 in 20) or processed meat (seven out of 11) consumption; still, most of the reported relative risks were above unity, suggesting that high consumption of red or processed meat might increase colorectal cancer risk. The consumption of white meat, fish/seafood, dairy products, coffee or tea was mostly unrelated to colorectal cancer risk, although the consumption of smoked or salted fish actually increased risk. CONCLUSIONS: The relationships between dietary intake and colorectal cancer risk might be less important than previously reported. The combined consumption of vegetables and fruit might be protective, whereas excessive consumption of meat or smoked/salted/processed food appears to be deleterious.     

REPORTS

The risk of esophageal cancer, in relation to the frequency of consumption of selected dietary items, was evaluated in a hospital‐based case‐control study; this study was of 105 histologically confirmed cases and 348 control subjects with acute conditions unrelated to any of the established or potential risk factors for esophageal cancer. The frequency of consumption of carrots, green vegetables, or fresh fruits was lower in cases. Further, cases tended to eat meat and fish less frequently and eggs more frequently. The estimated multivariate relative risks were 0.6 for regular (more than once a week) carrot consumption and 0.6 and 0.3, respectively, for the highest levels of vegetable or fruit consumption (compared with the lowest ones). Consequently, a strong negative association emerged between estimated β‐carotene (but not retinol) intake and esophageal cancer risk. The risk of cancer of the esophagus was not significantly related to subjective scores of fat and whole‐meal food intake; however, a strong positive association did emerge with measures of alcohol consumption.

Although the information collected does not allow precise definition of specific micro‐nutrient(s) causally related with esophageal cancer risk, the confirmation of marked differences in reported diet between esophageal cancer cases and controls is still of interest; this is mostly in consideration of the strength and persistence of the associations after allowing for alcohol and tobacco use in addition to indicators of socioeconomic status.     

High-risk health behaviors associated with various dietary patterns.

We have previously identified dietary patterns among 1,475 male and 780 female normal healthy control subjects in a case-control study of cancer at various sites. In this paper we examine the presence, among persons exhibiting these dietary patterns, of individual health behaviors that may contribute to risks for cancer. Specifically we examine trimming of separable fat from meats, fats used in cooking and as additions to foods, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Results indicate that men and women differ in possession of these high-risk behaviors. Women are more likely to trim fat from meat, consume less alcohol, and have lower exposures to smoking. Their dietary patterns are more independent of the fats used. Several eating patterns are positively associated with total fat intake but differ in their associations with high-risk behaviors. These data suggest that assessing risk associated with dietary patterns sheds more light on disease relationships than studies of single nutrients.     

Long‐term (24‐year) recall reliability in cancer cases and controls using a 21‐item food frequency questionnaire

We have previously identified dietary patterns among 1,475 male and 780 female normal healthy control subjects in a case‐control study of cancer at various sites. In this paper we examine the presence, among persons exhibiting these dietary patterns, of individual health behaviors that may contribute to risks for cancer. Specifically we examine trimming of separable fat from meats, fats used in cooking and as additions to foods, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Results indicate that men and women differ in possession of these high‐risk behaviors. Women are more likely to trim fat from meat, consume less alcohol, and have lower exposures to smoking. Their dietary patterns are more independent of the fats used. Several eating patterns are positively associated with total fat intake but differ in their associations with high‐risk behaviors. These data suggest that assessing risk associated with dietary patterns sheds more light on disease relationships than studies of single nutrients.     

Fat intake, diet variety and health promotion

Different epidemiological studies indicated that the optimization of diet and nutrition combined with healthy life style can decrease the risk and even lead to amelioration of various noncommunicable diseases. Promising food-based dietary guidelines have been recommended in order to improve the nutritional and health status. One of the most popular recommendations is related to the amount (less fat and fat-rich foods) and type of the dietary fat component (less saturated, more polyunsaturated fatty acids, lower n-6:n-3 ratio). An overview on the nutrient intake among different age groups in Austria shows that the general consumption of some food groups--especially those rich in carbohydrates--is too low and that the intake of fat is far beyond the recommended amount of 30% of total energy (E%). The results of the 24-hour recall made among Austrian adults (n = 2,585) showed that about 18% of this population group had a fat intake of 30-35 E%, whereas 60% had an intake higher than 35 E%. Only 24% of the female and male adults had a fat intake lower than 30 E%. A result of this high proportion of fat--in the form of foods rich in fat--in the average total energy consumption is a too low intake of carbohydrates, and foods rich in carbohydrates, respectively. An increasing fat intake is associated with an increasing intake of some nutrients such as vitamin A, E, calcium and zinc, but a decreasing intake of other nutrients like vitamin C, folate, carotenoids and others. The diversity of foods consumed during a day increases with decreasing amount of fat in the diet of adults. People with a high amount of fat in their daily diet show a lower intake of vegetables and fruit, cereal products, carotenoids, folates and dietary fibers, but a higher intake of meat and meat products, milk and milk products, sweets and flummeries as well as saturated fatty acids (SFA) and cholesterol. Of course, a higher variety of food items in the daily diet should not be associated with a higher energy intake. Thus, foods with a high nutrient density (vegetables, fruits, low-fat milk products, whole grain cereals, legumes etc.) are recommended. Finally, it has to be annotated that a high diversity in the daily diet with reduced fat and SFA intake allows a sufficient nutrient intake and is an important approach for health promotion.     

Trends in diet and breast cancer mortality in England and Wales 1928–1977

Trends in age‐adjusted breast cancer mortality and consumption of meat, fat, sugar, cereal, and fruit and vegetables were studied for England and Wales over the 50‐year period from 1928 to 1977. At the onset of World War II, there was a marked reduction in both breast cancer mortality and intake of sugar, meat and fat, and an increased consumption of cereals and vegetables. Consumption of these foodstuffs returned to pre‐war levels by 1954, but breast cancer mortality did not return to pre‐war levels until some 15 years later. The association between the various dietary components and subsequent breast cancer mortality was determined for various lag intervals. Significant correlations were found for cereal, fat, sugar and meat consumption, the correlation being maximal for a diet‐breast cancer death lag interval of 12 years.

These findings add weight to the hypothesis that breast cancer development is related to a diet rich in meat, fat and sugar, and that some protection against cancer may be afforded by a reduction in these dietary components and an increase in cereal consumption.     

Diet and mortality from common cancers in Brazil: an ecological study

A prospective ecological evaluation of mortality from common malignancies with dietary risk factors and alcohol consumption was carried out among 10 state capitals of Brazil. Regression analysis was used to examine the association of dietary intake with mortality rates of the most common cancers among adults age 30 years and older. Age-adjusted cancer mortality rates varied 2.4 to 3.3 fold across the state capitals. A positive relationship was observed between energy intake and colon, lung, and esophageal cancer (p相似文献   

Dairy Products and Prostate Cancer Risk

Differences in the frequency of consumption of 30 selected foods and in the estimated intake of total calories and selected nutrients in relation to alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, and education were described using information obtained from 1,774 controls of a case‐control study of digestive tract cancers conducted in northern Italy. Heavy alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, and lower level of education were associated with a diet poorer in several aspects, including lower consumption of fresh fruit and green vegetables and higher intake of specific indicator foods, such as sausages and canned meat. For instance, the mean number of portions of fresh fruit per week was 10.5 among male nondrinkers vs. 9.0 among heavy drinkers, 10.4 among male nonsmokers vs. 8.1 among heavy smokers, and 8.8 in less educated individuals vs. 10.7 among those more educated. Consequently, intake of ß‐carotene, ascorbic acid, and calcium tended to be inversely related to alcohol and tobacco and directly related to education. Most associations were stronger in males, for whom alcohol consumption was also more common in less educated individuals. Calorie intake was directly related to alcohol consumption, largely reflecting calories provided by alcohol itself. However, alcohol drinking was also directly related to fat consumption. In both sexes, there was a strong positive correlation between cigarette smoking and coffee drinking. These results provide quantitative documentation that alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, and education, three of the major determinants of cancer risks, were also correlates of dietary patterns and, hence, may exert an important confounding or modifying effect on the diet and cancer relationship.     

会宁县高一学生膳食营养摄入状况评价

目的了解会宁县高一学生的膳食摄入状况和膳食模式,为进一步改善和提高学生的膳食营养状况提供基础资料。方法采用24h回顾调查法结合称重法、记账法,收集被调查者连续7d的膳食摄入情况;采用膳食频率法结合称重法,收集312名被调查对象连续1年的食物消费资料。结果调查对象膳食结构以谷薯类为主,杂粮摄入量占谷薯类总量的5左右;谷薯类、水果类、豆类、奶类、蛋类食物的日平均摄入量均高于2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查水平;男、女生在精米面、杂粮、谷薯类、肉类摄入量上差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。男生铁的摄入量基本满足需求;有80以上的学生锌、钙、维生素A、维生素B2摄入量未达到AI或者RNI。三大产能营养素供能及一日三餐能量分配不合理,膳食蛋白质、钙、铁80以上来源于植物性食物,14左右的脂肪酸来源于多不饱和脂肪酸。结论应增加会宁县高一学生蔬菜水果、动物瘦肉、奶类、豆类等食物的摄入量,提高优质蛋白质、钙、铁、锌、维生素A、维生素B2的摄入量。     

Differences in dietary intake with smoking, alcohol, and education.

Differences in the frequency of consumption of 30 selected foods and in the estimated intake of total calories and selected nutrients in relation to alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, and education were described using information obtained from 1,774 controls of a case-control study of digestive tract cancers conducted in northern Italy. Heavy alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, and lower level of education were associated with a diet poorer in several aspects, including lower consumption of fresh fruit and green vegetables and higher intake of specific indicator foods, such as sausages and canned meat. For instance, the mean number of portions of fresh fruit per week was 10.5 among male nondrinkers vs. 9.0 among heavy drinkers, 10.4 among male nonsmokers vs. 8.1 among heavy smokers, and 8.8 in less educated individuals vs. 10.7 among those more educated. Consequently, intake of beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, and calcium tended to be inversely related to alcohol and tobacco and directly related to education. Most associations were stronger in males, for whom alcohol consumption was also more common in less educated individuals. Calorie intake was directly related to alcohol consumption, largely reflecting calories provided by alcohol itself. However, alcohol drinking was also directly related to fat consumption. In both sexes, there was a strong positive correlation between cigarette smoking and coffee drinking. These results provide quantitative documentation that alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, and education, three of the major determinants of cancer risks, were also correlates of dietary patterns and, hence, may exert an important confounding or modifying effect on the diet and cancer relationship.     

Public health implications of dietary differences between social status and occupational category groups.

STUDY OBJECTIVE--As there is a social status gradient in chronic disease mortality in Australia, this study aimed to establish whether there were substantial differences among socioeconomically defined groups with respect to food choice and nutrient intake, in the context of risk of nutrition related chronic diseases. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS--Cross sectional data were collected from a randomly selected population sample of 1500 urban Australian adults. Data were collected by postal questionnaire, which included an assessment of dietary intake and questions on sociodemographic details. Three measures of social position were collected: occupation, educational status, and income status. Occupation was interpreted both on a continuous, prestige scale, and also as categorical occupational groupings. MAIN RESULTS--The study achieved a 70% response rate. Higher social status was generally associated with healthier dietary intakes, with lower fat and refined sugar densities, and higher fibre densities, but also with higher alcohol density. No differences were found in salt, polyunsaturated fat, protein, or complex carbohydrate densities across groups. Food intake differences were also found between occupational status groups, with the upper social groups tending to consume more wholegrain cereal foods, low fat milk, and fruit, and less refined cereal foods, full cream milk, fried meat, meat products, and discretionary sugar; but also more cheese and meat dishes. CONCLUSIONS--Although this study did show statistically significant differences across social status groups in relation to nutrient and food intakes, these differences were small compared to the disparity between intakes of all groups and the recommended patterns of intake, and did not appear to be great enough to be a major explanatory variable in differences in disease risk across groups.     

Nutritional knowlegde, lifestyle and food groups intake in the group of the first year students of Agricultural University in Wroclaw

In this paper, the level of nutritional knowledge, lifestyle and food group intake was assessed in the first year students of Agricultural University in Wroclaw, by using nutritional questionnaire. Generally, the level of knowledge of principles of rational nutrition was particularly low. Inadequate low intake of cereal, milk, meat products, potatoes, fruit and vegetables was noticed in group of women. Too high intake of meat products, eggs and plant fat was observed in the group of men.     

Use of oral contraceptives in relation to dietary habits and alcohol consumption

The relationship between oral contraceptive (OC) use, dietary habits and alcohol consumption in young women was studied in Troms?, Norway. A total of 5,800 women aged 20-39 years answered a questionnaire in 1986/1987. Women with long-term duration of OC use reported more frequent intake of meat for dinner, preferred low-fat milk and drank less coffee. For other food items such as intake of fats, fish, fruit and vegetables, no differences were found. Strong associations were found for alcohol consumption, with increasing frequency of use among long-term users of OCs. These results are discussed in relation to the possible association between OC use and breast cancer in young women.     

Usual Dietary Intake among Female Breast Cancer Survivors Is Not Significantly Different from Women with No Cancer History: Results of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2006

Dietary intake is a modifiable behavior that may reduce the risk of recurrence and death among breast cancer survivors. Cancer survivors are encouraged to consume a diet rich in fruit, vegetables, and whole grains and limit red meat, processed meat, and alcohol intake. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003-2006), this study examined whether breast cancer survivors and women with no history of cancer differed in the distribution of usual intake of foods included in the dietary recommendations for preventing cancer and recurrences. Participants completed one or two 24-hour dietary recalls. The food groups included in this analysis were whole fruit; total vegetables; dark green and orange vegetables; whole grains; red meat; processed meat; alcohol; and calories from solid fat, alcohol, and added sugar. The National Cancer Institute Method was used to estimate the distribution of usual intake and to compare breast cancer survivors (n=102) to noncancer respondents (n=2,684). Using age and cancer survivor as covariates, subgroup estimates of usual intake were constructed. No significant group differences were found, except that survivors reported a greater intake of whole grains. More than 90% of both groups did not meet recommendations for fruits, vegetables, and whole grains; 75.4% and 70.2%, respectively, consumed less than the red meat recommendation; and <10% of either group met the recommendation for percent energy from solid fat, alcohol, and added sugar. The diet of breast cancer survivors was not significantly different from women with no history of cancer.