EIAV减毒疫苗诱导马外周血单个核细胞Th1型细胞因子的转录

目的：探讨马传染性贫血病毒驴白细胞减毒疫苗免疫马后,外周血单个核细胞中Th1型细胞因子转录水平与免疫保护应答的关系,揭示DLV的免疫保护机制。方法：应用分子克隆及实时定量RT-PCR技术,建立了马PBMC中IFNγ-、IL-2、IL-12 mRNA转录水平的定量检测方法,定期观察4组（疫苗免疫组、阴性对照组、强毒株阳性对照组、自然感染组）12匹马外周血PBMC中细胞因子的转录水平及分布特征,同时监测体温变化等指标。疫苗株免疫动物8个月后,用EIAV强毒株攻击,观察攻击前后细胞因子转录水平的变化。结果：DLV免疫马,在免疫后3周外周血PBMC中IFN-γ、IL-2转录量显著高于阴性对照组及自然感染组（P〈0.01）;免疫后用EIAV强毒株攻击,IFNγ-、IL-2和IL-12转录的量明显升高,免疫马获得完全保护;强毒株攻击阳性对照马IFN-γ、IL-2转录量随疾病进展波动,发热期下降。结论：本研究首次证明EIAV减毒疫苗可诱导马外周血PBMC中IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-12基因高效转录,其转录水平与DLV的免疫保护密切相关,此结果在分子水平为阐明DLV的免疫保护机制提供了新的实验依据。     

EIAV减毒疫苗免疫后马外周血单个核细胞中IFN-γ的转录

目的:探讨马传染性贫血病毒(Equineinfectiousa-nemiavirus,EIAV)驴白细胞减毒疫苗(DLV)免疫马后,外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中IFN-γmRNA转录水平与免疫保护应答的关系,揭示DLV的免疫保护机制。方法:应用分子克隆及实时定量RT-PCR技术,建立马PBMC中IFN-γmRNA转录水平的定量检测方法,在不同时间点定期观察4组(疫苗免疫组、阴性对照组、强毒株阳性对照组及EIAV自然感染组)12匹马PBMC中IFN-γmRNA的转录水平及分布特征,同时监测体温变化等指标。疫苗株免疫动物8个月后,用EIAV强毒株攻击,观察攻击前后IFN-γmRNA转录水平的变化。结果:疫苗免疫马在免疫期内,PBMC中IFN-γmRNA转录的量显著高于阴性对照组及自然感染组(P<0.01)。免疫后用EIAV强毒株攻击,IFN-γ转录的量继续升高,4匹免疫马均获得完全保护;强毒株阳性对照组IFN-γmRNA转录的量随疾病的进展波动,发热期明显下降。结论:本研究首次证明,EIAV减毒疫苗可诱导马PBMC中IFN-γ基因高效转录,其转录水平与DLV的免疫保护密切相关。此结果在分子水平为阐明DLV的免疫保护机制提供了新的实验依据。     

CFSE检测马传染性贫血病毒疫苗免疫马T细胞增殖方法的建立

目的:以流式细胞术(FCM)检测马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)抗原特异性的T淋巴细胞增殖.方法:将新鲜分离的马外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)进行CFSE 染色, 经纯化病毒体外刺激并培养5 d后, 进行T淋巴细胞亚型标记, 检测特异性增殖的CD4 和CD8 细胞比例.结果:对马PBMC的染色浓度、特异性刺激物的种类及反应时间等条件进行了优化.可对马外周血抗原特异性T淋巴细胞不同亚型的增殖水平进行定量评价 .结论:FCM检测方法为研究马传染性贫血病毒疫苗免疫保护机制提供了一个有效的手段; 该法也可以为其他病毒的免疫学研究提供借鉴.     

树突状细胞负载肝癌可溶性抗原后的免疫应答

目的 用负载肝癌可溶性抗原的DC诱导肝癌特异性T细胞。方法 在体外用GM－CSF和IL－4诱导健康人外周血单核细胞，使其分化为高纯度树突状细胞（DC）。用负载人肝癌细胞株SMMC－7721可溶性抗原的DC诱导自身淋巴细胞。结果 诱导后淋巴细胞增殖指数大于1．5，表面CD56分子表达下降，CD3^ T/CD4^ T和CD3^ T/CD8^ T细胞比例增加，以CD3^ T/CD4^ T细胞比例增加最为明显。CD4／CD8比例由诱导前的0．84增加为1．04，活化前后γδ比例没有改变。活化后的淋巴细胞不但可杀伤SMMC－7721细胞，同时还可不同程度的杀伤其它3株肝癌细胞。另外，诱导7d的DC可不同程度的抑制4株肝癌细胞和胃癌细胞。结论 实验结果为肝癌DC疫苗的研究提供了理论基础。     

肺癌患者CD4+CD25high Foxp3+调节性T细胞的格局变化及意义

目的：研究肺癌患者外周血（PBMC）及肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞（TIL）中CD4^＋ CD25^high Foxp3^＋调节性T细胞（Treg）的比例改变，探讨其在抗肿瘤免疫中的调节作用。方法：分离肺癌患者PBMC及TIL，FACS分析CD4^＋／CD8^＋T细胞的比值及CD4^＋ CD25^highT细胞占CD4^＋T细胞的比例。Real-time PCR检测Treg特异性转录因子Foxp3基因在PBMC及TIL中的表达。结果：肺癌患者PBMC及TIL中CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值降低；而CD4^＋ CD25^high T细胞在CD4^＋T细胞中所占比例升高；Foxp3基因仅在TIL中高表达，而在PBMC中低或不表达，表明肿瘤局部的CD4^＋ CD25^high T细胞主要是CD4^＋ CD25^high Foxp3^＋ Treg。结合临床资料分析显示Treg在肺腺癌比例较高。结论：CD4^＋ CD25^high Foxp3^＋ Treg在肺癌患者肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞中明显升高，可能与其通过细胞与细胞间接触抑制CD8^＋T细胞的杀伤效应，最终发挥免疫抑制效应相关。     

真核表达4-1BBL调节淋巴细胞功能活性及抗肿瘤效应的研究

目的：在非免疫非肿瘤细胞中转染表达4-1BBL，并研究4-1BBL在调节淋巴细胞功能活性及抗肿瘤方面的作用和机制。方法：构建含有4-1BBL全长eDNA序列的表达质粒p4-1BBL，脂质体介导体外转染BHK细胞，G418筛选出阳性克隆，RT-PCR、免疫细胞化学染色及免疫印迹检测4-1BBL的表达，检测BHK细胞表达的4-1BBL对脾淋巴细胞增殖和杀伤活性的影响；建立小鼠H22肝细胞癌移植瘤模型，裸DNA肌肉注射法体内转染表达4-1BBL进行肿瘤治疗，检测肿瘤生长速度；另外，利用免疫组化染色法分析瘤周组织中CD8^＋T淋巴细胞。结果：BHK细胞转染表达的4-1BBL能够显著增强肿瘤抗原肽激活的脾淋巴细胞增殖和杀瘤活性（P〈0．01），并显著提高IL-2和IFN-γ表达水平（P〈0．01），同时增强非特异性免疫杀伤活性。肿瘤接种部位转染表达4-1BBL，瘤周组织中CD8^＋T淋巴细胞数量显著增加（P〈0．01），肿瘤生长速率显著低于生理盐水对照组和空载体对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：在肿瘤微环境中的正常细胞转染表达4-1BBL，能够有效促进T细胞增殖及杀伤等功能活性，可望成为肿瘤免疫生物治疗的一种新的手段。     

颗粒性HBV多CTL表位基因诱导BALB/c小鼠的免疫应答研究

目的：研究含HBV多CTL表位的杂合HBc基因免疫BALB/c小鼠所诱导的免疫应答.方法：构建以HBV多CTL表位取代MIR区基因的杂合HBc基因疫苗（pHBcMep）并以肌肉注射方式免疫BALB/c小鼠,ELISA、流式细胞术、LDH释放法等分别检测血清特异性抗体与淋巴细胞分泌的IFN-γ水平、CD4^＋/CD8^＋T细胞比例变化及特异性CTLs活性等免疫应答指标.结果：颗粒性杂合HBc基因疫苗pHBcMep免疫BALB/c小鼠诱导明显抗体应答,末次免疫后2周,特异性抗preS2抗体阳性率达100%（12/12）,最高效价1∶1 000,同时诱导淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ能力增强和刺激CTLs活化,其杀伤活性达16 IU30,CD4^＋/CD8^＋T细胞比例明显升高,且诱导明显回忆反应.结论：颗粒性HBV多CTL表位基因疫苗pHBcMep具有良好免疫原性,能迅速诱导高活性体液和细胞免疫应答及回忆反应.     

肺癌DC融合细胞诱导的抗肿瘤免疫应答

目的 研究肺癌DC融合细胞FLD－A11体内外诱导免疫应答的能力,方法 用MTT法测定FLD－A11细胞诱导淋巴细胞增殖的能力;ELISA法检测其诱导淋巴细胞分泌IL－2的水平;LDH释放法测定FLD－A11细胞免疫后小鼠脾淋巴细胞的特异性CTL活性。结果 FLD－A11有有效刺激淋巴细胞的增殖反应（SC：RC＝1：50时,SI＝2.38）,诱导淋巴细胞分泌IL－2。FLD－A11细胞免疫后,小鼠的胸腺和脾脏重量均高于对照组（P＜0.05）,脾淋巴细胞对Lewis肺癌细胞的杀伤活性显著高于对照组。结论 FLD－A11细胞具有诱导初次抗肿瘤免疫应答的能力,不仅能在体外诱导淋巴细胞的增殖和IL－2的分泌,而且体内免疫接种也能引起小鼠免疫器官的增生反应,产生针对Lewis肺癌的特异性CTL杀伤作用。     

实时定量PCR检测马传染性贫血病毒载量方法的建立和应用

目的建立实时定量PCR检测血浆病毒载量的方法，对马传染性贫血病毒（equine infectious anemia virus，EIAV）强毒株攻毒马和疫苗免疫攻毒马血浆中病毒载量进行了跟踪检测，探讨病毒载量和临床疾病状态的相关性。方法以EIAV强毒株LN40序列为标准，在gag保守区设计1对引物和Taqman探针，用于实时定量PCR扩增，用含扩增目的基因的体外转录RNA作标准品，获得标准曲线，对扩增样品进行准确定量。强毒株LN40直接攻毒，或者疫苗株DLV免疫马6个月后用强毒株LN40进行攻毒，跟踪检测攻毒马及免疫攻毒马血浆中EIAV载量情况。结果反应在10^1～10^9copies／ml之间具有良好的线性关系，反应的检出下限为10copies／ml。强毒攻毒马出现发热并最终死亡，发热期间马血浆中EIAV载量与体温呈正相关，载量最高达10^7copies／ml。免疫攻毒马未出现发热，其血浆EIAV载量的总体水平低于强毒攻毒马，攻毒后3个月低至10copies／ml以下。结论成功建立了实时定量PCR检测血浆EIAV载量的方法，并证实了用实时荧光定量PER检测EIAV病毒载量的方法来监测动物感染状态具有可行性，为EIAV致病机制研究和弱毒疫苗免疫保护机制的研究提供良好的技术平台。     

肿瘤抗原联合CD40L致敏树突状细胞诱导CTLs杀伤K562细胞的实验研究

目的：以健康人外周血单核细胞为前体细胞，体外诱导为树突状细胞（DCs），负载K562细胞冻融抗原，并联合CD40L诱导产生特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTLs）对K562细胞的杀伤作用。方法:密度梯度离心法、贴壁法分离健康人外周血单核细胞，应用rhGM-CSF、rhIL-4、rhTNF-α等细胞因子诱导扩增，培养DCs，用K562细胞冻融抗原联合rhsCD40L致敏DCs。实验分4组：K562细胞冻融抗原致敏DCs为实验组A，联合CD40L致敏DCs为实验组B，未致敏DCs为对照组A，单核细胞+异体淋巴细胞组为对照组B，观察CTLs对K562细胞的杀伤效应。结果:培养出具有典型特征的DCs，表达CD40最高达96%、CD86达97%、CD80为77%、CD1a为 69%，体外能诱导强烈的同种异体混合淋巴细胞增殖反应。在效靶比为 20∶1 时，实验组A对K562细胞的杀伤率为71.3%，实验组B为86.9%，对照组A为37.6%，对照组B为21.1%。实验组均显示高水平杀伤率，与对照组比较差异显著（P＜0.05），实验组B加CD40L杀伤率高于实验组A（P＜0.05） 。结论：K562细胞冻融抗原冲击致敏DCs能有效诱导T细胞特异性抗白血病作用，联合CD40L能增强其CTL的杀伤作用。     

重组杆状病毒表达的EIAV Env蛋白与含有env基因重组痘苗病毒的联合免疫

目的：构建新型的马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)的候选疫苗：方法：利用BAC—To—BAC杆状病毒表达系统，将中国马传贫驴白细胞弱毒疫苗(EIAV DLV)及其亲本株(EIAV LN)env基因导入到杆状病毒基因组中。转染昆虫细胞后，得到的重组病毒用SDS—PAGE和Western blot检测表达产物。以本实验室构建的含有EIAV env基因的重组痘苗病毒，单独或与重组杆状病毒表达的EIAV Env蛋白联合免疫小鼠。结果：构建的重组杆状病毒能正确表达全长Env蛋白。与单独免疫组相比，联合免疫组免疫应答显著增强，其中中和抗体的滴度提高5～9倍。结论：含有EIAV env基因的重组痘苗病毒与Env蛋白抗原联合免疫，能够诱导高滴度的中和抗体。     

Development of a fluorescence polarization-based diagnostic assay for equine infectious anemia virus

The control of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) infections of horses has been over the past 20 years based primarily on the identification and elimination of seropositive horses, predominantly by a standardized agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assay in centralized reference laboratories. This screening for EIAV-seropositive horses has been to date hindered by the lack of a rapid diagnostic format that can be easily employed in the field. We describe here the development of a rapid solution-phase assay for the presence of serum antibodies to EIAV based on fluorescence polarization (FP) (patent pending). Peptides derived from antigenic regions of EIAV core and envelope proteins were initially screened for their utility as probes in an FP assay to select the best peptide antigen candidates. The FP assay was optimized to detect the presence of EIAV-specific antibodies by a change in the FP of a fluorescein-labeled immunoreactive peptide diagnostic antigen. The most sensitive and specific peptide probe was a peptide corresponding to the immunodominant region of the EIAV transmembrane protein, gp45. This probe was tested for its reactivity in the optimized FP assay with 151 AGID-positive horse sera and 106 AGID-negative serum samples. The results of these studies demonstrated that the FP assay reactivity correlated with reported AGID results in 106 of 106 negative serum samples (100% specificity) and in 135 of 151 positive serum samples (89.4% sensitivity). The FP assay was also found to have a very low background reactivity and to readily detect antibodies produced early in infection (相似文献   

马传染性贫血病毒囊膜蛋白GP90的表达及其免疫效果研究

目的：探索马传染性贫血病毒（EIAV）野毒株（强毒，LN）和疫苗毒株（弱毒，DLV）的囊膜蛋白GP90作为鉴别诊断试剂的效果及基因工程疫苗的可能性。方法：将中国EIAV疫苗株（DLV）及其亲本毒株辽毒株（LN）接种于驴外周血白细胞培养物，提取前病毒DNA，并以其为模板，经聚合酶链法（PCR）扩增出LN和DLV的GP90片段，在Bac-to-Bac杆状病毒表达系统表达。表达的GP90蛋白经金属离子亲和层析（IMAC）纯化后免疫小鼠，ELISA法检测抗EIAV抗体，中和试验检测中和抗体活性。同时对DLV和LN GP90的核苷酸与氨基酸进行比较。结果：DLV和LN GP90核苷酸序列的同源性为95．3％，氨基酸序列的同源性为87.7％。未加佐剂组抗体滴度为800，佐剂组抗体滴度达1600;不加佐剂组的中和抗体滴度在40－80之间，加佐剂组中和抗体滴度在80－160之间。结论：成功构建了分别表达EIAV野毒株LN和疫苗毒株DLV囊膜蛋白GP90的重组杆状病毒，大量表达的蛋白纯化后纯度较好，该纯化产物在小鼠体内可激发良好的体液免疫应答。     

Immune reconstitution prevents continuous equine infectious anemia virus replication in an Arabian foal with severe combined immunodeficiency: lessons for control of lentiviruses.

Acute infection with equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), a lentivirus of horses, results in a persistent high-level viremia in Arabian foals affected with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). This observation argues against the idea that the transient nature of acute lentiviral viremia is solely a function of viral population dynamics. To extend these studies, EIAV-specific immune reconstitution was attempted prior to EIAV challenge in two SCID foals, using adoptively transferred virus-stimulated lymphocytes derived from persistently EIAV-infected half sibling donors. Following transfer, lymphocyte engraftment occurred in one foal, and EIAV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes as well as neutralizing antibody activity developed. Following a brief period of plasma viremia in this foal, EIAV replication was controlled and plasma virus could not be detected by RT-PCR or culture. These results provide further direct evidence that a specific immune response is required for termination of plasma viremia in acute lentiviral infections.     

A pilot study on an attenuated Chinese EIAV vaccine inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies

The attenuated Chinese equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) vaccine has successfully protected millions of equine animals from EIA disease in China. In this pilot study, to determine whether this attenuated vaccine can induce broadly neutralizing antibodies, we immunized four horses with the attenuated Chinese vaccine strain EIAVFDDV and then observed the evolution of neutralizing antibodies against different EIAV strains. During the vaccination phase, all vaccinees rapidly developed high levels of neutralizing antibodies against the homologous vaccine strain (pLGFD3V), and 3 out of 4 horses showed a gradual increase in serum neutralizing activity against two relatively heterologous virulent variants of the challenge strain (pLGFD3Mu12V and DLV34). After challenge, the three horses that had developed high levels of neutralizing antibodies against pLGFD3Mu12V and DLV34 did not show signs of infection, which was demonstrated by immune suppression, while the one horse producing serum that could only neutralize pLGFD3V developed a febrile episode during the 8-month observation period. To assess whether the broadly neutralizing activity is associated with immune protection, sera drawn on the day of challenge from these four vaccinees and an additional four EIAVFDDV-vaccinated horses were analyzed for neutralizing antibodies against pLGFD3V, pLGFD3Mu12V and DLV34. Although there was no significant correlation between protection from infection and serum neutralizing activity against any of these three viral strains, protection from infection was observed to correlate better with serum neutralizing activity against the two heterologous virulent strains than against the homologous vaccine strain. These data indicate that EIAVFDDV induced broadly neutralizing antibodies, which might confer enhanced protection of vaccinees from infection by the challenge virus.     

Lymphocyte proliferation responses induced to broadly reactive Th peptides did not protect against equine infectious anemia virus challenge

The effect of immunization with five lipopeptides, three containing T-helper (Th) epitopes and two with both Th and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, on equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) challenge was evaluated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from EIAV lipopeptide-immunized horses had significant proliferative responses to Th peptides compared with those preimmunization, and the responses were attributed to significant responses to peptides Gag from positions 221 to 245 (Gag 221-245), Gag 250-269, and Pol 326-347; however, there were no consistent CTL responses. The significant proliferative responses in the EIAV lipopeptide-immunized horses allowed testing of the hypothesis that Th responses to immunization would enhance Th and CTL responses following EIAV challenge and lessen the viral load and the severity of clinical disease. The EIAV lipopeptide-immunized group did have a significant increase in proliferative responses to Th peptides 1 week after virus challenge, whereas the control group did not. Two weeks after challenge, a significant CTL response to virus-infected cell targets occurred in the EIAV lipopeptide-immunized group compared to that in the control group. These Th and CTL responses did not significantly alter either the number of viral RNA copies/ml or disease severity. Thus, lipopeptide-induced proliferative responses and enhanced Th and CTL responses early after virus challenge were unable to control challenge virus load and clinical disease.     

Lymphocyte Proliferation Responses Induced to Broadly Reactive Th Peptides Did Not Protect against Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Challenge

The effect of immunization with five lipopeptides, three containing T-helper (Th) epitopes and two with both Th and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, on equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) challenge was evaluated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from EIAV lipopeptide-immunized horses had significant proliferative responses to Th peptides compared with those preimmunization, and the responses were attributed to significant responses to peptides Gag from positions 221 to 245 (Gag 221-245), Gag 250-269, and Pol 326-347; however, there were no consistent CTL responses. The significant proliferative responses in the EIAV lipopeptide-immunized horses allowed testing of the hypothesis that Th responses to immunization would enhance Th and CTL responses following EIAV challenge and lessen the viral load and the severity of clinical disease. The EIAV lipopeptide-immunized group did have a significant increase in proliferative responses to Th peptides 1 week after virus challenge, whereas the control group did not. Two weeks after challenge, a significant CTL response to virus-infected cell targets occurred in the EIAV lipopeptide-immunized group compared to that in the control group. These Th and CTL responses did not significantly alter either the number of viral RNA copies/ml or disease severity. Thus, lipopeptide-induced proliferative responses and enhanced Th and CTL responses early after virus challenge were unable to control challenge virus load and clinical disease.