中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血26例临床分析

目的总结中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（PNSH）的临床特点。方法分析2006年10月一2008年4月我院收治的经CT证实并行全脑血管造影的PNSH26例的临床特点。结果所有患者均无意识丧失,无神经定位体征,Hunt—Hess分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,CT上出血部位在中脑周围的脑池,DSA检查均为阴性。采用对症治疗,未发生再出血、脑积水、继发性脑血管痉挛等并发症。结论PNSH临床表现平稳、恢复快、预后良好、并发症少。正确认识PNSH,可以缩短住院时间和减少重复脑血管造影,但首次诊断需行脑血管造影排除动脉瘤的可能。     

Subcortical hematoma caused by cerebral amyloid angiopathy: Does the first evidence of hemorrhage occur in the subarachnoid space?

Six autopsy cases of subcortical hematoma caused by CAA were examined to elucidate the primary site of hemorrhage. Immunohistochemistry for amyloid β‐protein (Aβ) revealed extensive CAA in the intrasulcal meningeal vessels rather than in the cerebral cortical vessels. All of the examined cases had multiple hematomas in the subarachnoid space, mainly in the cerebral sulci, as well as intracerebral hematomas. Each intracerebral hematoma was connected to the subarachnoid hematomas at the depth of cerebral sulci or through the lateral side of the cortex. There was no debris of the cerebral cortical tissue in the subarachnoid hematomas. In case 2, another solitary subarachnoid hematoma, which was not connected to any intracerebral hematoma, was seen. In all of these subarachnoid hematomas, many ruptured Aβ‐immunopositive arteries were observed. These ruptured arteries did not accompany any debris of the brain tissue, some of them were large in diameter (250–300 µm), and several of them were far from the cerebral cortex. Therefore, it was considered that they were not cortical arteries but meningeal arteries. Within the cerebral cortex, there were only a few ruptured arteries associated with small hemorrhages. There were no ruptured vessels within the intracerebral hematomas. There was a strong suggestion that all of the subarachnoid hematomas, including the solitary one in case 2, originated from the rupture of the meningeal arteries. The present study indicates that in some cases of subcortical hematoma caused by CAA, the primary hemorrhage occurs in the subarachnoid space, in particular the cerebral sulci, because of rupture of multiple meningeal arteries. Infarction occurs subsequently in the cortex around the hematoma, the hematoma penetrates into the brain parenchyma, and finally, a subcortical hematoma is formed.     

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related atraumatic convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an ARIA before the tsunami

Atraumatic convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage (cSAH) in elderly patients is a rare entity that has been associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and intracerebral hematomas (ICH). To characterize this entity and to study these associations, 22 patients over 60 with cSAH were included in a multicenter ambispective cohort study. Clinical data, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, APOE genotyping, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers were evaluated. Results were compared with data from healthy controls (HC), non-cSAH CAA patients (CAAo), and Alzheimer disease patients. Convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage presented with transient sensory or motor symptoms. At follow-up (median 30.7 months), 5 patients had died, 6 survivors showed functional disability (modified Rankins Scale (mRS)>2), and 12 cognitive impairment. Four patients had prior ICH and six had an ICH during follow-up. CSF-Aß40 and Aß42 levels were lower in cSAH and CAAo compared with HC. Convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage presented an APOE-ɛ2 overrepresentation and CAAo had an APOE-ɛ4 overrepresentation. On MRI, all patients fulfilled CAA-modified Boston criteria and 9 showed cortical ischemia in the surrounding cortex or the vicinity of superficial siderosis. The neuropathologic study, available in one patient, showed severe CAA and advanced Alzheimer-type pathology. Convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage in the elderly is associated with cognitive impairment and lobar ICH occurrence. Our findings support the existence of an underlying CAA pathology.     

中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血的临床特点

目的探讨中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,PNSAH)的临床特点。方法回顾性分析2007年1月-2017年1月我科收治的27例PNSAH患者的临床表现、影像学资料及诊疗情况。结果 27例PNSAH患者首次全脑数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)阴性,2周后复查DSA或脑CT血管造影(computed tomographic angiography,CTA)仍为阴性。住院期间所有患者病程呈良性过程,平均住院时间(13.5±3.2)天。随访7个月~10年,平均(5.2±3.1)年,无再出血,也没有局灶性神经功能缺损。结论 PNSAH是一类特殊的、具有良好的病程和预后的SAH,其并发症和后遗症较少。临床上需严格其诊断标准。     

Venous drainage patterns in perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE: The precise etiology of perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (P-SAH) has not yet been determined. We decided to compare the venograms of patients with P-SAH with those of patients with aneurysmal SAH (A-SAH) to examine the relationship between P-SAH and venous drainage patterns. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 18 patients with P-SAH during the past 10 years and 112 patients with ruptured A-SAH during the past 4 years by reevaluating their venograms for possible abnormalities in venous structures, particularly focusing on the basal vein of Rosenthal (BVR). Anatomical variants were classified into three types according to the drainage pathway. RESULTS: The location and drainage pathway of the BVR proved to be a significantly more primitive configuration in patients with P-SAH than in those with A-SAH (P<0.05). On the other hand, physical action including components of the Valsalva maneuver were the cause of nine cases of P-SAH (69.2%) in this case profile. The occurrence rate was significantly higher in the P-SAH group than in the A-SAH group (14.3%) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that failure of longitudinal anastomoses between the primary primitive veins as well as excessive strenuous exertion including components of the Valsalva maneuver plays an important predisposing role in the etiology of P-SAH.     

Vascular risk factors for perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

No data have been published on the role of vascular risk factors for perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (PMSAH). In a case-control study we compared the prevalence of vascular risk factors in 40 consecutive patients who suffered a perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage with that in two controls groups: (a) 120 subjects registered with a general practitioner (GP; matched at a 3 : 1 ratio for age and sex) and (b) 81 proxies of patients of a hospital outpatient clinic. A conditional multivariate logistic regression model was performed taking into account the matched design. Hypertension was more frequent among PMSAH patients than among the two control group subjects for men and women. Among women, smoking was more common in PMSAH than in the GP control group. The conditional multivariate logistic regression model confirmed that hypertension was an independent risk factor for PMSAH (P = 0.036) Hypertension is a preventable risk factor of PMSAH. Received: 11 August 1998 Received in revised form: 26 November 1998 Accepted: 3 December 1998     

Systemic interleukin-6 concentrations in patients with perimesencephalic non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Patients with spontaneous non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (non-aSAH) are considered to have a benign illness in contrast to patients with aSAH. The occurrence of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome has been linked to worse outcomes in patients with aSAH. We analyzed systemic interleukin (IL)-6, a proinflammatory cytokine, to determine whether its concentration differs between patients with non-aSAH and those with aSAH, reflecting the more benign illness. Daily systemic IL-6 levels were measured in the acute phase in 11 patients with non-aneurysmal perimesencephalic SAH (pmSAH), with bleeding strictly located around the midbrain, and in nine patients with non-aneurysmal non-perimesencephalic (non-pmSAH), with hemorrhage extending into adjacent cisterns (group 1). IL-6 levels were compared with those from patients suffering from aSAH with cerebral vasospasm (CVS) (group 2) and without CVS (group 3). The mean IL-6 level (±standard error of the mean) was significantly lower in group 1 compared to group 2 (9.9±1.9 vs. 29.1±6.7 pg/mL, p=0.018). The difference in mean IL-6 level between group 1 and 3 fell short of significance (9.9±1.9 vs. 14.9±1.1 pg/mL, p=0.073). Patients in group 1 had a significantly better outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale score 4-5) compared to group 2 (p<0.001) and a trend towards better outcome compared to group 3 (p=0.102). A subgroup analysis revealed a higher mean IL-6 concentration in patients with non-pmSAH compared to patients with pm-SAH (p=0.001). We concluded that systemic IL-6 concentration reflects the severity of the inflammatory stress response and course of the illness. The more benign illness and good prognosis of patients with pmSAH or non-pmSAH in contrast to patients with aSAH is reflected by the lower concentrations of IL-6.     

中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血的临床特点与治疗

目的总结中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（PNSH）的临床特点、治疗及预后情况。方法回顾性分析11例PNSH患者的临床表现、影像学资料、诊断及治疗情况,并进行随访,了解预后情况。结果11例PNSH患者发病时均无意识障碍,无神经系统定位体征,临床症状均较轻,Hunt-Hess分级为Ⅰ-Ⅱ级,无脑室内出血,无脑积水,所有病例均治愈出院。随访12~60个月,平均26个月,无患者遗留永久性神经功能障碍,全部患者无再出血,恢复原工作及生活。结论PNSH患者临床症状较轻,并发症少,预后良好。     

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy related hemorrhage after stroke thrombolysis: Case report and literature review

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) predisposes to symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) after combined thrombolytic and anticoagulant treatment of acute myocardial infarction. However, the role of CAA in stroke thrombolysis has not been established. Here, we describe a confirmed case of CAA‐related hemorrhage in a patient receiving thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. On autopsy, immunohistochemistry revealed amyloid‐β positive staining in thickened cortical and meningeal arteries at sites of hemorrhage. Further research is urgently needed to determine the hemorrhage risk related to CAA in stroke thrombolysis and develop better diagnostic tools to identify CAA in the emergency room.     

The hemorrhage caused by sporadic‐type cerebral amyloid angiopathy occurs primarily in the cerebral sulci

We examined a solitary hematoma in a patient with sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The hematoma affected the middle frontal sulcus, cerebral cortex (CC) and subcortical frontal white matter (sfWM). We embedded the hematoma in four paraffin blocks, each of which was cut serially into 6‐µm‐thick sections. The first section and every 18th section from each block were subjected to Elastica‐Goldner (E‐G) staining, and the distribution and diameter of the ruptured blood vessels (rBVs) were examined. The rBVs were then marked on diagrams representing each E‐G‐stained section. The present study yielded the following important findings: (i), early‐ and recently ruptured Aβ‐positive arteries were present mainly in the intrasulcal hematoma (ISH), rather than in the CC; (ii) many early‐ruptured arteries in the ISH were larger in diameter than those in the CC; and (iii) ruptures of the cortical arteries, even near the cortical surface, did not occur so frequently and the ruptured vessels were small in size. We concluded that in patients with subcortical hematoma caused by sporadic‐type CAA, successive rupturse of the meningeal vessels, mainly arteries, occur in the cerebral sulcus initially, followed by formation of an ISH and development of a fresh hemorrhagic or anemic infarct in the CC surrounding the ISH, the latter in most cases then extending into the brain parenchyma through the necrotic CC at the depth of the sulcus, finally creating a secondary hematoma in the subcortical white matter.     

中脑周围蛛网膜下腔出血32例临床分析及长期随访研究

目的总结中脑周围蛛网膜下腔出血(PMSAH)的临术特点和长期预后情况。方法系统总结2001年1月至2005年1月之间我科收治的经早期(发病48h之内)CT证实并行全脑血管造影的PMSAH 32例的临床特征,比较与动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者之间的区别。对PMSAH患者进行长期随访,了解预后情况。结果32例PMSAH中30例全脑血管造影无阳性发现,2例为后循环动脉瘤,同期后循环动脉瘤共19例。PMSAH患者中动脉瘤的发生率是6.25%(2/32),10.5%(2/ 19)的后循环动脉瘤破裂可表现为PMSAH。非动脉瘤性PMSAH患者以中年患者为主,男性稍常见,既往高血压史少见,但发病前有更多诱发因素,临床症状较轻,绝大多数患者无意识障碍,以Hunt与HessⅠ、Ⅱ级为主,只有少数(6.7%)患者有脑室内出血,脑积水罕见。经长期(13-60个月,平均28个月)随访,无患者遗留永久性神经功能障碍,无再出血患者,大部分恢复原工作,有34.4%患者有轻微不适。结论PMSAH患者绝大多数全脑血管造影无阳性发现,但仍有少数患者存在后循环动脉瘤。其临床症状较轻,预后良好,一般无再出血发生。     

中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血的诊治

目的本探讨中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(PNSAH)的临床发病特点、影像学特点以及诊治。方法回顾性分析我科连续收治的92例脑血管造影(CAG)阴性SAH，发现PNSAH21例。所有患均进行CT、全脑血管造影、MR检查，16例行CT血管造影(CTA)检查。结果所有患无意识障碍，Hunt Hess分级1～2级，CT上SAH位于中脑周围的脑池内，Fisher分级梗阻2～3级。CAG、CTA和MR均无阳性发现。采用对症治疗，无再出血、症状性脑血管痉挛和脑积水等并发症，GOS均为优。结论PNSAH是一种预后佳且并发症低的良性SAH。首次CAG和CTA检查均正常的典型患，1月后可只行CTA省肯略CAG复查。     

iFlow成像技术对中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的评估

目的 探讨iFlow成像技术在中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（PNSAH）后脑血管痉挛评估中的价值。方法 收集经CT及两次血管造影明确诊断为PNSAH 60例为观察组,收集我院同期颅内动脉瘤单纯弹簧圈栓塞治疗后半年以上随访复查造影时未见复发60例为对照组。利用西门子公司iFlow软件测量首次造影和复查造影时双侧颈内动脉分叉部、双侧大脑中动脉分叉部、双侧椎动脉造影基底动脉末端相同部位的造影剂达峰时间（TTP）。结果 与对照组相比,观察组首次造影中双侧椎-基底动脉末端造影剂TTP明显增高（P<0.05）,观察组复查造影中双侧椎-基底动脉末端、右侧颈内分叉部、右侧大脑中分叉部造影剂TTP均明显增高（P<0.05）。与首次造影相比,观察组复查造影双侧椎-基底动脉末端造影剂TTP明显增高（P<0.05）。结论 PNSAH后存在血管痉挛,且以基底动脉最明显,应用iFlow技术评估脑血管痉挛的具有可行性。     

颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血血管痉挛治疗的临床探讨

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血脑血管痉挛的治疗方法。方法回顾性分析颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血合并脑血管痉挛患者临床资料67例。结果 23例并发脑血管痉挛,6例发生一侧肢体功能障碍,3例发生脑血栓形成。经治疗后61例C-反应蛋白恢复正常,6例明显下降,4例肢体功能恢复正常,1例恢复到4级,1例死亡。结论炎症因子在脑血管痉挛中明显升高;钙离子拮抗剂尼莫地平加抗氧化剂依达拉奉中药川芎嗪联合治疗动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血所致的脑血管痉挛有较好疗效。     

蛛网膜下腔出血性脑血管痉挛动物模型的制作

蛛网膜下腔出血引起的脑血管痉挛是导致蛛网膜下腔出血患者不良预后的主要原因之一,其发生机制至今尚未完全明了。因此,建立一种理想的蛛网膜下腔出血性脑血管痉挛动物模型将对脑血管痉挛发生机制及临床防治的研究起到巨大的推动作用。文章介绍了各种蛛网膜下腔出血性脑血管痉挛动物模型的制作方法、优缺点及应用范围,但目前尚无一种用于研究蛛网膜下腔出血后症状性脑血管痉挛的理想模型。     

Atypical causes of nontraumatic intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage

Background

To analyze the management and outcome of patients presenting with atypical causes of intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

Methods

We performed a review of our last 820 nontraumatic-SAH patients and analyzed the management and outcome of patients where the SAH origin was not a ruptured aneurysm. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was used to assess outcome 3 months after event.

Results

Thirty-two patients had atypical causes of SAH. In 15 patients with Hunt and Hess (H&H) scores from 1 to 3 without focal neurological deficit (FND), 8 perimesencephalic nonaneurysmatic SAH, 4 blood coagulation disorders, 1 sinus thrombosis, 1 vasculitis, and 1 unknown-origin-SAH (UOS) were diagnosed. Fourteen (93%) of these 15 patients were conservatively treated. In 17 patients with H&H scores from 3 to 5 and FND, 8 tumors, 1 cavernoma, 1 sinus thrombosis, 1 arteriovenous malformation, 1 blood coagulation disorders, 2 UOS, and 3 dural fistulas were diagnosed. Fifteen (88%) of these 17 patients were interventionally treated. The neurological condition 3 months later was good (GOS 4 and 5) in 12 of the 15 cases (80%) admitted with low-H&H scores, as well as in 13 of the 17 cases (76%) admitted with high-H&H scores. Three patients died and four developed a severe disability.

Conclusions

Patients presenting with atypical causes of SAH and high-H&H scores at admission are likely to harbor an intracranial organic process producing the bleeding. Despite this poor initial condition, their 3-month outcome can be similar to those of patients with low-H&H scores if the origin of the bleeding is properly treated.     

Neuroimaging biomarkers of small vessel disease in cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related intracerebral hemorrhage

Aims

The significance of the correlation of computed tomography (CT)–based cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) markers with the clinical outcomes in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)-related intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains uncertain. Thus, this study aimed to explore the relationship between SVD markers and short-term outcomes of CAA-ICH.

Methods

A total of 183 patients with CAA-ICH admitted to the Xuanwu Hospital, and Beijing Fengtai You'anmen Hospital, from 2014 to 2021 were included. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the correlation between SVD markers based on CT and clinical outcomes at 7-day and 90-day.

Results

Of the 183 included patients, 66 (36%) were identified with severe SVD burden. The multivariate analysis showed that the total SVD burden, white matter lesion (WML) grade, and brain atrophy indicator were independent risk factors for unfavorable outcomes at 90-day. The brain atrophy indicator was independently associated with mortality at 90-day. Severe cortical atrophy was significantly associated with early neurological deterioration.

Conclusions

The neuroimaging profiles of SVD based on CT in patients with CAA-ICH might predict the short-term outcome more effectively. Further studies are required to validate these findings and identify modifiable factors for preventing CAA-ICH development.     

Cortical subarachnoid haemorrhage in the elderly: a recurrent event probably related to cerebral amyloid angiopathy

Objective: Isolated, non‐traumatic, cortical subarachnoid haemorrhage (cSAH) is a rare type of cerebrovascular disease caused by various disorders. In a few cases, especially in the elderly, no apparent cause can be identified. We report a case series of patients without apparent cause of cSAH. We aimed to determine whether cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) could be a common cause of cSAH. Methods: We retrospectively analysed clinical and radiological data of consecutive patients admitted to a tertiary stroke unit with cSAH. All patients had brain MRI as a part of their initial evaluation and a repeat examination during follow‐up. Results: Amongst 25 patients with cSAH, 10 patients had no apparent cause of cSAH (six men and four women; mean age ± SD: 73.8 ± 8.5 years). All patients with no apparent cause presented with single or recurrent focal transient neurological symptoms of short duration. Only one patient experienced headache. cSAH was limited to one or two sulci, mostly the central sulcus. MRI showed the evidence of prior asymptomatic bleeding in 9/10 patients: cortical hemosiderosis (9/10), lobar intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) (6/10) and cortical microbleeds (9/10). Eight of ten patients met the Boston criteria for probable CAA and 2/10 for possible CAA. During follow‐up, three patients had recurrent bleeding: cSAH (2) and lobar ICH (1). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that CAA could be a common cause of cSAH in the elderly with a fairly uniform clinical presentation. In addition to prior cortical bleeding (ICH, MBs), most patients from the present series had evidence of focal cortical hemosiderosis likely corresponding with prior unrecognized cSAH and suggesting that cSAH was a recurrent event.