重组质粒hTERT-siRNA对胰腺癌细胞移植瘤hTERT相关基因及蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨重组质粒pSilencer4.1CMV neo-hTERT-siRNA对胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3裸鼠皮下移植瘤hTERT相关基因及蛋白表达的影响.方法建立人原发性胰腺癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,将荷瘤裸鼠随机分为4组：（1）肿瘤对照组,未作任何处理;（2）空载组,即pSilencer4.1-CMV neo空质粒组;（3）T1组,即重组质粒pSilencer4.1-CMV neo-hTERT1-siRNA组;（4）T2组,即重组质粒pSilencer4.1-CMV neo-hTERT2-siRNA组）.荷瘤裸鼠分组处理30d后,RT-PCR检测各组瘤体中hTERT、Bcl-2、Bax mRNA的表达,免疫组织化学检测各组瘤体中Bcl-2、Bax、p53、VEGF、端粒酶蛋白表达,Western blot检测各组瘤体中端粒酶蛋白表达情况.结果 T1组和T2组hTERT和Bcl-2 mRNA表达较肿瘤对照组和空载组明显降低,BaxmRNA表达明显升高（P〈0.01）.与肿瘤对照组和空载组比较,T1组和T2组Bcl-2 Telomerase、p53和VEGF蛋白表达明显降低,Bax蛋白表达明显升高（P〈0.01）.结论 （1）重组质粒T1和T2能够下调裸鼠移植瘤体内抗凋亡基因hTERT mRNA、Bcl-2 mRNA和蛋白、p53和端粒酶蛋白表达水平,上调促凋亡基因Bax mRNA和蛋白表达水平,其抗胰腺癌作用可能与促进胰腺癌细胞凋亡有关.（2）重组质粒T1和T2能够显著下调裸鼠移植瘤体内VEGF蛋白表达水平,可能具有抑制肿瘤血管生成的作用。     

重组质粒hTERT-siRNA对胰腺癌细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长抑制作用的研究

目的探讨重组质粒pSilencer4.1CMV neo-hTERT-siRNA对胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长抑制作用.方法建立人原发性胰腺癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,将荷瘤裸鼠随机分为4组：（1）肿瘤对照组,未作任何处理;（2）空载组,即pSilencer4.1-CMV neo空质粒组;（3）T1组,即重组质粒pSilencer4.1-CMV neo-hTERT1-siRNA组;（4）T2组,即重组质粒pSilencer4.1-CMVneo-hTERT2-siRNA组）.荷瘤裸鼠分组处理30d后,检测移植瘤体积及瘤重,HE染色光镜观察各组裸鼠皮下移植瘤及各脏器组织形态学,电镜观测各组移植瘤组织超微结构变化.结果 T1组及T2组肿瘤体积及瘤重均明显小于肿瘤对照组和空载组（P〈0.01）.T1组、T2组移植瘤组织癌细胞密度减少,部分癌巢发生程度不等片状坏死.T1组和T2组BxPC-3细胞超微结构发生了明显变化,细胞表面微绒毛减少或消失,部分线粒体肿胀,同时见胞质密度增加,可见凋亡小体.结论重组质粒T1和T2均能在裸鼠体内有效抑制BxPC-3胰腺癌细胞皮下移植瘤的生长,促进胰腺癌细胞凋亡,具有体内抗胰腺癌的作用。     

RNA干扰对小鼠结肠癌细胞VEGF表达及细胞增殖的影响

目的 设计、构建小鼠血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）特异的RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)表达质粒,研究该质粒对小鼠结肠癌CT-26细胞VEGF表达的影响及对CT-26细胞生物学活性的影响,探索结肠癌基因治疗的新途径。方法 ① 筛选、设计、合成3段VEGF mRNA小干扰RNA（small interference RNA,siRNA）片段,构建siRNA表达质粒,双酶切鉴定及测序验证插入序列的正确性。② CT-26细胞分为转染重组质粒V1组、V2组、V3组、Lipofectamine组（Lp组）、空白细胞组（c组）、Scrambled组（Nc组）,脂质体法基因转染小鼠结肠癌CT-26细胞,半定量RT-PCR、Western blot法、流式细胞VEGF荧光强度法检测siRNA沉默VEGF表达的效率,应用MTT比色分析法和流式细胞技术观察siRNA阻断VEGF基因表达对CT-26细胞增殖、细胞周期分布及细胞凋亡的影响。结果 ① 成功构建表达载体pSilencer4.1 CMV neo VEGF1/ VEGF2/ VEGF3 siRNA,并经酶切及测序鉴定完全正确。② V1、V2、V3组CT 26细胞VEGF表达较Lp组、c组、Nc组明显下降(P<0.01),且V1、V2基因沉默效率优于V3(P<0.05)。③ V1、V2、V3组肿瘤细胞生长较Lp组、c组、Nc组被明显抑制 (P<0.01),又以V1、V2组为明显(P<0.05 vs V3);④ V1、V2组G0/G1期细胞比例较V3组、Lp组、c组、Nc组增高,S期和G2/M期细胞比例降低 (P<0.05)。结论 ① 应用表达载体法成功构建VEGF基因特异的siRNA干扰表达体系pSilencer4.1 CMV neo VEGF1/ VEGF2/ VEGF3 siRNA。② 重组质粒经脂质体法转染小鼠结肠癌细胞后能显著地发挥基因沉默效应。     

丁酸钠对胰腺癌BxPC-3细胞凋亡机制的影响

目的:探讨丁酸钠对胰腺癌BxPC-3细胞凋亡的影响及其作用机制。方法:采用MTT法观察不同浓度丁酸钠对BxPC-3细胞增殖的抑制作用;应用流式细胞仪检测丁酸钠作用于BxPC-3细胞后的凋亡情况;TRAP-ELISA法检测细胞端粒酶活性的变化;RT-PCR技术分析人端粒酶逆转录酶(hTERT)、bcl-2 mRNA的表达水平。结果:丁酸钠作用BxPC-3细胞能明显抑制细胞增殖,其作用具有时间和剂量依赖性。丁酸钠处理72 h的BxPC-3细胞凋亡率明显提高(P<0.01),S期细胞比例显著下降(P<0.05),G0/G1期细胞比例显著升高(P<0.05)。经丁酸钠处理的实验组端粒酶活性为0.96±0.12,未经丁酸钠处理的对照组端粒酶活性为4.18±0.34,二者之间差异有显著性(P<0.05)。丁酸钠处理的实验组hTERT mRNA水平为0.168±0.045,与对照组0.685±0.141比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),bcl-2实验组水平为0.138±0.034,与对照组0.715±0.026比较有统计学差异。结论:丁酸钠具有强烈诱导胰腺癌BxPC-3细胞凋亡的作用,其发生机制与丁酸钠下调hTERT Bcl-2 mRNA表达水平直接相关。     

PAMD对BxPC-3细胞病理形态、细胞凋亡及细胞周期影响

目的:研究人胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3在蝙蝠葛酚性碱(PAMD)的干预下出现增殖抑制的作用,以及观察PAMD作用于BxPC-3细胞使其产生的病理形态、细胞凋亡及细胞周期的影响。方法:培养BxPC-3细胞,进行以下实验:(1)利用台盼蓝染色测定法测定各组中BxPC-3细胞的生长周期,并根据周期绘制其生长曲线;同时采用MTT法检测法测定各组中BxPC-3细胞的增殖情况;(2)利用透射电镜观察PAMD对BxPC-3细胞病理形态的变化;然后利用流式细胞术检测法检测各组BxPC-3细胞的细胞周期及其细胞凋亡的情况。结果:(1)根据盼蓝染色测定实验可知,各给药组细胞的生长较为缓慢;MTT实验可知,各组细胞的增殖抑制率PAMD高剂量组最高,其次是5-FU组,最后PAMD低剂量;(2)透射电镜显示:各给药组与对照组相比较各给药组的细胞核固缩,并伴有凋亡小体样形成;流式细胞术结果显示:各给药组与对照组的相比,各给药组细胞均停滞在细胞周期中的G1期并且各给药组细胞的细胞凋亡率均有所上升,差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:PAMD使BxPC-3细胞被阻滞在G1期然后阻断其复制增殖,促进细胞凋亡,并且对肿瘤细胞的超微结构造成一定的影响。BxPC-3在PAMD的作用下出现增殖抑制。     

靶向沉默EphA8基因对人结肠腺癌细胞凋亡及细胞周期的影响

目的:通过转染siRNA片段,研究EphA8基因沉默后对结肠腺癌Ls174T细胞凋亡和细胞周期的影响。方法:设计合成三对靶向沉默EphA8基因表达的siRNA片段,通过Lipofectamine2000介导转染人结肠腺癌细胞Ls174T。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术和Western Blot检测EphA8基因沉默效率,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期。结果:三对siRNA片段均能沉默结肠腺癌Ls174T细胞EphA8 mRNA的表达,siRNA3抑制效果最明显,抑制率为85.71%。流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡结果显示:转染48 h后,Ls174T细胞实验组细胞凋亡率为33.29%;流式细胞术检测细胞周期结果显示:转染60 h后,结肠腺癌Ls174T细胞实验组S期细胞和G2期细胞比例显著降低。结论:本实验成功筛选出特异性靶向沉默EphA8基因的siRNA片段,并初步鉴定了EphA8基因的功能。     

小干扰RNA阻断MBD1基因对胰腺癌抑癌基因表达的影响

目的 观察阻断MBD1基因对胰腺癌抑癌基因表达的影响,探讨MBD1基因在胰腺癌发生发展中的作用.方法 设计并合成2条MBD1小干扰RNA(siRNA)序列,克隆进入pGCsi-U6/Neo/绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)构建重组质粒.重组质粒和空质粒转染人胰腺癌细胞系BxPC-3,将3组细胞(转染MBD1-siRNA重组质粒组、转染空质粒组和未转染组)接种于裸鼠,8周后取移植瘤行逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测MBD1基因和甲基化相关抑癌基因的表达情况.结果 成功构建MBD1-siRNA重组质粒并稳定转染胰腺癌细胞系BxPC-3,转染组中MBD1基因表达明显低于空质粒组和未转染组,而CDH1、RASSF1A、TIMP3、P14ARF、Rb等甲基化相关抑癌基因的mRNA水平转染组(179.7±8.1、155.6 4±10.0、256.7 ±15.7、199.0±7.9、210.1 q±9.4)要高于空质粒组(21.0±6.8、22.0±2.7、99.4±10.3、86.0±5.4、15.0 ±4.9)和未转染组(11.4±6.0、15.3±1.9、110.7±14.1、74.3±4.8、17.4±7.8,均P<0.05).结论 通过RNA干扰技术,可降低MBD1在胰腺癌中的表达,上调抑癌基因的转录,MBD1介导的转录抑制作用可能在胰腺癌的发生发展中起重要作用.     

siRNA抑制STAT3基因对人乳腺癌细胞的影响

[摘要]　目的　应用RNAi干扰技术沉默MCF-7乳腺癌细胞信号转导及转录活化因子3 (STAT3),观察乳腺癌细胞生长及凋亡情况。方法　采用MTT法观察不同浓度的重组质粒（A组：0.1 μg/mL psilencer3.0-H1-STAT3-siRNA重组质粒转染组、B组：0.2 μg/mL psilencer3.0-H1-STAT3-siRNA重组质粒转染组、C组：0.3 μg/mL psilencer3.0-H1-STAT3-siRNA重组质粒）转染MCF-7乳腺癌细胞株后对乳腺癌细胞生长抑制作用的情况;采用半定量RT-PCR法,检测重组质粒对STAT3基因表达的影响;吖啶橙染色、流式细胞术观察细胞凋亡。结果　A、B、C三组的重组质粒对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞株有抑制作用,三组的生长抑制率48 h分别为27.17%、40.21%、26.08%,72 h分别为41.30%、65.21%、42.39%;48 h、72 h生长抑制率与空白组、空质粒对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);在不同浓度的重组质粒组,STAT3 mRNA表达均下降,与空白组、空质粒对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),其中以B组表达下降更明显;吖啶橙染色结果空白组及阴性组细胞呈绿色或黄绿色荧光,实验组细胞可见较多黄色荧光,偶见红色荧光, 提示实验组细胞较多呈早中期凋亡。细胞周期分析显示重组质粒组细胞出现G0-G1期阻滞,且B组(0.2 μg/mL )细胞凋亡最明显。结论 STAT3 siRNA可以下调MCF-7乳腺癌细胞STAT3 mRNA的表达水平,抑制MCF-7细胞的生长。     

人miRNA let 7a2质粒的构建及其表达

目的构建人miRNA let 7a2真核表达质粒,检测其在肺癌细胞A549中的表达。方法以人肺腺癌A549细胞总RNA为模板,将RT PCR扩增let 7a2的前体（pre let7a2）序列, 克隆至pSilencer4.1 CMV neo表达载体中,构建pSilencer4.1 let7a2重组质粒,转染A549细胞,采用RT PCR法检测pre let7a2的表达;构建let 7a2靶序列-报道基因融合质粒pMIR Report let7a2T,与pSilencer4.1 let7a2质粒共转染A549细胞,测定相对荧光素酶活性,以检测成熟let7a2在A549细胞中的表达及作用;采用MTT比色法检测pSilencer4.1 let7a2转染对A549细胞增殖的影响。结果构建的人let 7a2真核表达质粒pSilencer4.1 let7a2和let7a2靶序列-报道基因融合质粒pMIR Report let7a2T经酶切及测序鉴定正确;pSilencer4.1 let7a2质粒转染A549细胞后,RT PCR检测pre let7a2表达较对照组明显增强;MTT比色法显示let 7a2对A549细胞增殖有抑制作用。pSilencer4.1 let7a2 质粒和pMIR Report let7a2T质粒共转染A549细胞后,通过报告基因检测相对荧光素酶活性较对照组降低,显示let 7a2表达质粒转染A549细胞后,可有效表达let 7a2并转变为成熟的具有生物学活性的let 7a2。 结论成功构建了人let 7a2真核表达质粒,并在肺腺癌细胞A549中有效表达。     

RNAi沉默STAT3基因联合化疗对人喉鳞癌细胞增殖的影响

目的利用RNAi沉默STAT3基因联合化疗,探讨其对喉鳞癌细胞凋亡的影响。方法体外培养人喉鳞状细胞癌hep—2细胞株,重组质粒脂质体包裹转染Hep-2细胞,实验分为五组。MTT法检测不同实验组转染24h、48h及72h的细胞增殖情况。流式细胞技术检测不同实验组转染后的细胞周期变化情况,及不同实验组转染后p-STAT3及其靶基因产物CyclinD1的蛋白表达水平。结果 （1）STAT3-siRNA增强了DDP对Hep-2细胞的增殖抑制作用和对细胞周期的阻滞作用;（2）转染72h后,流式细胞仪检测结果显示,重组质粒转染＋化疗组的STAT3信号传导通路相关蛋白的表达受到明显的抑制。结论 RNAi沉默STAT3基因能够降低相关调控蛋白的表达,提高人喉鳞状细胞癌hep—2细胞株对化疗的敏感性。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.