5-氟尿嘧啶-N-琥珀酰壳聚糖纳米粒冻干粉针制备

目的:考察5-氟尿嘧啶-N-琥珀酰壳聚糖纳米粒(5-FU-Suc-Chi/NPs)稳定性,制备纳米粒冻干粉针.方法:采用乳化溶剂挥发法制备5-FU-Suc-Chi/NPs;考察纳米粒溶液稳定性;优化纳米粒冻干粉针处方.结果:选定12%的甘露醇为5-FU-Suc-Chi/NPs的支架剂,制备纳米粒冻干粉.结论:5-FU-...     

5-氟尿嘧啶-N-琥珀酰壳聚糖纳米粒在荷瘤小鼠体内组织分布分析方法

目的:建立5-氟尿嘧啶-N-琥珀酰壳聚糖纳米粒(5-FU-Suc-Chi/NPs)在荷瘤小鼠血浆和组织中高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析方法。方法:生物样品经甲醇沉淀蛋白质并提取药物,采用HPLC法测定药物含量。色谱柱:Hypersil ODS C18(4.6mm×200mm,5μm);流动相:水-甲醇(99∶1)以磷酸调pH值6.2;流速:0.8mL.min-1;紫外检测波长:266nm;柱温:室温;进样量:20μL;内标:利巴韦林。结果:该方法线性范围为0.1~10mg.L-1,线性关系良好(r2=0.993 2~0.997 9),方法回收率、日内和日间精密度的RSD均小于15%。结论:该分析方法灵敏性、准确性较高,适用于5-FU-Suc-Chi/NPs荷瘤小鼠肿瘤靶向性及药动学研究。     

N-琥珀酰壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及体外评价

目的制备N-琥珀酰壳聚糖纳米粒并对其进行体外评价。方法采用乳化溶剂挥发法制备N-琥珀酰壳聚糖纳米粒;以包封率、载药量及粒径为指标,采用正交设计法对处方进行优化;考察其理化特征及体外释药行为。结果纳米粒包封率及载药量分别为62.36%和18.98%,平均粒径及zeta电位分别为(206.6±64.7)nm和(-27.2±0.2)mV;1 h药物释放达到45%,随后药物的释药行为是一个缓释过程。结论作者采用乳化溶剂挥发法成功制得N-琥珀酰壳聚糖纳米粒。该方法制得纳米粒包封率较高,制备工艺简单。     

Nonlinear pharmacokinetic characteristics of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in colorectal cancer patients

Summary The nonlinear disposition kinetics of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were investigated in 6 patients with colorectal carcinoma. Each patient randomly received two single, intravenous doses of 5-FU (7.5 and 15 mg/kg) on separate days. Venous blood and urine samples were collected just prior to and for 5 h after drug administration. In addition to the kinetic studies, the in vitro whole blood/plasma concentration ratio and stability of 5-FU at 37°C were determined in whole blood from normal volunteers and from 5 patients with colorectal carcinoma.A disproportionate increase in area under the curve and corresponding decrease in total body clearance with increasing dose was observed suggesting dose-dependent behavior of 5-FU. Doubling the dose was accompanied by a 36% decrease in nonrenal clearance but no apparent change in renal clearance. Therefore, the mechanism for dose-dependent elimination appears to be primarily associated with nonrenal processes. The mean 5-FU half-life following the high dose was nearly twice as long as that observed for the low dose (12.3 versus 6.2 min). The log-linear decline in plasma concentrations and increase in half-life with dose suggest the potential role of product-inhibition as an explanation for the observed nonlinearity in 5-FU elimination.The present study demonstrates that 5-FU degrades when incubated in whole blood. This most likely reflects metabolism in red blood cells or other blood-formed elements since 5-FU was stable in plasma. Although degradation in whole blood occurs, the estimated whole blood clearance does not contribute significantly to the observed total body clearance value. These findings suggest the possibility of pulmonary clearance of 5-FU.     

Topical delivery of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) by 3-alkylcarbonyloxymethyl-5-FU prodrugs

The 3-alkylcarbonyloxymethyl-5-fluorouracil (3-ACOM-5-FU) prodrugs have been characterized by their solubilities in isopropyl myristate (S(IPM)) and partition coefficients between IPM and pH 4.0 buffer (K(IPM:AQ)). Estimated S(AQ) values have been obtained from S(AQ) = S(IPM)/K(IPM:AQ.) The abilities of the prodrugs to deliver total 5-FU species from IPM suspensions through hairless mouse skin (J(i)) have been evaluated in diffusion cell experiments. All of the prodrugs were much more soluble in IPM than 5-FU, and the propionyloxymethyl (C2) member of the series was almost twice as soluble in pH 4.0 buffer. Except for the acetyloxymethyl (C1) member of the series, the 3-ACOM-5-FU prodrugs exhibited greater S(IPM) and S(AQ) values than the corresponding 1-alkylcarbonyloxymethyl (1-ACOM-5-FU) prodrugs. The 3-ACOM-5-FU prodrugs that exhibited greater S(IPM) and S(AQ) values than the 1-ACOM-5-FU prodrugs also exhibited greater J(i) values, except for the C2 member. The C2 member also gave the largest error in predicting J(i) using the transformed Potts-Guy equation. All of the 3-ACOM-5-FU prodrugs delivered more 5-FU as a percentage of J(i) than the 1-ACOM-5-FU prodrugs but were not more effective as a series at targeting dermal as opposed to transdermal delivery.     

Topical delivery of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) by 1,3-bisalkylcarbonyl-5-FU prodrugs.

The solubilities in isopropyl myristate (S(IPM)) and pH 4.0 buffer (S(AQ)) and the partition coefficients between IPM and pH 4.0 buffer (K(IPM:AQ)) have been measured for a series of 1,3-bisalkylcarbonyl-5-fluorouracil prodrugs (1,3-AC-5-FU). The 1,3-AC-5-FU prodrugs were each over 500 times more soluble in IPM, but all members of the series, whose solubilities could be estimated, were much less soluble in pH 4.0 buffer than 5-FU. The abilities of the 1,3-AC-5-FU prodrugs to deliver total 5-FU species through hairless mouse skin from IPM suspensions (J(i)) were also measured. The 1,3-diacetyl derivative 2, which exhibited the highest S(AQ) in the series, gave the highest J(i) value. Although the series of 1,3-AC-5-FU prodrugs was generally effective at increasing J(i) (three to ten times), the best 1,3-AC-5-FU prodrug was not as effective as the best 1- or 3-alkylcarbonyl-5-FU prodrug (1- or 3-AC-5-FU) at increasing J(i) and their ability to increase the concentration of total 5-FU species in the skin was generally less than that of the 1-AC-5-FU prodrugs, but greater than that of the 3-AC-5-FU prodrugs. Thus, the 1-AC-5-FU prodrugs remain the best prodrugs with which to enhance the topical delivery of 5-FU.     

草酸铂、氟脲嘧啶为主化疗方案治疗晚期消化道肿瘤

目的：探讨草酸铂（OXA）、氟脲嘧啶（5－FU）为基础的化疗方案在晚期消化恶性肿瘤治疗中不同的应用方法。方法：110例治疗方案如下：1．OXA＋5FU／CF方案（CF甲酰四氢叶酸），OXA130mg.m^-2静滴d1；CF100mg.m^-2.d^-1静滴2hr，接用5－FU0．5g.m^-2.d^-1静滴6－8hr,d1-5,q3wks,治疗33例；2．FOLFOX方案，OXA130mg.m^-2.d1;CF200mg.m^-2.d^-1静滴2hr，接用5－FU400mg.m^-2.d^-1静推，再5－FU1．6g.m^-2.d^-1持输22小时d1-2,q2wks，治疗43例；3．OXA＋5－FU低剂量长时间持输，OXA100mg静滴d1,d8,d15;5-FU250mg.m^-2.d^-1持输21d,q4wks,治疗23例；4．OXA＋希罗达（CAP）方案，OXA130mg.m^-2静滴d1；希罗达1g,一天2次口连续14d,q3wks，治疗6例；5．OXHLV5FU3方案，即OXA＋5－FU／CF加羟基喜树碱（HCPT），OXA130mg.m^-2静滴d1；CF200mg.m^-2.d^-1静滴2hr，接用5－FU400mg.m^-2.d^-1静推，再5－FU1．6g.m^-2.d^-1持输22hr，d1-3,HCPT10mg.d^-1,d1-5,q3wks,治疗5例。结果：各方案的总有效率（CR＋PR）分别为30．3％（10／33）／51．2％（20／43）／39．1％（9／23）／66．7％（4／6）／100％（5／5）；外周神经感觉异常发生率达71．8％（79／110）。结论：以草酸铂、氟脲嘧啶为基础的化疗方案是较理想的治疗方案，治疗应个体化，神经副作用绝大多数为可逆性，耐受良好。     

5-氟尿嘧啶纳米粒的制备及其体外释药的研究

目的以生物可降解材料乳酸/羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)制备5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)纳米粒,并考察纳米粒的体外释放特性。方法采用复乳-溶剂挥发法结合高压均质法制备5-Fu-PLGA纳米粒,用透射电镜观察纳米粒的形态,并研究了5-Fu纳米粒的粒径、载药量、包封率和体外释药。结果5-FU-PLGA纳米粒为圆整的类球形实体粒子,平均粒径为85.4nm,载药量为12.4%±0.7%,包封率为64.1%±5.3%,体外释药符合H iguch i方程:Q=0.0585t1/2 0.087(r=0.9923)。结论所制5-FU纳米粒具有明显的缓释作用。     

Tamoxifen citrate loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): preparation, characterization, in vitro drug release, and pharmacokinetic evaluation

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were prepared by emulsification and high pressure homogenization technique and characterized by size analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The influence of experimental factors such as homogenization pressure, time, and surfactant concentration on the nanoparticle size and distribution were investigated to optimize the formulation. Homogenization at 15,000 psi for 3 cycles was found to be optimum and resulted in smaller sized nanoparticles. In case of tristearin SLN (TSSLN), tripalmitin SLN (TPSLN), and glycerol behenate SLN (GBSLN), the relatively smaller sized nanoparticles were obtained with 3% sodium tauroglycocholate. The SLN were loaded with an anticancer agent, tamoxifen citrate (TC). The TC-loaded TSSLN shown lower entrapment efficiency (78.78%) compared to the TPSLN (86.75%) and GBSLN (98.64%). Short term stability studies indicated a significant increase in size of nanoparticles when stored at 500C, compared to those stored at 30 degrees C and 4 degrees C. The particle destabilization upon storage in case of all the types of nanoparticles studied was in the order of day light > artificial light > dark. An ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric method of estimation of tamoxifen in rat plasma was developed and validated. The TC-loaded TSSLN was administered to the rats intravenously and the pharmacokinetic parameters in the plasma were determined. The t(1/2) and mean residence time of TC-loaded TSSLN in plasma was about 3.5-fold (p < 0.001) and 3-fold (p < 0.001) higher, respectively, than the free tamoxifen, indicating the potential of TC-loaded TSSLN as a long circulating system in blood. Thus the above mentioned solid lipid nanoparticles can be a beneficial system to deliver tamoxifen to cancer tissues through enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect.     

Irinotecan (CPT-11) in metastatic colorectal cancer patients resistant to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU): a phase II study

The efficacy and toxicity of irinotecan (CPT-11) 350 mg/m(2) i.v. once every 3 weeks was assessed in 60 patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) showing failure to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment. The overall objective response rate was 13.6% (1 complete response and 4 partial responses) and 25 patients (42.4%) showed stable disease; the median time to disease progression was 4.4 months and the median survival was 10.5 months. The main non-hematological toxicities were alopecia (80.3% of patients), diarrhea (75.0%), and nausea/vomiting (71.7%); neutropenia was the main hematological toxicity. Grade 3 or 4 diarrhea appeared in 21 of 131 cycles (16.1%), whereas grade 3 or 4 neutropenia appeared in 78 cycles (25.0%). In conclusion, the present phase II study confirms that CPT-11 350 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks is active and well tolerated as second-line chemotherapy for CRC in 5-FU resistant patients.     

Antitumor activity of electrospun polylactide nanofibers loaded with 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin against colorectal cancer

The purpose of this study was to evaluate both in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities against colorectal cancer (CRC) of electrospun polylactide (PLA) nanofibers loaded with 5-fluorouracil (5-Flu) and oxaliplatin. For in vitro evaluation, human CRC HCT8 cells were directly exposed to the drug-loaded fiber mats, followed with MTT and flow cytometry (FCM) assay. For in vivo evaluation, the drug-loaded fiber mats were locally implanted into mouse colorectal CT26 tumor-bearing mice, followed with histological analysis and detection of survival rate. The results showed that the drug-loaded fiber mats was similar to that of the combination of free 5-Flu and oxaliplatin in vitro cytotoxicity but was much superior to intravenous injection of free drug in vivo anticancer activities, presenting with suppressed tumor growth rate and prolonged survival time of mice. In conclusion, anticancer activities of 5-Flu and oxaliplatin against CRC can be significantly improved by using PLA electrospun nanofibers as local drug delivery system.     

Structure of 3-Acetyl-5-fluorouracil (5-FU): Implication for Its Rearrangements During Hydrolysis and upon Heating

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data show that the 3-acetyl group in l,3-diacetyl-5-FU (FU = fluorouracil) is perpendicular to the plane of the 5-FU ring, while the 1-acetyl group is coplanar with the ring. Analyses of ¹H NMR and IR spectra provide evidence that the 1-and 3-acyl groups are in different electronic environments, which is consistent with the X-ray diffraction structure. 3-Acetyl-5-FU is thermally unstable, giving mainly l-acetyl-5-FU (80%) and 5-FU (20%) upon heating. The hydrolysis of 3-acyl derivatives of 5-FU showed a biexponential relationship between In concentration and time which had not been previously observed. The behavior of 3-acetyl-5-FU during hydrolysis can be explained by postulating its initial rapid equilibrium with an intermediate, 2-acetyl-5-FU, which subsequently hydrolyzes to 5-FU or rearranges to l-acetyl-5-FU, which hydrolyzes to 5-FU. The 2-acetyl intermediate was trapped by its reaction with formaldehyde. The formaldehyde adducts of the symmetrical 2-acetyl intermediate rearranged to yield equal amounts of 1- and 3-acetyloxymethyl-5-FU.     

Clinical experience with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and high-dose folinic acid in solid tumors

This paper reports experience with high-dose folinic acid (HDFA) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in the treatment of 130 patients with various types of tumor. While the objective results obtained from gastrointestinal malignancies (response rate = 15%) are no better than those usually gained by 5-FU alone, impressive results were achieved in patients with advanced and mainly pretreated breast cancer (response rate = 44%). Haematological toxicity was generally mild, while oral mucositis, diarrhoea and conjunctivitis were major side effects. Our data suggest that HDFA and 5-FU seem a very promising combination and warrant further investigation.     

Medical care consumption in a phase III trial comparing irinotecan with infusional 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer after 5-FU failure

We evaluated economic implications of treatment with irinotecan, following a RCT which demonstrated significantly increased survival at 1 year with irinotecan (45%) compared to infusional 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (32%) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Medical care consumption data were collected prospectively alongside the trial, with 256 patients followed for a median of 10 months. Follow-up was prolonged beyond treatment failure and medical care consumption was not protocol driven, enabling a realistic evaluation of economic implications. Medical care consumption associated with chemotherapy administration was lower with irinotecan as compared with infusional 5-FU. The cumulative number of days in hospital due to treatment toxicity and cancer complications, which is the key cost driver, was 14.4 (95% CI: 10.7-18.1) with irinotecan versus 17.5 (95% CI: 11.7-23.3) with infusional 5-FU. Thus, the survival benefit with second-line irinotecan compared to infusional 5-FU in patients with advanced colorectal cancer was achieved without increasing medical care consumption.     

Phase I trial of adjuvant chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide,epirubicin and 5-fluorouracil (CEF) for stage II breast cancer

Summary Epirubicin is a new anthracycline with a potentially more favorable toxicity profile than the parent compound, doxorubicin. Accordingly, the feasibility and toxicity of 6 courses of adjuvant chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide (C), epirubicin (E), and 5-fluorouracil (F) were assessed in 10 patients with Stage 2 (node positive) breast cancer. Doses of C and F were 600 mg/m² and E was 75 mg/m². Moderate granulocytopenia (median count = 610/mm³) occurred on day 14 of the first 21 day treatment course and was the main toxicity encountered with treatment, although there were no episodes of granulocytopenic fever. Grade 3 or 4 vomiting occurred in 40% and significant alopecia in 30% of patients. Four patients experienced transient asymptomatic decreases in calculated radionuclide cardiac ejection fraction of 10% but no signs or symptoms of cardiac failure were observed. If epirubicin proves to be less cardiotoxic than doxorubicin, this combination would merit further evaluation as potential adjuvant therapy for early breast cancer.     

Liposome-encapsulated antibiotics: preparation, drug release and antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Ticarcillin- and tobramycin-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were shown to have a markedly increased sensitivity to antibiotics enclosed in liposomes. This was demonstrated by growth inhibition of two resistant P. aeruginosa strains in the presence of the liposome-enclosed ticarcillin and tobramycin at 2 per cent and 20 per cent of their respective minimum inhibitory concentration. The liposome-enclosed antibiotic was as effective against the beta-lactamase-producing strain as against the non-beta-lactamase producing strain. Entrapment efficiency of the two antibiotics with the dehydration-rehydration vesicle (DRV) method was largely superior to other methodologies used. Kinetic studies with DRV demonstrated that tobramycin and ticarcillin-loaded liposomes still contained 83 per cent and 67 per cent of drug respectively after 24 h at 37 degrees C.     

31P-topical nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-TMR) studies of cardiotoxic effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR)

Using the 31P-topical nuclear magnetic resonance method (TMR), an attempt was made to determine the myocardial high-energy phosphate compounds (HEP) contents under in situ conditions in closed-chest animals, and the effects of opening the thorax on the myocardial energy metabolism were studied comparing the cardiotoxic effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in closed-chest and open-chest animals. It was found that the depletion of myocardial HEP produced by 5-FU was much more marked in open-chest animals than in closed-chest ones, indicating the necessity of conducting the experiments in closed-chest animals for the proper evaluation of the cardiotoxicity of certain types of compounds. Therefore, the cardiotoxicity of a prodrug of 5-FU was assessed in closed-chest animals, and it was found to be less cardiotoxic than 5-FU.     

Induction of seminiferous tubular atrophy by single dose of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in Wistar rats

Antimetabolite, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is known to cause testicular damage by epithelial sloughing and cell killing. However, it is not known whether 5-FU induces tubular atrophy and the fate of exfoliated germ cells. Present study was conducted to evaluate these effects of 5-FU on rat testis. Animals were injected, single dose of 5-FU (10.50 & 100 mg/kg, i.p.) and sampled at 1, 3, 15 and 30 day following the treatment. The testes were perfusion fixed by Bouin's fluid. Five micron thick paraffin sections of testes and epididymis were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Slides were examined for the incidence of abnormal tubules (per 200 tubules), tubular diameter (STD), epithelial height (SEH) and for the presence of germ cells in the epididymis. Data were analysed by Mann-Whitney 'U' test. The testes weight, STD, SEH were decreased (P < 0.05-0.01) in treated animals. The abnormal tubules were increased in a dose dependent manner with atrophic tubules seen on 30 d. The exfoliated germ cells have not blocked the post testicular ductal system and found in the epididymis in a dose dependent manner. The present study concludes that 5-FU causes tubular shrinkage and atrophy. Further, epididymis is involved in the phagocytosis of germ cells.