急性膝关节前内侧不稳的治疗

膝关节前内侧不稳,主要是前交叉韧带(ACL)和内侧副韧带(MCL)的损伤.如不早期处理,常加剧关节软骨的退变和半月板的损伤,严重影响膝关节的功能.作者在2000～2003年间运用关节镜早期诊断和治疗此类患者35例,疗效满意,现报道如下.     

以关节不稳建立的大鼠骨关节炎模型

背景：骨性关节炎是一种复杂的多病因退变性关节疾病。早期进行骨性关节炎的防治尤其重要。但获取足量的适合研究的早期骨性关节炎的人类骨标本十分困难。目的：观察关节不稳方法建立骨关节炎模型大鼠的关节软骨组织学变化。方法：10周龄雄性SD大鼠随机分为2组：实验组切除右膝内侧半月板及内侧副韧带,对照组仅切开关节囊。于术后1,2,4,6,8周取右膝关节标本,行病理组织学检查分析大鼠骨关节炎病程的变化情况。结果与结论：①术后2,4,6,8周,实验组关节软骨退变程度呈现轻度糜烂、溃疡磨损、严重磨损、骨赘形成等病理变化。②术后1,2,4,6,8周,实验组关节软骨评分均明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结果显示该实验采用内侧副韧带切断＋内侧半月板切除方法成功建立了大鼠膝关节骨关节炎模型,且造模后4周内的病理、形态学改变类似于人类早期膝关节骨关节炎表现,是研究早期骨关节炎的理想模型。     

兔骨性关节炎模型构建及早中晚期的特点

背景:传统的骨性关节炎动物模型因复制时间长、稳定性差、成功率差异大且对骨性关节炎的病程未加详细分析从而限制了其应用.目的:以改良的Hulth造模方式观察膝骨性关节炎不同时期的临床及病理特点,界定膝骨性关节炎模型的分期.方法:无菌条件下暴露兔膝关节内侧纵切口长约2 cm,显露膝关节,然后切断前后交叉韧带及内侧副韧带,完整切除内侧半月板,保留关节软骨面.术后不固定伤肢,自由活动,术后1周内均给予80万单位青霉紊预防感染.30 min/d分2次驱赶,连续12周.以不做任何处理兔膝关节为正常对照.造模后4,6,8,10,12周时Mankin评分及电镜、光镜观察股骨内髁的病理特点.结果与结论:模型组4,6周可见早期骨关节炎的改变,表现为滑膜充血增生,关节渗出增多,软骨表层不平整,基质染色轻染,Mankin评分为3.5～3.8分;8周可见骨关节炎中期改变,表现为滑膜增生明显,滑液少,软骨裂隙形成达表层,软骨细胞排列紊,基质染色不均,Mankin评分为8～9分;12周可见骨关节炎晚期改变,表现为滑膜严重结节样增生滑液少而浑浊,骨赘形成严重,软骨下骨暴露,软骨细胞减少,基质染色大部分失染,Mankin评分为12～14分.电镜下观察结果与组织学观察结果相符.结果提示以改良hulth法制作骨性关节炎模型,造模后6周为早期改变,8周为中期,12周为晚期,此模型比较全面地反映了骨性关节炎软骨退变从早期的代偿性增生到失代偿后软骨细胞和基质减少,软骨变软到剥脱缺失为特点的晚期改变的全过程.     

关节镜在急性膝关节内侧副韧带损伤中的应用

目的 :探讨关节镜在急性膝关节内侧副韧带损伤病例中诊断和治疗作用。方法 :对 41例急性膝关节内侧副韧带损伤有明确手术指征者行关节镜检查 ,关节镜下处理关节内软骨、滑膜及半月板等损伤 ,不切开关节 ,局部切开修复内侧副韧带 ;合并前、后交叉韧带损伤 ,切开关节 ,处理前、后交叉韧带同时修复内侧副韧带。结果 :34例患者未切开关节 ,7例行关节切开 ,随访 6～ 2 3个月 ,优良率 89.7%。结论 :关节镜在膝关节急性内侧副韧带损伤中不但可以明确及治疗关节内合并伤 ,还能选择正确手术入路 ,避免不必要的关节切开 ,具有重要价值     

应用同种异体髌腱重建前交叉韧带后膝关节功能状态观察

目的探讨应用同种异体骨-髌腱-骨在关节镜下修复前交叉韧带损伤的临床效果、手术要点及关节功能改善情况。方法对16例患者关节镜下施行前交叉韧带同种异体骨-髌腱-骨移植重建,采用等长重建、挤压螺钉固定的方法,重建断裂的前交叉韧带,同时利用髌腱的长度重建受损的内侧副韧带。其中5例同时实施受损内侧副韧带重建,1例行半月板镜下缝合,4例行半月板部分切除或完全切除。结果15例获得12个月以上的随访,随访时间12～28个月,平均14.5个月。采用Lysholm评分法评估患者膝关节手术前后功能,术前平均51.4分,术后平均88.3分,优良率86%;客观检查前抽屉试验阳性,术前14膝,术后弱阳性2膝;Lachman征阳性,术前16膝,术后1膝,弱阳性2膝,术后遗留膝关节运动后轻度疼痛2膝,膝关节活动受限(5°～15°)2膝。结论应用同种异体髌腱移植重建前交叉韧带,减少了自体取材造成的损伤及其相应的并发症,缩短了手术时间,术后通过系统的康复治疗,能有效地恢复膝关节功能。     

兔前交叉韧带断裂后外侧半月板的组织学退变

背景:前交叉韧带切断后可引起膝关节透明软骨的退变,导致骨关节炎的发生,但对外侧半月板的影响目前尚未见文献报道.目的:观察兔前交叉韧带切断后外侧半月板组织学变化.设计、时间及地点:同体对照观察,于2007 09/12在中南大学湘雅医学院动物学部完成.材料:6月龄雄性新西兰大白兔48只,实验初始体质量(2.5±0.3)kg.方法:48只大白兔双后侧膝关节按简单随机法配对分为实验侧和对照侧造模.实验侧行前交叉韧带切断手术.对照侧显露前交叉韧带但不行切断,行止血及体积分数为3%双氧水、生理盐水交替冲洗后缝合切口.选取造模后第1,3,6,8周为观测时间点,每个时间点随机处死12只.主要观察指标:对外侧半月板进行大体观察和组织学检查.结果:前交叉韧带切断组外侧半月板第1周即可见退变,随时间延长退变逐渐加重,对照组未见明显退变.半月板纤维软骨退变组织学评分:实验组(第1,3,6,8周)均高于对照组(P<0.05):实验组第6,8周均高于第1,3周,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05):实验组第1,3周差异无显著性意义(P>0.05).结论:前交义韧带断裂可引起外侧半月板退变.     

前交叉韧带切断兔外侧半月板中白细胞介素1β的表达

背景:研究证明,膝关节前交叉韧带切断后,白细胞介素1β是关节软骨退变中一个重要的调控因子,然而白细胞介素1β在外侧半月板退变中有何作用,未见文献报道.目的:观察兔前交叉韧带切断后外侧半月板中白细胞介素1β阳性表达率的变化并探讨其意义.方法:6月龄雄性新西兰大白兔48只,将兔膝关节配对为实验侧和对照侧造模.实验侧行前交叉韧带切断手术,制作兔前交叉韧带断裂模型;对照侧显露前交叉韧带但不行切断.造模后第1,3,6,8周,分别麻醉下随机处死兔12只.进行大体观察和外侧半月板组织学退变评分,免疫组织化学检测白细胞介素1β阳性表达率.结果与结论:前交叉韧带切断后,随时间延长,实验侧外侧半月板组织学退变评分逐渐增高,实验侧各时间组织学退变评分显著高于对照组(P<0.05).各时间点实验侧白细胞介素1β阳性表达率均较对照组增高(P<0.05);第3,6周实验侧白细胞介素1β表达阳性率高于第1,8周(P<0.05),第8周高于第1周(P< 0.05).结果表明,兔前交叉韧带切断后实验侧白细胞介素1β阳性表达率增高,提示自细胞介素1β参与了外侧半月板组织的退变.白细胞介素1β阳性表达率降低并不表示外侧半月板组织退变结束.     

编制六股腘绳肌腱移植可吸收交叉钉固定关节镜下重建前交叉韧带临床分析

目的 总结关节镜下编制六股腘绳肌腱移植利用可吸收交叉钉固定重建前交叉韧带的方法,探讨其临床效果.方法 2005年3月至2008年6月,对39例前交叉韧带断裂患者在关节镜下采用自体腘绳肌腱六股编制移植重建前交叉韧带,移植物的股骨侧利用可吸收交叉钉固定.合并半月板损伤13例,行半月板缝合4例,部分切除8例,半月板全部切除2例;合并内侧副韧带Ⅲ度损伤4例,Ⅰ期行内侧副韧带修补或止点重建术;无合并后交叉韧带及后外侧角损伤患者.术后随访12～51个月,观察此固定方法的可靠性和术后疗效,以Lvscholm评分和KT-2000检查评价手术前后膝关节功能及稳定性.结果 32例患者获得随访,所有患者均无伸膝受限,膝关节屈膝活动度均>120°.屈膝90°时前抽屉试验均阴性;Lachman试验强阳性1例,阳性5例,阴性26例;膝关节功能Lyscholm评分为(92.6±4.2)分.KT-2000检查结果:31例为0～4.5 min,平均3.2 mm,1例患者关节不稳定,双膝差距6.5mm.结论 采用编制六股腘绳肌腱移植可吸收交叉钉固定关节镜下重建前交叉韧带,可以获得早期的初始稳定性和后期的生物稳定性,是一种可靠的手术方法,临床效果良好.     

应用同种异体髌腱重建前交叉韧带后膝关节功能状态观察

目的 探讨应用同种异体骨-髌腱-骨在关节镜下修复前交叉韧带损伤的临床效果、手术要点及关节功能改善情况。方法 对16例患者关节镜下施行前交叉韧带同种异体骨-髌腱-骨移植重建，采用等长重建、挤压螺钉固定的方法，重建断裂的前交叉韧带，同时利用髌腱的长度重建受损的内侧副韧带。其中5例同时实施受损内侧副韧带重建，1例行半月板镜下缝合，4例行半月板部分切除或完全切除。结果 15例获得12个月以上的随访，随访时间12～28个月，平均14．5个月。采用Lysholm评分法评估患者膝关节手术前后功能，术前平均51．4分，术后平均88．3分，优良率86％；客观检查：前抽屉试验阳性，术前14膝，术后弱阳性2膝；Lachman征阳性，术前16膝，术后1膝，弱阳性2膝，术后遗留膝关节运动后轻度疼痛2膝，膝关节活动受限(5&;#176;～15&;#176;)2膝。结论 应用同种异体髌腱移植重建前交叉韧带，减少了自体取材造成的损伤及其相应的并发症，缩短了手术时间，术后通过系统的康复治疗，能有效地恢复膝关节功能。     

健膝强骨丸对膝骨关节炎家兔模型关节软骨病理改变的影响

背景：膝骨关节炎的病理学改变不可逆转,属中医“痹证”范畴,治疗目的是缓解或解除症状,延缓关节退变。健膝强骨丸方是武汉大学基础医学院荆州市第三人民医院的经验方,可补益肝肾,祛风散寒,除湿通络,强骨健膝。目的：观察健膝强骨丸对膝骨关节炎兔模型膝骨关节软骨的保护作用,及其对软骨细胞骨形态发生蛋白7表达的影响。方法：36只新西兰兔随机分为3组,每组12只,分别运用改良Hulth术制备兔膝骨关节炎模型。造模后第6周,给药组予健膝强骨丸0.1 g/kg 灌胃,模型组和正常对照组予等量生理盐水灌胃。给药4周后通过软骨Mankin’s 评分方法行兔膝关节软骨评分,电镜下观察软骨形态,免疫组化法检测膝关节软骨细胞骨形态发生蛋白7表达情况。结果与结论：给药组兔膝关节软骨病理退变程度较其他2组轻,膝关节软骨细胞骨形态发生蛋白7的表达量较其他2组高,差异有显著性意义（P＜0.05）。提示健膝强骨丸可增强膝骨关节炎模型兔关节软骨细胞骨形态发生蛋白7的表达,从而促进膝关节软骨再生,减少软骨变形坏死,达到治疗关节炎的目的。     

Proteoglycans from human articular cartilage: the effect of joint location on the structure

Proteoglycan monomers from the articular cartilages of the knee, hip and shoulder of 3 subjects (21, 26 and 45 years old) were isolated and analysed. The proteoglycan monomers from the high weight-bearing knee and hip joints were smaller than those from the low weight-bearing shoulder joints and both had a lower chondroitin sulphate content. The proteoglycan monomers from knee joint cartilage had the lowest intra-individual chondroitin-4-sulphate content in each case. Hyaluronate binding capacity was not found to be dependent on joint location.     

Reversibility of immobilization-induced articular cartilage degeneration after remobilization in rat knee joints

Joint immobilization is commonly used for the treatment of joint injuries, but it causes articular cartilage degeneration. The purpose of this study was to clarify the reversibility of immobilization-induced articular cartilage degeneration using rat knee joints. Immobilization of rat knee joints induces atrophic changes in the non-contact area, loss of chondrocytes in the contact area, and hypertrophy of chondrocytes in the transitional area of the articular cartilage. The unilateral knee joints of adult male rats were rigidly immobilized at 150° of flexion with a plate and screws for 1, 2, and 4 weeks. After the experimental periods, the fixation devices were removed and the rats moved freely for 16 weeks. Sham-operated rats were used as a control. Sagittal sections at medial midcondylar regions of the knee were assessed with histological and histomorphometric methods. Mechanical properties were assessed by measuring the sound speed with scanning acoustic microscope. Reduction of cartilage proteoglycan in the non-contact area was almost reversible, but hypertrophy of chondrocytes in the transitional area and loss of chondrocytes in the contact area were irreversible even at 1-week immobilization-remobilization group. Sound speed of the articular cartilage in the contact area was not restored. These results indicate that atrophic changes through decreased mechanical stress in the non-contact area were reversible, but loss of chondrocytes and hypertrophy of chondrocytes in the contact and transitional areas through increased mechanical stress by rigid immobilization were irreversible after remobilization. Clinicians should be aware that even a short-term rigid immobilization could cause irreversible articular cartilage damage.     

PGA‐associated heterotopic chondrocyte cocultures: implications of nasoseptal and auricular chondrocytes in articular cartilage repair

The availability of autologous articular chondrocytes remains a limiting issue in matrix assisted autologous chondrocyte transplantation. Non‐articular heterotopic chondrocytes could be an alternative autologous cell source. The aims of this study were to establish heterotopic chondrocyte cocultures to analyze cell‐cell compatibilities and to characterize the chondrogenic potential of nasoseptal chondrocytes compared to articular chondrocytes. Primary porcine and human nasoseptal and articular chondrocytes were investigated for extracellular cartilage matrix (ECM) expression in a monolayer culture. 3D polyglycolic acid‐ (PGA) associated porcine heterotopic mono‐ and cocultures were assessed for cell vitality, types II, I, and total collagen‐, and proteoglycan content. The type II collagen, lubricin, and Sox9 gene expressions were significantly higher in articular compared with nasoseptal monolayer chondrocytes, while type IX collagen expression was lower in articular chondrocytes. Only β1‐integrin gene expression was significantly inferior in humans but not in porcine nasoseptal compared with articular chondrocytes, indicating species‐dependent differences. Heterotopic chondrocytes in PGA cultures revealed high vitality with proteoglycan‐rich hyaline‐like ECM production. Similar amounts of type II collagen deposition and type II/I collagen ratios were found in heterotopic chondrocytes cultured on PGA compared to articular chondrocytes. Quantitative analyses revealed a time‐dependent increase in total collagen and proteoglycan content, whereby the differences between heterotopic and articular chondrocyte cultures were not significant. Nasoseptal and auricular chondrocytes monocultured in PGA or cocultured with articular chondrocytes revealed a comparable high chondrogenic potential in a tissue engineering setting, which created the opportunity to test them in vivo for articular cartilage repair. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

运动促进制动后兔膝关节组织恢复的作用

通过观察制动后兔膝关节软骨和关节囊组织超微结构及内侧副韧带力学特性的改变,探讨了制动引起关节组织形态学改变和韧带力学特性改变的机理,以及制动后的主动活动和谈动运动对上述组织病理改变恢复的作用.结果表明,制动可导致关节软骨、关节囊组织退行性改变和关节韧带抗张强度的下降,这种改变随制动时间延长而增加。制动后的关节主动活动有助于关节软骨和关节囊组织形态学和韧带抗张强度的恢复。早期被动运动对关节组织病理改变的恢复及关节韧带抗张强度的恢复有一定促进作用。     

基质金属蛋白酶和胶原在创伤关节软骨组织中的表达

背景:研究发现,基质金属蛋白酶和胶原参与关节软骨组织机体生理重建及病理破坏.目的:观察膝关节骨软骨缺损及表面软骨缺损动物模型关节软骨组织中胶原及基质金属蛋白酶的表达变化.方法:雌性SD大鼠48只随机分为3组:骨软骨缺损组在双膝关节制作骨软骨缺损模型,表面缺损组在双膝关节制作表面软骨缺损,对照组双膝关节制作关节囊切开.分别于术后4、8、12周取股骨髁标本,行苏木精-伊红染色,免疫组化检测Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅱ型胶原、基质金属蛋白酶3的表达.结果与结论:骨软骨缺损组术后4周缺损中有少量新生组织生成,8及12周可见到纤维组织填充,修复组织细胞外基质Ⅰ型胶原免疫组化染色阳性,Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色阴性,关节软骨组织中基质金属蛋白酶3表达增高.表面缺损组表面软骨缺损4及8周未见修复迹象,12周可见微量纤维组织填充,细胞外基质Ⅰ型胶原免疫组化染色阳性,Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色阴性,术后表面缺损组关节软骨组织基质金属蛋白酶3表达增高.对照组关节软骨组织Ⅰ型胶原免疫组化染色阴性,Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色阳性,基质金属蛋白酶3低表达,无形态学异常改变.说明机械性损伤可以导致关节软骨细胞外基质成分发生改变,丧失其原有的生物学特性而退变,基质金属蛋白酶3在损伤后的软骨组织中表达增高,使细胞外基质的降解增加,是导致关节软骨退变的重要因素.     

关节软骨损伤后体外培养软骨细胞的功能变化

背景：关节软骨损伤可以影响软骨细胞功能,诱发创伤性骨关节炎。目的：观察关节软骨损伤后体外培养的软骨细胞功能的变化。方法：通过酶消化法分离培养高能量、低能量撞击后和正常兔膝关节透明软骨细胞,观察创伤能量对软骨细胞生存能力的影响;检测软骨细胞合成蛋白多糖和Ⅱ型胶原能力,检测细胞中白细胞介素1β和核转录因子κB mRNA表达水平,检测细胞合成白细胞介素1β和基质金属蛋白酶1的表达。结果与结论：高能量和低能量关节软骨损伤后,软骨细胞的存活率下降,原代细胞的贴壁细胞数量减少,贴壁时间延长,生长曲线下移,细胞甲苯胺蓝染色异染反应减弱,Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色强度减弱,软骨细胞中白细胞介素1β和核转录因子κB mRNA表达水平上升,细胞培养液中白细胞介素1β和基质金属蛋白酶1的质量浓度升高,其中高能量组效果更为显著（P〈0.05）。说明关节软骨损伤后软骨细胞的功能受到影响,受损程度与创伤强度及炎性细胞因子的表达相关。     

脱钙骨基质与骨髓间充质干细胞共培养关节腔内的成软骨活性

背景：将骨髓间充质干细胞附着到支架材料上再植入关节软骨缺损处,细胞不但不消失,而且可形成新的软骨。目的：观察同种异体脱钙骨基质与骨髓间充质干细胞共培养在关节内的成软骨活性。方法：在54只青紫蓝兔单侧膝关节制作关节软骨全层缺损模型,随机分组：实验组在缺损处植入自体骨髓间充质干细胞与同种异体脱钙骨基质复合物,对照组缺损处仅植入同种异体脱钙骨基质,空白对照组未植入任何物质。结果与结论：植入后12周,实验组缺损处修复组织呈软骨样,表面光滑平坦,与周围软骨整合的软骨细胞更为成熟,修复组织与软骨下骨结合牢固;修复组织的细胞为透明软骨样细胞,柱状排列,Ⅱ型胶原染色阳性,与周围软骨及软骨下骨整合良好,且实验组组织学评分优于对照组和空白对照组（P〈0.01）。对照组缺损处修复组织呈纤维样,与周围软骨未结合,空白对照组缺损区无修复组织,两组均无Ⅱ型胶原染色阳性表达。表明同种异体脱钙骨基质与骨髓间充质干细胞共培养后植入膝关节可形成软骨样组织,有效修复关节软骨缺损。     

Characterization of costal cartilage and its suitability as a cell source for articular cartilage tissue engineering

Costal cartilage is a promising donor source of chondrocytes to alleviate cell scarcity in articular cartilage tissue engineering. Limited knowledge exists, however, on costal cartilage characteristics. This study describes the characterization of costal cartilage and articular cartilage properties and compares neocartilage engineered with costal chondrocytes to native articular cartilage, all within a sheep model. Specifically, we (a) quantitatively characterized the properties of costal cartilage in comparison to patellofemoral articular cartilage, and (b) evaluated the quality of neocartilage derived from costal chondrocytes for potential use in articular cartilage regeneration. Ovine costal and articular cartilages from various topographical locations were characterized mechanically, biochemically, and histologically. Costal cartilage was stiffer in compression but softer and weaker in tension than articular cartilage. These differences were attributed to high amounts of glycosaminoglycans and mineralization and a low amount of collagen in costal cartilage. Compared to articular cartilage, costal cartilage was more densely populated with chondrocytes, rendering it an excellent chondrocyte source. In terms of tissue engineering, using the self‐assembling process, costal chondrocytes formed articular cartilage‐like neocartilage. Quantitatively compared via a functionality index, neocartilage achieved 55% of the medial condyle cartilage mechanical and biochemical properties. This characterization study highlighted the differences between costal and articular cartilages in native forms and demonstrated that costal cartilage is a valuable source of chondrocytes suitable for articular cartilage regeneration strategies.     

不同强度的主动运动对大鼠膝关节软骨的影响

目的:研究不同强度的主动运动对大鼠膝关节软骨的作用。方法:8周龄雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分为对照组、低强度运动组、中强度运动组、高强度运动组。对照组自由活动,实验组每天按照不同的运动强度进行跑步训练。8周后处死大鼠,切取膝关节关节软骨,以苏木素伊红(HE)及甲苯胺蓝染色、透射电镜等观察不同强度的主动运动对关节软骨形态结构、细胞代谢的影响。结果:运动8周后,低、中强度运动组软骨表面完整,软骨层的厚度较对照组显著增厚(P<0.05);高强度运动组软骨表面部分缺损,表面粗糙,软骨层的厚度较对照组显著降低(P<0.05)。HE染色显示低、中强度运动组软骨负重区蛋白多糖分泌较对照组明显增加,而高强度运动组负重区蛋白多糖分泌较对照组明显减少。透射电镜显示:低、中强度组软骨表面可见明显的圆形突起,膜样胶原纤维连续,而高强度运动组软骨表面圆形突起减少,部分表层胶原纤维暴露。结论:不同强度的主动运动对大鼠膝关节软骨具有不同的作用。低、中强度的主动运动可以增加软骨表面厚度、明显改善关节软骨的代谢,尤以中等强度的作用更明显;高强度的主动运动可能对关节软骨产生破坏效应。