用于定量ELISA方法的抗人β2微球蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

目的制备抗人β2微球蛋白(β2-microglobulin,β2-MG)特异性单克隆抗体并建立其双抗体夹心定量ELISA免疫检测方法。方法以高纯度的人β2-MG作为免疫原,采用常规免疫和脾内免疫相结合的方法免疫纯系Balb/c小鼠,通过杂交瘤技术制备抗人β2-MG单克隆抗体并鉴定,以此为基础建立双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法。结果制备出5株稳定分泌抗人β2-MG的单克隆抗体,经鉴定5株单抗皆为IgG1类,均为β2-MG抗原特异性抗体。经抗体配对试验筛选出1对可用于ELISA检测的配对抗体,建立了定量ELISA检测方法。结论制备出抗人β2-MG单克隆抗体并建立了双抗体夹心定量ELISA免疫检测方法,与国外试剂盒检测结果相关性良好。     

抗烟曲霉菌单克隆抗体鉴定和初步应用

目的 :制备抗烟曲霉菌单克隆抗体 (McAb) ,建立一种快速检测烟曲霉菌抗原方法。方法 :用基因重组烟曲霉菌半乳糖甘蛋白 (AFMP1)抗原 ,免疫BALB/c小鼠 ,制备单克隆抗体 ,选择针对不同抗原决定簇单抗配对 ,建立双抗夹心ELISA法检测烟曲霉菌抗原。结果 :筛选出 3株稳定分泌抗烟曲霉菌单抗杂交瘤细胞株 ,IgG亚类鉴定分别为IgG1、IgG2a、IgG2b ,抗体亲和常数分别为 1 2× 10 10 、4 5 6× 10 9和 1 81× 10 10 mol/L ,免疫印迹证实单抗特异性识别烟曲霉菌培养上清和细胞裂解产物 ,相加试验表明 3株单抗是针对不同抗原决定簇 ,组成配对双抗夹心ELISA法 ,检测最高灵敏度为 0 1ng/ml,可测范围为 0 1～ 6 0ng/ml。结论 :3株杂交瘤细胞株特异性好、亲和力高 ,组成配对夹心ELISA法可用于快速检测烟曲霉菌抗原。     

抗狂犬病病毒CVS-11株单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

目的 制备抗狂犬病毒单克隆抗体,为建立快速准确的狂犬病毒抗原检测方法奠定基础.方法 将狂犬病病毒CVS-11株纯化浓缩后免疫6～8周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞进行融合,经细胞克隆和间接ELISA筛选,获得稳定分泌抗狂犬病毒单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株.小鼠腹腔注射法制备大量单克隆抗体并测定腹水效价,用G蛋白亲和层析柱进行纯化,间接ELISA法和间接荧光法鉴定单克隆抗体的类型、特异性及敏感性.结果 细胞融合率达100%,经克隆筛选获4株稳定分泌抗狂犬病病毒抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,其腹水效价分别为1×104,1×105,1×104和1×105;4株单抗均为IgG类型且特异性好.结论 制备的单抗具有良好特异性和敏感性.     

抗人绒毛膜促性腺激素单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

目的:制备抗人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)的单克隆抗体(mAb).方法:利用从人工流产刮宫物中提取的HCG免疫BALB/c小鼠, 取其脾细胞同NS-1小鼠骨髓瘤细胞融合, 采用有限稀释法筛选杂交瘤细胞株, 并对mAb的亚型、亲和力及特异性进行鉴定.结果:共获得26株能稳定分泌抗HCG特异性mAb的杂交瘤细胞株.mAb的亚类均为IgG1, 亲和力介于1.14×108～2.0×108 mol/L之间, 其中4株mAb与HCG的β亚基有较强的反应, 而与黄体激素(LH)、促卵泡激素(FSH)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)均无交叉反应.结论:成功获得4株鼠抗人HCG mAb的杂交瘤细胞株, 其分泌的mAb能特异识别人HCG的β亚基, 可用于早孕、肿瘤等诊断的进一步研究.     

β-Netrin抗原表位的分析及其抗体的制备与鉴定

目的:制备抗神经细胞突起生长诱向因子(β-Netrin)的多克隆抗体(pAb)和单克隆抗体(mAb),并对其特异性进行鉴定。方法:应用GoldKey软件分析人βNetrinC末端结构域氨基酸的序列(共114个氨基酸),确定抗原表位并人工合成多肽。然后采用碳化二亚胺法,将合成肽与载体蛋白牛血清白蛋白(BSA)偶联作为抗原,免疫BALB/c小鼠。取免疫小鼠脾细胞与Sp2/0骨髓瘤细胞常规融合,依次进行HAT选择培养,间接ELISA法筛选阳性的杂交瘤细胞并克隆化。对分泌的mAb的效价、Ig亚类(型)及特异性,分别用间接ELISA和Westernblot进行鉴定。同时,通过免疫细胞化学染色鉴定抗体的特异性。另外,以偶联的分子免疫新西兰白兔,制备抗β-Netrin的pAb,用Westernblot鉴定其特异性。结果:以确定的此16个氨基酸的序列NH2-FRGKRT-LYPESWTDRG-COOH作为抗原表位,以人工合成多肽与BSA偶联作为免疫原,获得3株可稳定分泌特异性抗β-Netrin mAb的杂交瘤细胞。免疫细胞化学染色结果表明,这3株抗体均能特异性地识别细胞中的抗原。另外,制备了高效价的抗β-Netrin的pAb,并能特异性地识别原核表达的β-Netrin蛋白。结论:采用人工合成多肽作为半抗原成功地制备出抗β-Netrin的pAb和mAb。     

人促甲状腺激素单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

目的：制备特异性强、灵敏度高的人促甲状腺激素（hTSH）单克隆抗体,为建立高灵敏性和高特异性的hTSH检测方法奠定基础。方法：人工合成人促甲状腺激素（hTSH）上的28个氨基酸,采用戊二醛交联法与牛血清白蛋白（BSA）构建完全抗原。用人工免疫原免疫BALB／c小鼠,利用杂交瘤技术建立分泌抗hTSH单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞,并对得到的单抗进行鉴定。结果：建立了一株杂交瘤细胞4E5,制备了腹水单抗,经鉴定,抗体重链属于IgG1类型,轻链属于K型,McAb腹水ELISA效价达1：1．6×10^5,与促黄体生成激素（LH）、促卵泡激素（FSH）、人绒毛膜促性腺激素（HCG）无明显交叉反应,细胞株冻存复苏后抗体分泌稳定。结论：本实验建立的细胞株显示稳定性好,特异性高,McAb腹水效价高,为进一步提高hTSH检测的灵敏性和简便性提供依据。     

猪卵泡液提取物制备人抑制素α单抗的研究

目的 制备人抑制素α（ＩＮＨα）亚基多肽单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）。方法 以猪卵泡液粗提物为免疫原,免疫ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠,取其脾细胞与ＮＳ－１小鼠骨髓瘤细胞融合。杂交瘤细胞用人工合成的人抑制素α 基３７￣６５片段包被,间接ＥＬＩＳＡ法筛选。结果获稳定分泌抗人抑制素α亚基３７－６５片段单抗细胞３株。结论 免疫学和免疫组化的结果表明３株细胞有特民划性和实用性,抗体可用于人的正常组织及部分肿瘤组织免疫 化     

分泌抗-HBs、抗-HBc杂交瘤细胞系的建立及其在临床诊断中的初步应用

以含Dane颗粒的无临床症状的HBsAg掳带者血浆沉淀物免疫BALB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与NS-1小鼠骨髓瘤细胞在50％PEG下融合。以固相放射免疫测定(SPRIA)、被动凝试验(PHA)、酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)等方法检测抗体,于一次细胞融合实验中建立三株分泌抗-HBs和一株分泌抗-HBc的杂交瘤细胞系。四株细胞分泌的单克隆抗体(以下简称“单抗”)皆属于小鼠IgG_1亚类。抗-HBs属于“a”亚型。经ELISA和微量免疫电泳证实两种单抗具有良好的特异性和亲和性。两和单抗纯化后用于乙肝的临床诊断。     

基于基因免疫制备抗人绒毛膜促性腺激素β亚基单克隆抗体及其特性研究

用真核表达人绒毛膜促性腺激素β亚基((human chorionic gonadotrophinβ,hCGβ)的重组质TR421-hCGβ免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用B淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术进行细胞融合,ELISA法筛选阳性细胞株,经过多次的克隆化培养,最终获得10株持续、稳定分泌抗hCGβ单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。随机抽取6H1杂交瘤细胞进行抗体的制备、纯化及免疫学特性的分析。间接ELISA法证明6H1单抗属于IgG2a亚类。Western blot证明6H1单克隆抗体可以特异性结合hCGβ,间接免疫荧光和流式细胞仪等结果表明,6H1单克隆抗体能够不同程度的结合不同来源的肿瘤细胞膜上表达的hCGβ分子,为进一步研究其生物学功能奠定了物质基础。     

分泌抗脲酶单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株的建立和初步应用

用脲酶(Urease)免疫BALB/c小鼠,取脾细胞与NS-1骨髓瘤细胞用PEG融合。ELISA法筛选分泌抗脲酶单克隆抗体(McAb)的杂交瘤细胞,建立起6株杂交瘤细胞。细胞分泌抗体滴度高、亲和力强、特异性好,长期传代稳定。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.