儿童急性感染后IgA为主型肾小球肾炎1例报道并文献复习

目的 提高对儿童急性感染后IgA为主型肾小球肾炎（简称肾炎）临床和病理特征的认识。方法分析1例急性感染后IgA为主型肾炎患儿的临床和病理资料,并结合文献分析其临床特点、诊断、发病机制、治疗及预后。结果 本例患儿临床表现为肉眼血尿、大量蛋白尿、急性肾损伤,抗链球菌溶血素“0”(ASO)升高、血清IgA升高等,肾脏病理组织学见肾小球系膜细胞轻度增生性病变,免疫荧光见IgA（+） 、C3（+）沉积于肾小球系膜区和血管襻;电镜见肾小球上皮下“驼峰”样电子致密物沉积伴系膜区少量致密物沉积。在病程9周时患儿肾功能恢复正常,血尿和蛋白尿消失。结论急性感染后IgA为主型肾炎临床和病理特征均具有不典型性,诊断依赖早期肾活检,电镜检查必不可少,短期疗效尚可,远期疗效仍需观察。     

儿童C3肾小球肾炎6例临床与病理分析

目的分析6例儿童C3肾小球肾炎的临床表现、病理特征及治疗反应,旨在提高儿科医生对此病的认识和处理。方法对2010年9月至2016年6月在吉林大学第一医院小儿肾病科确诊为C3肾小球肾炎且有完整临床资料的6例患儿的临床表现、病理改变、疗效及预后进行回顾性分析。结果(1)临床表现及实验室检查:以血尿为首发症状2例,以血尿和蛋白尿为首发症状4例;其中表现为肾炎综合征3例,肾病综合征1例;6例患儿补体C3均降低;补体C4均正常;(2)病理特点:6例患儿免疫荧光均可见补体C3强阳性沉积;光镜下表现为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎5例,表现为毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎1例;电镜下3例可见电子致密物沉积,3例未见电子致密物沉积;(3)治疗及预后;均予肾炎常规治疗,2例有新月体形成者加用糖皮质激素治疗。随访6~42个月,预后较好。结论本组C3肾小球肾炎患儿以血尿和(或)蛋白尿为主要表现,免疫荧光见C3强阳性沉积,光镜表现多以系膜增生性肾小球肾炎为主,电镜可表现为电子致密物沉积,短期预后较好。     

儿童C1q肾病10例临床与病理分析

目的探讨C1q肾病的临床与病理改变的关系。方法对10例经肾活检确诊为C1q肾病患儿临床表现、肾小球、肾小管及免疫病理特征进行分析比较,6例肾病综合征中环磷酰胺冲击治疗3例,环胞素、霉酚酸酯和甲泼尼龙冲击治疗各1例。结果临床表现为单纯性血尿2例,肾炎综合征、急性肾炎各1例,肾病综合征6例;病理类型为轻微病变、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎各2例,局灶节段性肾小球硬化5例,新月体肾炎1例;肾小管间质1例无改变,Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级各3例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级1例;免疫荧光:系膜区均有娃著的以C1q为主的沉积。10例患儿平均随访25.7个月;6例肾病综合征均对激素抵抗,加用免疫抑制剂治疗,5例缓解,1例无效,肾功能渐减退。结论C1q肾病临床病理改变多样化,临床以肾病综合征为主,病理以局灶节段性肾小球硬化为主,对激素多不敏感,预后与间质损害程度相关,与C1q沉积无相关性。     

儿童膜增生性肾炎5例临床病理分析

目的：进一步提高对膜增生性肾炎的病理及临床的认识,探讨治疗方法。方法：对5例病理诊断为膜增生性肾炎患儿的病理、临床表现特点、治疗转归进行分析。结果：①5例临床表现为肾病水平的蛋白尿及血尿, 4例有高血压, 2例肾功不全;②病理改变肾小球系膜细胞增生及系膜基质扩张, 3例肾小球呈分叶状, 2例有新月体形成, 4例基膜“双轨征”,肾间质有不同程度的损害,免疫荧光均以C3 沉积为主;③5例均应用了泼尼松治疗,其中3例应用了甲基泼尼松龙冲击, 4例联合应用了环磷酰胺静脉冲击治疗。3例获部分缓解, 1例完全缓解, 1例呈持续肾病状态。结论：儿童膜增生性肾小球肾炎临床表现以肾炎型肾病为主。病理以系膜细胞增生基质扩张和基膜“双轨征”为其特征性改变,免疫荧光检查以C3沉积为主。大剂量激素联合环磷酰胺静脉冲击治疗对短期内缓解病情、改善肾功能是有效的。     

37例儿童IgA肾病临床与病理分析

为了探讨IgA肾病的临床与病理改变的关系,对37例IgA肾病进行临床分型并与肾小球、肾小管间质改变及免疫病理特点的关系进行比较。结果：临床分型中单纯血尿（血尿）18例占49%,肾百闻不如一见 综合征（肾病）14例占38%,血尿和蛋白尿3例占8%,肾炎综合征（肾炎）2例占5％,肾小球病理损害以Ⅲ级为主占厮４％,临床各型与肾小球病理损害无相关性。肾小管间质改变２４例,血尿组７例占３９％,其中Ｉ级为４３％,Ⅱ级为５７％,肾病组均有改变,其中Ⅱ级１１例占７８％,Ⅲ级３例占２２％,血尿和蛋白尿组2例占66%,肾炎组1例占50%,免疫病理改变为IgA16例,IgAG6例,IgAM10例,IgAGM5例,血尿组以单纯IgA沉积为主占66%,肾病组则以IgAM型为主占50%,提示IgA肾病临床以单纯血尿为主,其次为肾病综合征;肾小球病理损害程度与临床分型无相关性,但肾病组肾小管间质均有改变且程度也较血尿组为重。免疫病理血尿组以单纯IgA为主,而肾病组以IaAM为主。     

儿童C1q肾病4例报告

目的提高对儿童C1q肾病的认识。方法回顾性分析4例确诊为C1q肾病患儿的临床、病理及预后特点。结果4例患儿临床表现及病理均符合C1q肾病诊断标准,其中2例临床表现为难治性肾病,1例为镜下血尿合并蛋白尿,1例为肾炎性肾病、高血压脑病及肾功能异常。光镜下2例呈轻至中度系膜增生性肾炎表现,1例为轻微病变,1例呈硬化性肾炎。免疫荧光下2例呈满堂亮表现。电镜下均未见明显电子致密物沉积。1例镜下血尿合并蛋白尿患儿加服泼尼松1年后痊愈;1例难治性肾病予足量泼尼松并加用CTX治疗4个月,临床仍无效。1例表现为肾炎性肾病及高血压脑病患儿予泼尼松、骁悉、洛汀新等治疗,随访17个月,肾功能逐步恶化,进展至慢性肾功能不全;另1例失访。随访末患儿自身抗体及血补体均正常。结论C1q肾病是一种较少见的肾小球疾病,临床及病理表现多样,治疗效果和长期预后与临床表现、病理改变密切相关。     

儿童C3肾小球肾炎7例

目的 分析7例C3肾小球肾炎患儿的临床特点.方法 对2006年6月至2011年11月确诊为C3肾小球肾炎且有完整资料的7例患儿的临床表现、病理改变、疗效及预后进行回顾性分析.结果 临床表现:均以急性肾炎综合征起病,4例以肉眼血尿为首发表现,3例以大量蛋白尿为首发表现,5例患儿伴眼睑水肿;血C3均有明显下降,血C4均正常;24 h尿蛋白定量均有不同程度增高;5例血抗链球菌溶血素0升高;3例出现早期肾功能损伤.病理改变:1.免疫荧光可见C3沿系膜区及毛细血管襻沉积,强度为++～+++,无其他补体及免疫球蛋白的沉积;2.光镜表现为膜增生性肾小球肾炎及系膜增生性肾小球肾炎;3.电镜均可见内皮细胞病变,表现为细胞增生、肿胀、脱落,均未见电子致密物及上皮细胞足突融合.治疗及预后:均予常规治疗,3例病理改变较重者加用免疫抑制剂.随访2个月～5年,预后良好.结论 儿童C3肾小球肾炎多以急性肾炎综合征起病,免疫荧光见C3特异性沉积,电镜存在内皮细胞病变、但未见电子致密物沉积.发病机制可能与补体旁路调节异常有关,短期预后良好.     

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目的探讨儿童特发性膜性肾病(IMN)的临床和病理特征。方法 1999年7月至2009年7月在中山大学附属第一医院确诊的IMN患儿13例,回顾性分析其临床病理特征、治疗及转归情况。结果 13例IMN患儿中男11例,女2例;就诊时中位年龄为11.4(3.0～14.5)岁;肾穿时中位病程为3.7(1.4～65.3)个月。确诊时临床表现为肾病综合征(NS)9例(单纯型1例,肾炎型8例),血尿蛋白尿3例,复发性肉眼血尿1例,伴高血压1例(7.7%)。所有患儿的肾功能均正常。肾脏病理结果:(1)光镜病理分期:Ⅰ期4例,Ⅱ期9例。4例伴肾小球球性硬化(球性硬化肾小球百分比分别为11.8%、2.9%、7.5%、4.5%),1例伴节段性硬化(节段硬化肾小球百分比为4.5%),3例伴肾小管萎缩,1例伴细胞纤维性新月体形成(3.8%)。(2)免疫荧光:以IgG、C3在肾小球基底膜(GBM)上皮下沉积为主(前者12/12例、后者10/12例),少数伴IgM、Fg、C1q和IgA沉积,但沉积强度较IgG、C3弱。(3)电镜:13例患儿GBM均有不同程度增厚,2例毛细血管腔内出现微血栓。根据患儿临床表现及病理分期予激素和(或)免疫抑制剂...     

儿童IgA肾病72例临床与病理分析

目的探讨儿童IgA肾病(IgAN)的临床、病理特点及其相关关系。方法对本院2005年5月-2011年8月经肾穿刺活检确诊为IgAN的72例患儿的临床表现、临床分型、病理特点及免疫分型进行回顾性总结,并分析它们之间的相关关系。结果本组72例。男48例,女24例;年龄1岁5个月～17岁[(8.99±2.94)岁];入院时病程2 d～9 a(平均12.86个月)。临床以血尿起病者58例(包括38例肉眼血尿及5例伴水肿者),以单纯水肿起病者12例,以蛋白尿起病者2例。临床分型为肾病综合征型28例(38.89%)、孤立性血尿型19例(26.39%)、血尿和蛋白尿型13例(18.05%)、急性肾炎型10例(13.89%)、孤立性蛋白尿型2例(2.78%)。病理改变:系膜增生型肾小球肾炎40例,局灶增生型肾炎25例、毛细血管内增生型肾炎6例、新月体型肾炎1例。其中伴新月体形成者17例(占23.61%)。免疫组织化学可见多种免疫球蛋白沉积。沉积类型为满堂亮型1例、IgA+IgG+C32例、IgA型8例、IgA+IgM+IgG+C3型17例、IgA+IgM+C3型44例。结论 IgAN的临床表现形式多样,其病情轻重与起病形式无关。病理表现以系膜增生型肾小球肾炎为主,免疫球蛋白沉积以复合型为主。临床表现为肾病综合征型及血尿和蛋白尿型者病理较重,应尽早行肾穿,及时治疗。     

八例C1q肾病的诊断与鉴别诊断

目的：探讨C1q肾病的诊断和鉴别诊断。方法；分析8例C1q肾病患儿肾活检组织中C1q沉积的发生率、强度和分布特点，并与同期352例原发性和42例继发性肾小球疾病作比较。结果：8例C1q肾病患儿系膜区均有显著的C1q沉积，阳性率为100％，平均沉积强度达2．1＋；20例狼疮性肾炎患儿中，13例系膜区有显著的C1q沉积，阳性率为65％，平均沉积强度达1．7＋；22例乙肝病毒相关性肾炎中，5例系膜区有显著的C1q沉积，阳性率为23％，平均沉积强度达0．5＋。在原发性肾小球疾病中，5例膜增殖性肾小球肾炎患儿中的3例系膜区有显著的C1q沉积，阳性率为60％，平均沉积强度达1．6＋；其他病理类型的患儿均缺乏。结论：儿童C1q肾病的诊断除依赖于免疫荧光发现系膜区有显著的C1q沉积外，尚需与狼疮性肾炎、乙肝病毒相关性肾炎和膜增殖性肾小球肾炎相鉴别。     

小儿致密物沉积病的临床与病理分析

Objective To analysis the clinical and pathological characteristics of children with dense deposit disease (DDD). Methods 12 Children diagnosed as DDD by electron microscope were enrolled in this study. The clinical and pathological data were analyzed. Results Of the 12 cases, 7 were males and 5 females, mean age 9.1±3.9(5-13) years at onset, the duration from onset to renal biopsy was 1 month to 5 years and the follow-up period was 1-9 years. All cases had heavy proteinuria >50 mg/(kg·d), and persistent microscopic hematuria with recurrent gross hematuria during the course. Seven cases had hypertension (≥140/100 mm Hg, 1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa), 5 cases had transient or recurrent abnormal renal function, and mild to severe anemia were observed in 8 cases respectively. All the cases had lower serum C3(0.15-0.55 g/L). Clinically, 10 cases were diagnosed as nephritic syndrome (one case had partial lipodystrophy at the sa me time), and 2 cases were diagnosed as acute nephritic syndrome. Immunofluorescence study showed intense deposition of C3 along GBM, TBM and the wall of Bowman's capsule in a ribbon-like pattern and in the mesangial regions as coarse granules in all the cases. Under light microscopy, 9 cases showed the feature of membrane proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), 1 case with focal segmental glomeruloselerosis (FSGS), 1 case with endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis (EnPGN) and 1 case with proliferative sclerosis (PSGN). Crescents were seen in 3 cases. Under electron microscopy, ribbon-like or linear electron-dense intramembranous deposits were identified in the lamina dense of GBM, and often along TBM and the wall of Bowman's capsule. All patients showed steroid resistance. After methylprednisone treatment, some patients showed transient remission. During the followup stage of 1-9 years, 3 cases showed normal urinalysis, 5 cases showed partial remission, 2 cases progressed to end stage renal disease (ESRD) and 2 cases were lost. Conclusion DDD is an in dependentiy rare disease with pathological-clinical rarities. Children with DDD presented with persistently lower C3, heavy proteinuria, recurrent gross hematuria and anemia. The characteristic immunopathologic finding is intense deposition of C3 along the GBM. Under electron microscopy, ribbon-like or linear electron-dense deposits in the lamina dense of the GBM, TBM and the wall of Bowman's capsule. Electron microscopic examination to demonstrate the intramembranous dense deposits is definitive diagnosis, regardless of the finding of light microscopy. All of them showed steroid resistant. Patients with steroid and CTX treatment showed some clinical improvement of their urinalysis.     

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??Objective??To analyze the clinical characteristics??pathological features and treatment responses of 6 pediatric patients with C3 glomerulonephritis??C3GN????in order to improve the understanding and treatment of this disease for pediatricians. Methods??Analyze the clinical manifestations??pathological features??therapies??prognosis of patients who were diagnosed with C3 glomerulonephritis from September??2010 to June??2016 retrospectively. Results??Clinical characteristics and laboratory examination??2 patients’ first symptom was hematuria??4 patients’ first symptom was hematuria and proteinuria??3 patients presented as acute nephritic syndrome??one presented as nephrotic syndrome. All the patients showed that the level of serum complement C3 was reduced??while sernm complement C4 was normal. Pathological character??6 patients showed strong positive complement C3 deposition under immunofluorescence. Lightmicroscopy showed mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in 5 cases??1 case was diagnosed as endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritisin??and 3 patients presented electrondense depositionin under electron microscope. Treatment and prognosis??after conventional treatment??2 patients who were with crescent were treated with glucocorticoid .After a follow-up from 6 months to 42 months ??the prognosis was pretty good. Conclusion??Children with C3GN are usually presented with hematuria and ??or??proteinuria??characterized by strong positive C3 deposition. Lightmicroscopy always shows mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Electron microscope show electron dense deposition??and short-term prognosis is pretty good.     

以急性肾小球肾炎起病的IgA肾病10例

目的研究以急性肾小球肾炎(AGN)起病的IgA肾病(IgAN)的临床特点。方法本科收治1994年1月～2005年12月以AGN起病的IgAN患儿108例。男77例,女31例;起病年龄3.2～14.0岁。回顾分析其临床和病理特点。结果IgAN108例中,以AGN起病的患儿10例(9.3%)。10例均有水肿、血尿和蛋白尿。其中8例为肉眼血尿,持续2d～2个月;4例有反复肉眼血尿;镜下血尿持续16个月。尿蛋白定性 ～ ,持续1～8个月。起病时高血压及血BUN和Scr增高各2例。9例检测ASO,5例增高。2例抗链球菌DNA酶B抗体升高。血清C3降低4例。8例有前驱病,感染至起病间隔1～5d。肾活检光镜检查9例为系膜增生,1例为局灶节段性肾小球硬化。免疫荧光检查均以IgA沉积为主。结论以AGN起病的IgAN前驱感染与肾炎症状起病间隔时间较短,肉眼及镜下血尿持续时间较长或反复加重。此类患儿应予作活检以明确是否为IgAN。     

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??Abstract?? Objective To investigate the children with idiopathic membranous nephropathy??IMN?? about the clinical and pathological characteristics?? efficacy and prognosis?? providing the reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment.Methods Summarize and analyze the clinical manifestation?? pathological features?? treatment and prognosis of 20 cases of IMN patients in Paediatric Nephrology of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University between 2006.2 and 2014.2. Results ??1??In 20 cases of children with IMN??there were 13 male cases and 7 female cases, male to female ratio 1.86??1. The age ranged from 4 to 14 years?? the mean age being 10.65 ± 3.18 years??from onset to renal biopsy the was 7 to 190 days??with an average of 59.1 ± 55.9 days.There were 5 cases of below nephrotic proteinuria in clinical manifestations?? ??including simple proteinuria in 1 case?? hematuria and proteinuria in 4 cases????and 15 cases of nephrotic proteinuria?? of which 1 case with acute renal insufficiency.??2??Renal pathology:light microscopy showed that there were 2 cases of stage I membranous nephropathy??17 cases of stage II membranous nephropathy and 1 cases of stage III membranous nephropathy??among which 16 cases were with mild mesangial cells proliferation and mesangial matrix increase??4 cases with partial glomerular sclerosis??percentage of glomerular sclerosis was 2.4%??3.4%??3.7% and 5.5%??respectively????and 7 cases with focal tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis.Immunofluorescence showed there was IgG and C3 deposition?? partly with IgM??Fg??C1q??and IgA deposition.??3??According to the level of proteinuria the patients were treated with glucocorticoid and renin angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor??ACEI?? or combined with immunosuppressive therapy with a result of 12 cases completely relieved and 8 parthy relieved.??4??In the 19 cases followed up for 2-7 years??12 cases obtained complete remission?? of which 2 cases replased in 1.5 year and 2 years after drug withdrawal. Eight cases had partial remission??of which 7 cases were still receiving sequential treatment??while 1 case lost follow-up because of refusing the use of immunosuppressant. Conclusion The onset of IMN is mainly in elder children and male is more than female.Nephrotic syndrome is the major clinical manifestations of IMN. Glucocorticoids combined withimmunosuppressive drugs can achieve satisfactory therapeutic effect.     

20例乙型肝炎病毒相关肾炎的临床和病理分析

目的　探讨乙型肝炎病毒相关肾炎 (HBV GN)的临床和病理。方法　 2 0例HBV GN ,临床表现肾病综合征 17例 ,其中单纯性肾病 4例 ,肾炎性肾病 13例 ;单纯性蛋白尿 2例 ;肾炎综合征 1例。结果　肾活检病理诊断膜性肾炎 (MN) 15例 ,膜增生性肾小球肾炎 (MPGN) 3例 ,系膜增生性肾小球肾炎 (MsPGN) 2例。平均随访 5 .7年。 2 0例中 8例应用重组人α 干扰素治疗 ,5例完全缓解 ,3例HBsAg、HBeAg转阴 ,1例HBeAg转阴并出现抗HBe ;2例部分缓解 ;1例无效。结论　HBV GN病理以MN为主 ,且预后尚好     

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目的探讨儿童紫癜性肾炎(HSPN)的临床、病理分型分级与预后的关系。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2008年10月在新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院儿科住院的55例HSPN患儿的临床、病理特点,分析对远期预后影响的因素。结果临床表现为血尿和蛋白尿者22例(40.0%),肾病综合征16例(29.1%),单纯性血尿或蛋白尿、急性肾炎和急进性肾炎者分别为12例(21.8%)、4例(7.3%)和1例(1.8%)。肾脏病理表现为系膜增生、肾小球硬化、新月体形成,国际小儿肾脏病研究组分级多见Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级,分别为27例(49.1%)和16例(29.1%)。临床分型与病理分级有相关性(P<0.05),临床分型越严重,肾脏病理损害越重,预后不佳。病理分级与预后有相关性(P<0.05),病理分级越重,预后越不佳。肾小管-间质病理分型与病理分级有相关性(P<0.01),随着肾小管-间质病变程度加重,肾脏病理损伤的程度越重,患儿预后不良。结论儿童紫癜性肾炎的临床表现、病理分级与远期预后密切相关,临床表现重,病理分级高,预后差。     

以激素耐药型肾病综合征起病的Alport综合征15例临床分析

目的 对以儿童激素耐药型肾病综合征(steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome,SRNS)起病的Alport综合征(Alport syndrome,AS)的临床资料、病理和基因检测情况进行临床分析,以提高对AS的认识.方法 选取2015年1月至2019年12月广州医科大学附属广州市第一人民...     

溶血性尿毒症综合征急性期后治疗探讨

目的探讨溶血性尿毒症综合征（HUS）患儿渡过急性期后如何促进肾功能的修复、延缓肾损害进程,探讨HUS急性期后的治疗方法。方法分析1993年至2005年我科收治的17例HUS患儿的临床资料。13例接受急性期后治疗患儿除用血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂（ACEI）和限制蛋白质摄入外,参照中华医学会儿科学分会肾脏病学组制定的“小儿肾小球疾病的临床分类、诊断及治疗”（方案）,按临床分型、对泼尼松治疗的反应及病理类型拟定治疗方案。2例临床表现为肾小球肾炎的患儿中1例应用雷公藤多甙。11例表现为肾病综合征的患儿均用泼尼松;其中5例泼尼松治疗不缓解或部分缓解者,加用环磷酰胺冲击（4例）或甲泼尼龙冲击（1例）治疗;3例因肾组织病理改变为膜增殖＋／-局灶节段性肾小球硬化、新月体形成,加用甲泼尼龙冲击。结果随访2个月～8年,轻型4例（1例复发1次）血压、血尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（Cr）及尿常规均正常。重型9例中6例血压、BUN、Cr、尿常规正常;3例持续尿检异常,肾功能不全,且没有坚持治疗,分别于病程的第3、9和13个月死亡。4例（均为重型）放弃治疗者分别于病程的第27～48天死亡。结论对渡过急性期的HUS患儿依据其临床分型和肾病理改变参照肾脏病学组制定的方案治疗有望改善预后。除急性期病情轻重、治疗的合理性影响预后外,患儿家长对治疗的依从性也是一个重要因素。