早产发生的危险因素及其转归的流行病学调查

目的揭示影响早产发生的主要危险因素及其生后28 d的转归。方法回顾性分析于2008年1月—12月间,在中南大学湘雅二医院、湖南省妇幼保健院、浏阳市妇幼保健院新生儿科住院的早产儿的临床资料。结果 2008年3家医院新生儿科共收治住院早产儿961例,男女比为1.26∶1。导致早产的前5位危险因素依次为:胎膜早破(41.6%)、多胎妊娠(28.9%)、妊娠期高血压(16.6%)、母孕期感染(13.1%)、前置胎盘(6.8%)。生后28 d,早产新生儿治愈好转率88.0%,仍在住院或死亡12.0%,其中死亡病例占1.8%。随着胎龄、体质量增加,早产儿的治愈好转率呈上升趋势(χ2=245.8、286.8,P<0.05)。结论引起早产的主要危险因素依次为胎膜早破、多胎妊娠、妊娠期高血压等。早产儿生后28 d的转归与胎龄、体质量相关。     

Neurological outcomes following preterm birth

Neonatal survival continues to improve; for many years, including throughout the 1990s there have been anxieties that this was at the cost of additional morbidity, most particularly in terms of neurosensory impairments. Recent evidence suggests that rates of neuromotor morbidity, in particular cerebral palsy, may be declining for all but the most immature babies. Severe sensory impairment has a low, but relatively static incidence. High prevalence, low severity motor problems and their inter-relationship with developmental co-ordination disorder, executive dysfunction and cognitive impairment are increasingly recognised and correlated with reduced school performance. Because of difficulties in comparing outcomes across different populations, validated motor and manual function classifications have been developed for children with cerebral palsy and can help to standardise outcome measures. Improved neuro-imaging is helping us understand the types and consequences of neonatal brain injury. The possibility of using composite measures of early motor movement quality, longitudinal use of motor classification systems and volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging to understand developmental processes needs to be explored.     

Characteristics and risk factors for adverse birth outcomes in pregnant black adolescents

OBJECTIVES: To describe maternal characteristics and birth outcomes in a group of pregnant minority adolescents and to characterize the impact of maternal age (<15 years versus 15-17 years) on birth outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: A 10-year retrospective chart review was conducted in 1120 pregnant black adolescents (< or =17 years of age) who had received prenatal care at an inner-city maternity clinic in Baltimore, Md. RESULTS: Pregnant black adolescents had a higher incidence of low birth weight infants, preterm delivery, and fetal death compared with normative data from the United States. Younger adolescents were more likely to have inadequate utilization of prenatal care (P<.01). Older adolescents had a higher incidence of gonorrhea infections (P=.046), greater rates of self-reported substance abuse (P=.063), and a higher history of cigarette smoking (P<.01). Low prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), inadequate weight gain, and poor prenatal care utilization were strong independent predictors of preterm birth (P<.05). Low prepregnancy BMI, inadequate weight gain, female infant, and self-reported cigarette smoking history were significantly associated with decreased infant birth weight (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant black adolescents had increased risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes. This population should be studied further to develop age-appropriate and population-specific interventions to improve birth outcomes.     

Late respiratory outcomes after preterm birth

Chronic respiratory morbidity is common following premature birth, particularly if complicated by bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) development. Affected patients can remain oxygen dependent for many months, but unusually beyond two years. Those requiring supplementary oxygen at home have increased healthcare utilisation, even during the preschool years when no longer oxygen dependent. More than 50% of "BPD" patients require readmission in the first two years, particularly for respiratory infections. Prematurely born children, especially those who had BPD, are more likely to suffer frequent troublesome symptoms at school age and in adolescence than term born controls. This is associated with evidence of airways obstruction. Although lung function improves as the clinical condition improves, abnormalities can be detected even in young adults who had severe BPD. Nowadays, severe BPD is uncommon, but those with "new" BPD may have abnormal antenatal lung growth, whether they achieve appropriate catch up lung growth needs careful investigation.     

287例晚期早产儿早产危险因素及并发症研究

目的：探讨晚期早产儿(late preterm infant, LPI) 早产相关危险因素及临床常见并发症。方法：对287例LPI临床资料进行回顾性分析,同时随机抽取288例同期住院的足月新生儿作对照,应用logistic回归分析的方法筛选LPI早产的危险因素,并分析其常见临床并发症的发生等情况。结果：Logistic回归显示双胎、妊娠期糖尿病、先兆子癎及子癎、前置胎盘、胎盘早剥及胎膜早破为LPI早产发生的危险因素。LPI住院时间明显长于足月儿,其各系统并发症发生率均较高,其中以贫血、吸入性肺炎、低血糖症、颅内出血等为主。结论：LPI生后易发生多种并发症,应注意密切观察,及时救治。避免围产期异常分娩因素的发生是降低LPI出生的关键。     

Cognitive and behavioural outcomes following very preterm birth

This paper provides a review of the cognitive and behavioural outcomes of very preterm children in middle childhood. Case-controlled studies have shown that very preterm children have intelligence quotient (IQ) scores significantly lower than term peers, even for those who are free of severe disability. Authors have noted a gestational age-related gradient in IQ for those born before 33 weeks and studies have revealed particular problems in non-verbal reasoning and simultaneous information processing. Very preterm children are also at risk for behavioural problems. There is little consensus regarding the presence of internalising or externalising behaviours, but most studies show an increased risk of attentional and social problems. Studies have also shown a greater prevalence of psychiatric disorders and, specifically, an increased risk for ADHD. Methodological issues are discussed and suggestions are made for improving the reporting of outcomes to facilitate cross-study comparisons.     

Effects of preterm birth and fetal growth retardation on cardiovascular risk factors in young adulthood

Background

The association between low birth weight (LBW) and increased risk of obesity, hypertension and cardiovascular disease later in life is well documented in epidemiological studies. However, clinical follow-up studies of LBW populations have only partly supported this.

Aims

Evaluate associations between LBW and body fat, blood pressure (BP), lung and endothelial function, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) in 18 year old young adults.

Subjects

Thirty-seven subjects born prematurely with birth weight < 1501 g (VLBW group), 47 born at term with low weight (< 10th centile) for gestational age (SGA group) and 63 controls with normal birth weight participated in the study.

Outcome measures

Anthropometric measurements, BP, endothelial function, lung function and VO_2max were recorded.

Results

Both LBW groups were shorter, lighter, had smaller head circumference and higher subscapular-to-triceps skinfold-ratio than controls. Systolic and mean arterial BP was higher in the VLBW compared with the control group, whereas there were no differences between the groups in endothelial function. The VLBW group had reduced dynamic lung volumes lower carbon monoxide transfer factor and lower VO_2max compared with controls. In particular young adults born VLBW who were also growth retarded in utero had higher indices of central body fat, higher BP and lower VO_2max.

Conclusion

We found that very preterm birth, but not growth retardation at term, was associated with higher BP and a less favourable fat distribution. In particular, the young adults born VLBW who were also growth retarded in utero had less favourable outcomes.     

Modifiable risk factors for preterm brain injury

In the last decade preterm birth rates have continued to rise hand in hand with improving neonatal care. Unfortunately rates of severe disability have remained static. National benchmarking of key outcomes shows significant variations in adaptation of best practices across United Kingdom (UK). While emerging technologies give us a glimpse of fascinating possibilities, widespread adoption of evidence-based interventions should remain a priority. In this article we have attempted to outline mechanisms of preterm brain injury and identify the most promising strategies currently available to minimize it. Quality improvement strategies (QI) that can help perinatal teams adopt best practices and promising new therapies are discussed.     

Modifiable risk factors for preterm brain injury

The prevalence of preterm birth is increasing globally and it is a leading cause of neurodevelopmental impairment in childhood. Preterm brain injury consists predominantly of: white matter disease, which may be diffuse or cystic and is usually accompanied by grey matter alterations; and haemorrhagic lesions (germinal matrix haemorrhage–intraventricular haemorrhage).The evidence base for neuroprotective strategies has grown in recent years. Antenatal interventions include the use of corticosteroids and magnesium sulphate, and organisation of maternity services so that early postnatal transfer is avoided. Postnatal interventions associated with improved neurological outcome include delayed clamping of the umbilical cord, respiratory management strategies that reduce the incidence of pneumothorax and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, avoidance of hypotension and hypocarbia, feeding practices that promote human milk intake, caffeine therapy, avoidance of early relatively high dose postnatal dexamethasone, and minimising the incidence of postnatal sepsis. In this review, we describe the predominant forms of preterm brain injury in the current era and consider the evidence base for clinical practices designed to reduce brain injury and adverse outcome after preterm birth.     

早产危险因素的前瞻性队列研究

目的 了解早产的发生情况,并探讨早产发生的危险因素。 方法 以2014年5月至2016年12月在湖南省妇幼保健院首次参加产前检查并决定住院分娩的孕早期孕妇及其配偶为研究对象开展前瞻性队列研究。采用调查问卷收集可能与早产发生相关的暴露信息,并通过医院病历系统完成信息核查,记录妊娠结局。采用多因素logistic回归分析探讨早产发生的危险因素。 结果 共收集6 764例孕妇完整资料,其早产发生率为17.09%。多因素logistic回归分析显示,孕妇有不良妊娠史、孕前进食槟榔、有妊娠并发症史、有肝炎史、孕期未补充叶酸、孕期服药、孕期主动/被动吸烟、孕期饮酒、孕期不均衡饮食、孕期强体力活动、受孕方式为不孕经治疗自然受孕和辅助受孕,以及配偶年龄较大、体重指数较高、吸烟均为早产发生的危险因素（P<0.05）;而孕妇教育水平高、配偶教育水平高、孕次少是早产发生的保护因素（P<0.05）。 结论 早产的危险因素很多,应特别注重孕妇的孕期生活行为,对孕妇及其配偶加强卫生宣教,养成良好的生活习惯,以减少早产的发生。     

早产低出生体质量儿肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积的临床危险因素及近期结局

目的探讨早产低出生体质量儿肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积(PNAC)的临床危险因素以及近期结局。方法回顾分析2018年至2020年期间于新生儿重症监护病房住院的应用肠外营养(PN)≥14 d,出生体质量2 500 g的114例早产低出生体质量儿的临床资料。根据早产儿直接胆红素水平(DB)分为PNAC组(DB34 μmol/L,27例)和非PNAC组(87例),以丙氨酸氨基转移酶50 U/L为合并肝损伤标准,进行比较分析。结果 PNAC发生率23.6%,发生时间为应用PN后(32.8±12.5)d,在PN停止后(52.2±29.5)d 恢复。PNAC组中14例(51.8%)发生肝损伤,发生时间为应用PN后(42.0±14.7)d;肝损伤持续时间为70.5 d(56.0～77.7 d),胆汁淤积持续时间为(90.2±42.1)d。PNAC组住院时间、抗生素应用时间、机械通气时间、PN持续时间及禁食时间均长于非PNAC组,生后开奶时间晚于非PNAC组,氨基酸及脂肪乳累积用量大于非PNAC组,合并坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)、败血症比例大于非PNAC组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。多元logistic回归分析示,禁食时间、PN持续时间、NEC是PNAC发生的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论 PNAC是早产低出生体质量儿进行PN过程中常见并发症。长时间禁食、PN持续时间长及合并NEC提高了PNAC发生的风险。经过治疗,PNAC患儿大多预后良好。     

早产儿和小于胎龄儿发生的危险因素的比较分析

目的 比较早产儿和小于胎龄儿发生的危险因素.方法 选择1 270例排除明确孕母疾病和产科危险因素的新生儿,自制调查问卷调查母亲身高、体重、被动吸烟和不良孕产史等因素,将研究对象分类为早产儿和足月儿、小于胎龄儿和适于胎龄儿,采用多因素logistic 回归分析比较早产儿和小于胎龄儿发生的危险因素.结果 孕期增重<9 kg使早产(OR=1.63,95%CI:1.12~2.07)和小于胎龄儿(OR=1.92,95%CI:1.56~2.58)发生的危险性均增高;母亲既往流产史(OR=1.46,95%CI:1.09~1.93)和早产史(OR=2.63,95%CI:1.81~3.92)是早产儿发生的的独立危险因素;孕母身高<1.55 m(OR=2.46,95%CI:1.78~3.48)、孕前BMI<18.5(OR=2.16,95%CI:1.53~3.16)、被动吸烟(OR=2.24,95%CI:1.65~2.98)是小于胎龄儿发生的的独立危险因素.结论 早产儿和小于胎龄儿的危险因素不同,针对两类特征孕妇应采取不同的预防措施,有针对性地减少两类不良妊娠结局的发生.     

Clinical characteristics and risk factors for early-onset necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants with very/extremely low birth weight北大核心CSCD

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors for early-onset necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants with very/extremely low birth weight (VLBW/ELBW). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 194 VLBW/ELBW preterm infants with NEC who were admitted to Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from January 2014 to December 2021. These infants were divided into early-onset group (onset in the first two weeks of life; n=62) and late-onset group (onset two weeks after birth; n=132) based on their onset time. The two groups were compared in terms of perinatal conditions, clinical characteristics, laboratory examination results, and clinical outcomes. Sixty-two non-NEC infants with similar gestational age and birth weight who were hospitalized at the same period as these NEC preterm infants were selected as the control group. The risk factors for the development of early-onset NEC were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Compared with the late-onset group, the early-onset group had significantly higher proportions of infants with 1-minute Apgar score ≤3, stage III NEC, surgical intervention, grade ≥3 intraventricular hemorrhage, apnea, and fever or hypothermia (P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that feeding intolerance, blood culture-positive early-onset sepsis, severe anemia, and hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus were independent risk factors for the development of early-onset NEC in VLBW/ELBW preterm infants (P<0.05). Conclusions VLBW/ELBW preterm infants with early-onset NEC have more severe conditions compared with those with late-onset NEC. Neonates with feeding intolerance, blood culture-positive early-onset sepsis, severe anemia, or hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus have a higher risk of early-onset NEC. © 2023 Xiangya Hospital of CSU. All rights reserved.     

超早产儿出生时间与复苏结局的关系

目的 探讨非工作时间(工作日夜间6 pm～8 am、周末和国家法定节假日)出生的与正常工作时间出生的超早产儿复苏过程和早期结局有无差异.方法 回顾性收集2010年1月1日至2020年12月31日于北京大学第三医院出生并转入新生儿重症监护病房的超早产儿病例.根据出生时间的不同分为工作时间出生组(n=77)和非工作时间出生...     

Are the risk factors for SIDS different for preterm and term infants?

BACKGROUND: Mortality from SIDS has declined since the recommendation that infants are not placed prone to sleep. SIDS mortality is higher in infants born preterm than those born at term. AIM: To determine if risk factors for SIDS are any different for preterm and term infants. METHODS: Mortality data over time were used to determine whether the reduction in SIDS mortality rates had occurred equally in term and preterm infants. Data from two New Zealand studies (a case-control study and a case-cohort study) were used to determine if any differences existed in risk factors for SIDS between term and preterm infants before and after the SIDS prevention campaign. RESULTS: SIDS mortality appears to have decreased by similar proportions in term and preterm infants. Risk factors for SIDS were similar in preterm and term infants, except for parity where there was a significant interaction. Increasing parity was a risk factor for SIDS in term infants but not preterm infants. CONCLUSION: SIDS rates have decreased at comparable rates in term and preterm infants, but preterm birth still remains a risk factor for SIDS. The magnitude of the odds ratios associated with modifiable risk factors were similar for both groups. There may however be a difference in risk associated with parity between term and preterm infants. The messages for risk factors for SIDS are applicable to mothers of preterm as well as term infants.