CT引导下经皮穿刺射频消融术治疗脊柱骨样骨瘤3例报告

目的评价CT引导下经皮穿刺射频消融术治疗脊柱骨样骨瘤的临床效果。方法 3例脊柱骨样骨瘤,分别位于颈椎、腰椎和骶椎,肿瘤边缘紧邻脊髓或神经。局部麻醉后,CT引导下经皮穿刺将射频电极置入骨样骨瘤中心,应用90℃的射频高温持续4 min对瘤巢进行损毁。结果术中及术后无明显并发症发生。术后分别随访2、6、7个月（平均5个月）,疼痛缓解满意,3例VAS评分分别下降了6、8、8分,随访期内疼痛无复发,无神经功能损害。结论 CT引导下经皮穿刺射频消融术治疗脊柱骨样骨瘤微创、安全,患者耐受性好,近期效果确切。     

CT引导下经皮穿刺微波热消融术治疗髋部骨样骨瘤

目的 探讨CT引导下经皮穿刺微波热消融术治疗髋部骨样骨瘤的可行性.方法 2006年8月至2010年1月对8例髋部骨样骨瘤患者采用CT引导下经皮穿刺微波热消融治疗,男5例,女3例;年龄12～25岁,平均18.8岁.患者均有髋部疼痛症状,夜间加剧.病史2个月至10年.病变部位:股骨颈4例、股骨小转子2例、股骨大转子1例,股骨转子间1例.术中应用CT薄层横断扫描确定病灶部位,将骨穿刺针经皮穿入瘤巢中心.行CT扫描证实穿刺针位置准确后撤出针芯,用穿刺针套管刮除瘤壁及瘤巢内肿瘤组织送病理学检查.再将微波探针沿骨穿刺针穿入瘤巢中心,将瘤巢中心温度逐渐加热至90℃,保持4～6min.术后预防性应用抗生素2 d.结果 3例病理学检查诊断为骨样骨瘤,另5例仅获得诊断性描述.全部病例随访6～21个月.术后24 h内疼痛均有不同程度缓解,1例随访5个月时仍有轻度夜间隐痛,再次行微波热消融治疗,随访8个月无复发.所有患者均未见股骨头坏死及其他并发症.结论 CT引导下骨样骨瘤经皮穿刺微波热消融术可以有效缓解或消除髋部疼痛症状,术后并发症少,短期疗效好,是一种安全、有效的新方法.     

16排螺旋CT对原发性小肝癌射频消融术后的随访价值

目的探讨16排螺旋CT对原发性小肝癌射频消融术后的随访价值。方法收集经临床确诊为原发性小肝癌并有射频消融治疗手术史的病例25例,对术后1个月~3年内CT和MRI检查的影像资料进行回顾性的分析总结,其中16排螺旋CT平扫及增强检查15例,MRI平扫及增强检查10例。结果 15例CT检查患者共有26个病灶,射频消融术后完全消融的病灶24个,不完全消融的病灶2个,5例患者肝内远处再发。10例MRI检查患者原共13个病灶,射频消融术后完全消融的病灶12个,不完全消融的病灶1个,2例患者肝内远处再发。CT与MRI检查结果差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与MRI检查比较,16排螺旋CT扫描技术对原发性肝癌射频消融治疗术后病灶的变化同样能进行客观的监测评价,是原发性小肝癌射频消融治疗术后随访评价的重要手段。     

MSCT引导下冷极射频消融治疗难治性恶性肿瘤的应用价值

目的探讨在MSCT引导下经皮穿刺冷极射频消融治疗难治性恶性肿瘤的安全性、疗效及其应用价值。方法76例恶性肿瘤84个瘤灶，瘤体直径3．0～15．0cm，平均8．5cm。根据消融术前MSCT图像制定治疗计划，在MSCT引导下经皮穿刺准确将针型电极插入肿瘤预定位置进行热消融，消融温度58～90℃，治疗时间15～120min。术后2h复查，观察有无急性并发症。术后1个月和每3个月CT复查观察肿瘤有无残留和复发，必要时可多次治疗。通过影像学评估消融的疗效，并统计生存期。结果76例恶性肿瘤84个瘤灶在MSCT引导下消融针均准确插入肿瘤预定位置并顺利完成热消融过程，未见严重并发症。术后1个月复查，84个瘤灶完全坏死15个；不完全坏死和部分坏死45个，总有效率71．43％（60／84）。治疗后生存率随访：6个月90．79％，12个月63．16％，18个月36．84％，24个月14．47％。结论在MSCT引导下经皮穿刺冷极射频消融技术是一种创伤小、易耐受、安全有效的治疗难治性恶性肿瘤的方法。     

髋关节骨样骨瘤

目的 探讨髋关节内骨样骨瘤的临床、影像学特点及治疗方法。方法 总结经手术病理证实的髋关节内骨样骨瘤11例病人的症状、体征、影像学表现、手术方法及治疗结果。结果 术后所有病例疼痛消失，于1～3个月后恢复正常活动，随访3个月～5年，无复发，髋关节功能正常。结论 髋关节骨样骨瘤疼痛定位不确切，X线因遮挡显示不清，容易误诊，CT是最好的检查方法，手术切除瘤巢是治疗的关键，CT引导下手术是保证瘤巢切除彻底的有效方法。     

氩氦刀冷冻消融姑息治疗韧带样纤维瘤

目的探讨氩氦刀冷冻消融术在姑息治疗韧带样纤维瘤中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院收治的5例术后复发的韧带样纤维瘤患者,采用CT引导经皮氩氦刀冷冻消融术进行治疗。对比术前及术后肿瘤大小、密度、强化方式、临床症状及血液学指标的变化,分析术后并发症的发生情况。结果 5例患者均顺利完成消融治疗。其中2例患者分别行3次及4次消融治疗,术后CT增强扫描示消融区明显液化坏死,边界清晰;残余肿瘤可见不同程度强化,术后12个月复查,5例患者肿瘤缓解率为80%(4/5);临床症状均有不同程度好转;术后并发症主要为疼痛、发热、软组织肿胀、排尿不畅、会阴部麻木等,1例患者出现皮肤冻伤;术后患者血液学指标急性期升高。结论 CT引导经皮氩氦刀冷冻消融术具有创伤小、能有效降低瘤负荷、缓解临床症状等特点,可作为姑息治疗术后复发韧带样纤维瘤的一种有效方法。     

CT引导下经皮化学消融术治疗腹部淋巴结转移性病变

目的 探讨CT引导下经皮化学消融术治疗腹部淋巴结转移性病变的可行性和治疗效果。方法对15例腹部癌性淋巴结转移患者进行CT引导下经皮穿刺化学消融术。用20～23G Chiba针或21G多孔酒精注射针于局醉下分步穿入肿大的淋巴结内，注射超液化碘化油2～4ml加盐酸阿霉素30～50mg、卡铂200mg或健择400～600mg混合乳剂，尽量使之充满全部肿大淋巴结。术后随访1～13个月。结果无1例出现术中和术后并发症。患者疼痛缓解率100％，消失率20％。86．7％治疗部位淋巴结变小。结论CT引导下经皮化学消融术是治疗腹部癌性淋巴结转移的微创新方法，可减轻或消除疼痛、控制或减缓局部病变的发展。     

腹腔镜联合经皮超声射频消融治疗肝细胞肝癌的疗效探讨

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合经皮超声射频消融术治疗肝癌的临床应用价值。方法:2011年5月至2015年10月为56例肝癌患者行腹腔镜下联合经皮超声射频消融术,记录术后肝功能、甲胎蛋白、生命体征及1个月后影像学检查结果。结果:56例患者、108个病灶均完成射频消融治疗,术后无针道出血、肝功能衰竭及邻近脏器损伤等严重并发症发生,102个病灶消融满意,6个病灶周围有残存,2个病灶在超声造影指引下予以再次消融,4个病灶在CT引导下再次消融,再次消融效果满意。结论:腹腔镜联合经皮超声射频消融治疗特殊部位的肝癌具有消融完全,避免针道出血、周围脏器损伤等特点,具有良好的临床应用价值。     

冷循环射频消融治疗胰腺癌的术后并发症及处理

目的通过对冷循环射频消融治疗不能切除的胰腺癌的术后并发症分析，评估冷循环射频消融治疗不能切除的胰腺癌的安全性。方法回顾性分析了28例不能切除胰腺癌实施冷循环射频消融术后的并发症及其处理方法。结果冷循环射频消融治疗不能切除的胰腺癌术后并发胰瘘6例，发生率21．43％，上消化道出血5例，发生率17．86％，术后发热16例，发生率57．14％，腹腔出血1例，发生率3．57％，肠系膜上动脉血栓形成1例，发生率3．57％。临床治愈率100％。所有患者均获得随访，存活12个月以上13例，最长者已达43个月，生活质量较好。结论冷循环射频消融治疗胰腺癌是安全、可行的。     

经腹腔镜射频消融术治疗肝细胞癌的临床观察

目的探讨经腹腔镜射频消融术治疗肝细胞癌的临床效果。方法12例共18个肝癌病灶经腹腔镜行射频消融治疗,病灶平均直径3．2cm。术后复查超声造影,观察治疗效果。结果12例均顺利完成手术,单个病灶射频消融时间平均为8．6min。术后均未出现腹腔出血、胆囊损伤、胆漏、胃肠道损伤、膈肌损伤及肝功能衰竭等严重并发症。术后超声造影复查病灶完全坏死率达83．3％,残留病灶均再次B型超声引导下经皮射频消融治疗。随访6～32个月（平均16个月）,2例发现肝内新病灶,3例消融部位复发,均采用B型超声引导下经皮射频消融进行治疗。结论经腹腔镜射频消融治疗肝细胞癌安全可行,减少并发症的发生,扩大了治疗的适应证。但应选择肿瘤位于肝脏表面、肝左外叶的病例进行治疗。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.