糖基化终末产物在糖尿病并发症中的作用

糖基化终末产物在糖尿病并发症中的作用［ＭｉｃｈａｅｌＢ．Ｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓ，１９９４，４３：８３６］糖尿病是一组病因和发病机制尚未完全阐明的内分泌代谢疾病，而以高血糖为其共同标志。近几年来，人们在研究高血糖的基础上，已形成了一个具有说服力的理论，即慢性...     

糖基化终末产物与糖尿病慢性并发症研究进展

<正>糖基化终末产物(AGEs)是蛋白质、脂肪酸和核酸等大分子物质的非酶糖基化产物,目前研究表明AGEs可直接或与其受体相互作用加速人体的衰老和导致糖尿病、阿尔茨海默病(AD)、动脉粥样硬化(AS)等慢性退化性疾病的发生和发展。AGEs与糖尿病慢性并发症的关系是目前研究热点,本文就此进行综述。1 AGEs及AGEs受体(RAGE)AGEs是一组在蛋白质、脂肪酸及核酸的氨基基团与还原     

糖基化终末产物及其受体在胃肠道中的分布

目的:研究糖基化终末产物(advanced glycation end products,AGE)及其受体(receptor for advanced glycation end products,RAGE)在胃肠道中的分布,为进一步探索其在慢性糖尿病胃肠功能紊乱中的作用奠定基础.方法:分别对成年Wistar大鼠食管、胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠及直肠组织进行AGE及RAGE免疫组织化学染色.结果:(1)食管:AGE及RAGE主要分布在横纹肌的肌细胞及黏膜的鳞状上皮细胞;(2)胃:AGE在壁细胞为强阳性.RAGE在主细胞、肥大细胞、神经细胞为强阳性,在壁细胞为中等强度阳性,在表面黏液细胞为弱阳性;(3)小肠:AGE及RAGE在绒毛及固有层上皮细胞为阳性或强阳性.RAGE在肠道的神经细胞亦为强阳性;(4)结肠及直肠:AGE及RAGE在黏膜上皮细胞为弱阳性,RAGE在神经细胞为强阳性.结论:AGE及RAGE广泛分布于肠道上皮细胞及食管的横纹肌细胞,AGE亦分布于胃的壁细胞,RAGE亦分布于胃的壁细胞、主细胞、表面黏液细胞、肥大细胞及胃肠道的神经细胞.     

晚期糖基化终末产物与骨质疏松症

骨质疏松的主要表现是低骨量和骨组织微结构退变,其发生的本质在于骨再造过程紊乱即骨吸收超过骨形成。骨吸收与骨形成分别与破骨细胞和成骨细胞的活动直接相关。目前研究发现众多激素、生长因子和细胞因子等参与均衡这两类细胞的数量和活性,影响骨代谢平衡,晚期糖基化终末产物也是目前其中研究较为广泛的因子之一。晚期糖基化终末产物随着年龄增长在体内积聚增多,通过直接或间接的作用导致骨代谢的失衡,出现骨质疏松。     

晚期糖基化终末产物与纤维化

晚期糖基化终末产物形成增多是糖尿病的重要特征。目前多个研究显示，其在糖尿病并发症中的发生、发展起了重要作用。晚期糖基化终末产物能促进肾脏、血管、腹膜等组织纤维化。其促纤维化作用可通过直接修饰细胞外基质、促进细胞外基质分泌、促进致纤维化细胞因子的产生、促进间质细胞转化及抑制细胞外基质降解等环节实现。本文对晚期糖基化终末产物的促纤维化作用进行综述。     

糖基化终末产物与肝病

肝脏是糖基化终末产物的主要代谢部位,肝病时伴随的氧化应激、糖耐量损害以及肝肾功能降低导致糖基化终末产物增加,而糖基化终末产物可通过促进氧应激/脂质过氧化、炎症反应以及纤维化等途径,加重肝脏损伤。     

糖基化终末产物与糖尿病慢性并发症

AGEs是指糖的醛基与蛋白质的氨基端在非酶催化的化学反应下生成的一类物质。人们最初认为AGEs只是蛋白质老化的标志，以便体内识别降解、清除老化的蛋白质。近年来，随着对糖尿病慢性病发症发病机制及病理改变的深入研究，对AGEs有了更全面的认识。人们最初认为AGEs只是蛋白质老化的标志。现在越来越多的事实表明，AGEs不仅与被修饰的大分子的降解有关．AGEs与其受体相互作用。能够激活多个信号传导通路，促进多种细胞因子的合成与释放。促使糖尿病并发症的发生发展。     

糖基化终末产物与动脉粥样硬化性疾病的相关性研究

近年来，国内外研究证明，晚期糖基化终末产物（advanced glycosylation end products，AGEs）与2型糖尿病慢性并发症明显相关，但与动脉粥样硬化性疾病的相关性尚未完全明了，本研究分析血清AGEs与动脉粥样硬化性疾病的关系。     

冠心病患者外周血单核细胞表面晚期糖基化终末产物受体水平的表达

目的探讨外周血单核细胞表面晚期糖基化终末产物受体(RAGE)的表达水平与冠心病患者临床表现及冠状动脉病变严重程度的关系,并评估其对冠心病患者风险的预测价值.方法 选择因胸痛住院并行冠状动脉造影的患者80例,据其不同临床表现、冠状动脉病变的Gensini积分、病变血管支数进行相应分组,采用流式细胞学方法测定外周血单核细胞表面RAGE水平.结果 急性心肌梗死组、不稳定型心绞痛组外周血单核细胞表面RAGE表达水平均高于稳定型心绞痛组和对照组(P＜0.01).RAGE水平与高敏C反应蛋白水平呈正相关(r=0.476,P=0.01);多支病变组和两支病变组外周血单核细胞表面RAGE表达水平高于单支病变组(P＜0.05);多支病变组RAGE水平高于两支病变组(P＜0.05);根据冠状动脉造影Gensini评分分为三组,三组间外周血单核细胞表面RAGE水平逐渐升高,且各组间差异均具有统计学差异.外周血单核细胞表面RAGE水平与冠状动脉造影评分之间呈正相关(r＝0.376,P=0.007);采用Logistic回归法分析高水平的外周血单核细胞表面RAGE水平是冠心痛患者发生急性冠状动脉综合征的独立危险因素(OR=1.180,P=0.02).结论 冠心病患者外周血单核细胞表面RAGE表达水平明显增加,且随着临床表现严重程度的增加呈逐渐升高趋势,对冠心病患者的临床表现有预测价值.外周血单核细胞RAGE水平与冠状动脉病变狭窄程度相关,对冠状动脉病变严重程度有一定的预测价值.高水平外周血单核细胞RAGE的表达是冠心痛患者临床表现严重程度的独立危险因素.     

糖基化终末产物对冠心病患者支架术后再狭窄的影响

目的探讨糖基化终末产物(AGEs)对经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)术后1年再狭窄率的影响。方法择期PCI治疗的患者依据AGEs水平的平均值分成低AGEs和高AGEs组,记录介入血管支数,支架数目、再狭窄发生率。结果两组基础状态包括性别、年龄、高血压病史等均无统计学差异(P0.05),两组间介入血管支数,支架数目无统计学差异(P0.05)。两组间PCI术后再狭窄发生率存在明显差异。结论 AGEs增加冠心病患者PCI术后1年再狭窄发生率。     

冠心病并代谢综合征患者血清糖基化终末产物的水平及其临床意义

目的:研究冠心病并代谢综合征(MS)患者血清糖基化终末产物(AGE)含量的变化及其临床意义。方法:选择单纯MS患者(A组)32例,单纯冠心病患者(B组)36例,冠心病并MS患者(C组)39例和正常对照(D组)28例。对所有受试者测量其身高、体重、腰围(WC)、臀围(HC);测血脂、空腹血糖(FBG)、胰岛素(FIN)、AGE;计算体质指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)并进行比较。结果:A、B、C组患者的FIN、HOMA-IR、AGE均高于D组,C组的HOMA-IR、AGE分别高于A、B组。直线相关分析显示,HOMA-IR与BMI、WC、TG、FBG、FIN和AGE呈正相关,与HDL呈负相关。结论:冠心病并MS患者AGE的表达异常升高。     

Association between serum levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and circulating advanced glycation end products in type 2 diabetes

Aims/hypothesis Activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE, also known as AGE-specific receptor [AGER]) has been implicated in the development of diabetic vascular complications. Blockade of RAGE using a soluble form of the receptor (sRAGE) suppressed vascular hyperpermeability and atherosclerosis in animal models. Since little is known about the regulation of endogenous sRAGE levels, we determined whether serum sRAGE is influenced by circulating AGEs and the severity of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients.Materials and methods We recruited 150 healthy control and 318 diabetic subjects. Diabetic subjects were subdivided into those with proteinuria, microalbuminuria or normoalbuminuria. Serum sRAGE was assayed by ELISA and serum AGEs by competitive ELISA using a polyclonal rabbit antiserum raised against AGE-RNase.Results Diabetic subjects had higher sRAGE (1,029.5 pg/ml [766.1–1,423.0] interquartile range vs 1,002.6 [726.5–1,345.3], p<0.05) and AGEs (4.07±1.13, SD, unit/ml vs 3.39±1.05, p<0.01) than controls. Proteinuric subjects had the highest sRAGE levels and there was a significant trend between the severity of nephropathy and sRAGE (p=0.01). In diabetic subjects, serum log(sRAGE) correlated with AGEs (r=0.27, p<0.001), log(plasma creatinine) (r=0.31, p<0.001), log(urine AER) (r=0.24, p<0.01) and log(triglycerides) (r=0.15, p<0.01). On stepwise linear regression analysis, AGEs and creatinine levels were the main independent determinants of sRAGE concentration.Conclusions/interpretation Serum sRAGE levels and circulating AGEs are associated with the severity of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Prospective studies are required to determine whether endogenous sRAGE potentially influences the development of diabetic vascular complications.     

冠心病合并糖尿病患者替格瑞洛、氯吡格雷的抗栓效能评价及糖基化终末产物价值分析

目的评估冠心病合并糖尿病患者替格瑞洛、氯吡格雷的抗栓效能并进一步分析血清糖基化终末产物在治疗过程中的作用。方法入选2014年10月至2017年2月期间在江苏大学附属医院心内科行PCI术治疗的冠心病合并糖尿病患者120例。随机分为两组,分别予以氯吡格雷(n=60)及替格瑞洛(n=60)治疗。双联抗血小板治疗前及治疗1周后采用流式细胞术检测血小板聚集率,血栓弹力图检测花生四烯酸(AA)和二磷酸腺苷(ADP)途径诱导的血小板抑制率,比较两组抗血小板治疗的效果。ELISA法检测两组血清糖基化终末产物(AGE)水平。治疗6个月后通过随访观察两组患者出血事件及缺血事件发生情况。结果两组患者治疗1周后替格瑞洛组血小板聚集率显著低于氯吡格雷组14.09%[(35.92±7.57)%比(41.81±9.56)%,P0.05];两组间经AA途径诱导的血小板抑制率差异无显著性(P0.05),但经ADP途径诱导的血小板抑制率替格瑞洛组是氯吡格雷组的1.22倍[(65.73±11.69)%比(53.67±8.75)%,P0.05)]。治疗前两组患者血清AGE水平差异无显著性,治疗后1周替格瑞洛组血清AGE水平低于氯吡格雷组,差异有统计学意义[(18.71±3.14)mg/L比(25.71±4.01)mg/L,P0.05)]。Pearson相关分析表明血清AGE水平与血小板聚集率正相关(r=0.87,P0.001),与血小板抑制率负相关(r=-0.95,P0.001)。治疗6个月后随访显示两组间出血事件差异无显著性;但在缺血事件方面,替格瑞洛组发生总缺血事件的概率要显著低于氯吡格雷组(8.33%比18.33%,P0.05)。结论替格瑞洛较氯吡格雷能明显降低PCI术后1周血小板聚集率,减少半年缺血事件的发生率,血清AGE水平可能是这一过程的关键节点。     

Role of advanced glycation end products in cardiovascular disease

Advanced glycation end products(AGEs) are produced through the non enzymatic glycation and oxidation of proteins,lipids and nucleic acids.Enhanced formation of AGEs occurs particularly in conditions associated with hyperglycaemia such as diabetes mellitus(DM).AGEs are believed to have a key role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease in patients with DM through the modif ication of the structure,function and mechanical properties of tissues through crosslinking intracellular as well as extracellular matrix proteins and through modulating cellular processes through binding to cell surface receptors [receptor for AGEs(RAGE)].A number of studies have shown a correlation between serum AGE levels and the development and severity of heart failure(HF).Moreover,some studies have suggested that therapies targeted against AGEs may have therapeutic potential in patients with HF.The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of AGEs in cardiovascular disease and in particular in heart failure,focussing on both cellular mechanisms of action as well as highlighting how targeting AGEs may represent a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of HF.     

Serum levels of low molecular weight advanced glycation end products in diabetic subjects

AIMS: One of the principal theories of the development of diabetic complications proposes that increased levels of advanced glycation end products (AGE) are formed in diabetes by prolonged exposure of proteins, lipids and nucleotides to glucose. Such AGEs may contribute to the development of diabetic complications by a number of mechanisms. Circulating AGEs can be detected in serum, and in the present study, we analysed the clinical correlates of circulating serum low molecular weight AGE (LMW-AGE). METHODS: Serum LMW-AGE was measured in 106 non-diabetic and 499 diabetic subjects using fluorescence spectroscopy. Results were calibrated against an in-house AGE albumin preparation, and expressed as absolute fluorescence units (AFU). RESULTS: Serum LMW-AGE values were significantly higher in diabetic than non-diabetic subjects [median 7.5 (range 0-595.5) vs. 5.3 (1.0-15.5) AFU, P<0.01]. In the normal subjects, there were significant correlations between serum LMW-AGE and age (r=0.42, P<0.01) and serum creatinine (r=0.39, P<0.01). In the diabetic patients, serum LMW-AGE correlated significantly with age (r=0.315, P<0.01), systolic blood pressure (r=0.141, P=0.002), serum creatinine (r=0.449, P<0.01) and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) (r=0.265, P<0.01). There was no correlation between serum LMW-AGE and HbA1c. On regression analysis, with serum LMW-AGE as the dependent variable, serum creatinine emerged as the most significant factor (t=8.1, P<0.01), followed by age (t=4.0, P<0.01) and ACR (t=2.9, P=0.004). There was no significant difference in serum LMW-AGE between those with and without retinopathy or in those with vascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that circulating LMW-AGEs are increased in diabetic subjects. The major determinant appears to be renal dysfunction in the form of raised albumin/creatinine ratio or creatinine. There was no association with other markers of vascular disease or presence of diabetic complications.     

The different roles for the advanced glycation end products axis in heart failure and acute coronary syndrome settings

AimsThis work aimed to compare the behavior of the advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their soluble receptor (sRAGE) in two cohorts of patients: those with heart failure (HF) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS).Methods and resultsA unicentric observational clinical study was performed in 102 patients with ACS and 102 patients with chronic HF matched by age and gender. At inclusion, fluorescent AGEs were measured by quantitative fluorescence spectroscopy of plasma, and total sRAGE and endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE) levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. A 5-year follow-up period was established for recording cardiac death (primary endpoint) and the incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction or HF readmission (secondary endpoints). Higher glycation parameters were observed in HF patients, whereas no differences in sRAGE forms were found between HF and ACS cohorts, except for cRAGE, which was higher in HF. Associations between glycation parameters and sRAGE forms were observed in HF, but not in ACS. Differences were also evidenced in the long-term prognosis of each cohort: esRAGE showed an independent prognostic value for cardiac death or non-fatal cardiovascular events in HF, but none of the AGE–RAGE variables were predictors in ACS.ConclusionsA different role for the AGE–RAGE axis was observed in HF and ACS. All the sRAGE forms were directly related with glycation parameters in HF, but not in ACS. The independent value of the sRAGE forms on each cardiovascular disease was supported by esRAGE being an independent predictor of bad long-term prognosis only for HF.     

Correlation between soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products levels and coronary artery disease in postmenopausal nondiabetic women

BACKGROUNDThe established cardiovascular risk factors cannot explain the overall risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), especially in women. Therefore, there is a growing need for the assessment of novel biomarkers to identify women at risk. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and its interaction with the advanced glycation end product (AGE) ligand have been associated with atherogenesis. The soluble fraction of RAGE (sRAGE) antagonizes RAGE signaling and exerts an antiatherogenic effect.AIMThe study aim was to explore the association between plasma levels of sRAGE and CAD in nondiabetic postmenopausal women.METHODSThis case-control study included 110 nondiabetic postmenopausal women who were enrolled in two groups. Group I included 55 angiographically proven CAD subjects with > 50% stenosis in at least one of the major coronary arteries and Group II included 55 healthy control women who did not have CAD or had < 50% stenosis of the coronary arteries. Stenosis was confirmed by invasive angiography. Plasma sRAGE was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTSWe observed significantly lower plasma sRAGE concentrations in subjects with CAD vs healthy controls (P < 0.05). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis also revealed a significant correlation between plasma sRAGE levels and CAD (P = 0.01). Multivariate odds ratios for CAD revealed that subjects with sRAGE concentrations below 225 pg/mL (lowest quartile) had a 6-fold increase in CAD prevalence independent of other risk factors.CONCLUSIONOur findings indicated that low sRAGE levels were independently associated with CAD in nondiabetic postmenopausal women. Risk assessment of CAD in postmenopausal women can be improved by including sRAGE along with other risk factors.     

晚期糖基化终产物在糖尿病血管并发症中的作用机制

晚期糖基化终产物（AGEs）是蛋白质或脂质经过糖基化反应的产物。AGEs存在于糖尿病患者的血管中,促进动脉粥样硬化的发展。多种不同的细胞上AGEs的存在和聚集影响着细胞内外的结构和功能。AGEs通过与细胞外基质基底膜上的分子形成交联和与其受体（RAGE）结合引起多种微血管和大血管并发症。RAGE被AGEs激活后导致转录因子NF-κB和它的靶因子的表达。AGEs可诱发糜蛋白酶的表达和糜蛋白酶依赖性血管紧张素Ⅱ的生成,从而作用于糖尿病血管并发症的发展。