以问题为基础的学习在进修医师的头晕诊断学教学中的应用

目的 初步探讨以问题为基础的学习（problem-based learning,PBL）在神经内科进修医师的头晕诊断 学教学中的应用及其价值。 方法 选取首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经内科的进修医师20名随机分为试验组和对照组,分 别采用PBL教学和以授课为基础的教学法,比较两组的教学效果。 结果 试验组与对照组相比较,病例分析考试成绩和总成绩显著提高（P分别为0.005和0.013）;基 础理论知识考试成绩有增高趋势,但无显著差异。 结论 PBL教学法是适合于进修医师的头晕诊断学教学的有效方法,有助于培养进修医师的临床思 维能力。在文献检索培训和基础理论铺垫的基础上开展PBL教学,有可能进一步提高教学质量。     

以问题为基础教学法在急性脑血管病合并肺炎教学中的应用

目的  探讨急性脑血管病合并肺炎教学过程中应用以问题为基础学习（problem-based learning,PBL）教学法的实践经验。 方法  以7年制临床医学专业30名学生作为教学对象,随机分入PBL教学组或传统教学组。在急性脑血管病合并肺炎的诊断和治疗方案确定过程中分别对两组采用PBL教学法和传统教学法,以问卷调查方法对两组的教学效果进行评价。 结果  PBL教学法与传统教学相比,学生在自主学习能力、提出问题能力、解决问题能力、临床实践能力、医患沟通能力、团队合作能力和医学知识扩展各方面均显著提升。 结论  PBL教学法可以提高学生在急性脑血管病合并肺炎诊断和治疗过程中发现问题和解决问题的能力。     

以问题为基础教学法在神经重症监护室急性肾损伤教学中的应用

目的   探讨神经重症监护室中急性肾损伤教学过程中应用以问题为基础教学法（problem-based learning,PBL）的实践经验。 方法  选择神经重症监护室中急性肾损伤患者,在该病诊断和治疗方案确定过程中强化PBL教学法的实践应用并以问卷调查方法对该方法的教学效果进行评价。 结果  与传统教学相比,PBL教学法能使学生在临床思维、临床实践、自学、知识关联、表达能力及课堂气氛等方面均明显提升。 结论  PBL教学法不仅可以提高学生在神经重症监护室中急性肾损伤诊断和治疗过程中理论与实践相结合的能力,而且更能发挥学生在学习过程中的主体作用,调动学习积极性并激发学生的创造力。     

以问题为基础的学习方法在留学生脑血管疾病教学中的探讨

目的  探讨以问题为基础的学习方法（probelm-based learning,PBL）应用在留学生脑血管疾病教学中的效果。 方法  将120例医学留学生根据教学方式不同分为两组,传统教学组（60例）和PBL教学组（60例）,对比两组的教学效果。 结果  PBL教学组的理论成绩（60.59±8.89 vs 54.11±9.97,P=0.024）、口语成绩（57.29±9.88 vs 51.99±10.30,P=0.029）及格率（88.3% vs 65.0%,P=0.009）明显高于传统教学组。 结论  PBL教学法有助于留学生脑血管疾病的理论教学和口语教学。     

以问题为基础教学法在鉴别帕金森病与血管性帕金森综合征教学中的运用

目的对比以问题为基础教学法(problem-based learning,PBL)与传统教学法在帕金森综合征鉴别诊断教学中的效果。方法将首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经病学中心神经变性疾病科轮转学员随机分成传统教学组和PBL组。所有学员教学前先接受对帕金森病及血管性帕金森综合征的熟悉度调查。传统教学组采用授课教学;PBL组以PBL教学法进行教学。教学结束后比较两组客观及主观教学指标成绩。结果教学前两组学员对帕金森病及血管性帕金森综合征熟悉度无差异。教学后PBL组教学主观和客观考核成绩均显著优于传统教学组,对教学过程的体验也显著优于传统教学组(均P0.05)。结论引入PBL教学法能显著提高学员在学习帕金森病及血管性帕金森综合征鉴别中的获益。     

血管性痴呆教学的初探:以问题为基础的教学法的应用

目的探讨以问题为基础教学法(problem base-learning,PBL)在血管性痴呆教学中的应用效果。方法以首都医科大学7年制临床医学专业28名学生作为教学对象,在血管性痴呆的教学中,随机分为PBL教学组或传统教学组,教学后以问卷调查方式对2组的教学效果进行比较分析。结果 PBL教学法与传统教学法相比,学生在自主学习能力、提出问题能力、解决问题能力、临床实践能力和团队合作能力各方面均显著提高。结论在血管性痴呆的临床教学中,PBL教学法可提高学生的学习兴趣和积极性,并培养学生科学的临床思维,从而提升教学质量,具有良好的前景,值得推广和普及。     

PBL教学法在神经外科研究生卒中手术带教中的应用

目的 探讨以问题为导向教学（problem-based learing,PBL）在卒中患者手术带教中的应用实践效果。 方法 选取2012年1月至2013年1月临床专业本科毕业并考入首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经外 科专业的研究生136人。随机分为传统教学组（68人）和PBL组（68人）。分别实施传统教学和PBL教 学,比较两组研究生实施不同带教方法后的理论考试成绩、操作考试成绩、综合考试成绩和学生对 带教方法的满意度。 结果 PBL组理论成绩得分、操作成绩得分和综合成绩得分均高于传统教学组,组间比较差异均具 有显著性（P＜0.05）;PBL组总满意度高于传统教学组,组间比较差异具有显著性（P＜0.01）。 结论 在研究生卒中手术带教的实践过程中,与传统教学方法相比,采用PBL的教学效果更好,是针 对卒中手术带教的理想方式之一。     

以问题为基础学习教学法在进修医师急性脑血管病合并癫痫发作教学中的应用

目的 探讨以问题为基础学习（problem-based learning,PBL）教学法在神经内科进修医师急性脑血管 病合并癫痫发作教学过程中的应用价值。 方法 选取首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经内科进修医师24名为教学对象,采用随机数字表将 其分为PBL教学组和传统教学组。在急性脑血管病合并癫痫发作的诊断和治疗方案确定过程中分别 对两组采用PBL教学法和传统教学法,以问卷调查的方法对两组的教学效果进行评价。 结果 PBL教学组与传统教学组相比,进修医师在自主学习能力、提出问题能力、解决问题能力、临 床实践能力、医患沟通能力、团队合作能力和医学知识扩展各方面均显著提升。 结论 PBL教学法可以提高进修医师在急性脑血管病合并癫痫发作诊断和治疗过程中临床思维和 临床实践能力。     

PBL在神经内科见习教学中的应用

以问题为基础的学习(PBL)是基于临床问题为基础、以学生为中心的教学方式.探讨PBL教学法在神经内科见习教学中的应用,分析了PBL教学在神经内科见习课中的优越性及存在问题.期望在神经内科见习教学中拓宽思路,寻找适合于医学生进入临床初期阶段培养的方法,以提高临床教学质量,达到培养高级医学人才的目的.     

以问题为基础教学法在卒中后癫痫教学中的应用

目的 探讨卒中后癫痫教学过程中应用以问题为基础学习（problem-based learning,PBL）教学法的效果。 方法 以7年制临床医学专业30名学生作为教学对象,随机分入PBL教学组或以授课为基础学习 （lecture-based learning,LBL）的传统教学组。在卒中后癫痫的诊断和治疗过程中分别对两组采用PBL 教学法和LBL教学法,以问卷调查方法对两组的教学效果进行评价。 结果 PBL教学法与LBL教学法相比,学生在自主学习能力、提出问题能力、解决问题能力、临床思维 能力、临床实践能力、医学知识扩展、医患沟通能力、团队合作能力各方面均显著提升。 结论 PBL教学法可以提高学生在卒中后癫痫诊断和治疗过程中的临床思维及实践工作能力。     

Designing,implementing and evaluating an online problem-based learning (PBL) environment – A pilot study

Problem-based learning (PBL) has been shown to be effective for promoting student competencies in self-directed and collaborative learning, critical thinking, self-reflection and tackling novel situations. However, the need for face-to-face interactions at the same place and time severely limits the potential of traditional PBL. The requirements of space and for meeting at a specific location at the same time create timetabling difficulties. Such limitations need to be tackled before all potentials of PBL learning can be realized. The present study aimed at designing and implementing an online PBL environment for undergraduate speech/language pathology students, and assessing the associated pedagogical effectiveness. A group of eight PBL students were randomly selected to participate in the study. They underwent 4 weeks of online PBL using Adobe Connect. Upon completion of the experiment, they were assessed via a self-reported questionnaire and quantitative comparison with traditional PBL students based on the same written assignment. The questionnaire revealed that all participating students enjoyed online PBL, without any perceived negative effects on learning. Online PBL unanimously saved the students travel time to and from school. Statistical analysis indicated no significant difference in assignment grades between the online and traditional PBL groups, indicating that online PBL learning appears to be similarly effective as traditional face-to-face PBL learning.     

"Clinical Global Impressions" (ECDEU): some critical comments.

Following experience with several clinical trials, the semantic, logical, and statistical properties of the Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI-ECDEU, 1976; CIPS, 1986) were investigated. It was concluded that the CGI in its present version (a) may induce inconsistent rating behavior, (b) contains redundant information, (c) consists of items which exhibit extremely abnormal distribution properties. Furthermore (d), some of these items are inappropriately constructed or (e) cast some doubts on their significance as measurements. It is suggested that item #1 (seriousness of disease) be used at the beginning of a study only, and that item #2 (global improvement) be used sparingly and as single measurement to express the doctor's general impression. There would seem to be no basis for the judgment of a pure drug effect (item #3). The instruction to measure improvement by comparing the patient's present condition to that at admission to the study cannot be recommended. Poor distribution properties and a presumably restricted significance of change ratings suggest that parametric statistics should not be referred to.     

Peri-ictal bed leaving in temporal lobe epilepsy: incidence and lateralizing value

We analyzed peri-ictal bed leaving (PBL) symptoms in 105 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). All patients were classified as Engel I at the 2-year follow-up visit. Histopathological examination revealed hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS) in 64 patients and other lesions in 38 patients (TLE-other); 3 patients had no lesions. We reviewed 412 seizures. PBL was defined as lateralized leaving of the bed occurring during the seizure or up to 3 minutes after the end of the seizure. PBL was observed in 28 of 105 patients (26.7%), and in 45 of 412 seizures (10.9%). PBL occurred more frequently in patients with TLE-HS than in patients with TLE-other (32.8% vs 17.1%, P=0.058). PBL was ipsilateral to the seizure onset in 71.4% of patients and 71.2% of seizures (P=0.012 and P<0.001). In patients with TLE-HS, PBL was ipsilateral to seizure onset in 76.2% of patients and 81.2% of seizures (P=0.008 and P<0.001). In patients with TLE-other, PBL was ipsilateral to seizure onset in 42.8% of patients and 46.1% of seizures. There were no differences in the incidence and lateralizing value between patients with right-sided and those with left-sided TLE. PBL is a relatively frequent peri-ictal sign in patients with TLE. The side of PBL in patients with TLE-HS lateralizes the seizure onset to the ipsilateral temporal lobe.     

Dopamine transporter immunoreactivity in peripheral blood lymphocytes in multiple system atrophy

Previous studies showed the reduction of dopamine transporter immunoreactivity (DAT-IR) in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in Parkinson’s disease. Here we report the reduction of DAT-IR in PBL in the extrapyramidal variant of multiple system atrophy. These results suggest the reduction of DAT-IR in PBL in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, provided the presence of damage of the central dopaminergic systems. The reduction of DAT-IR in PBL in these disorders may represent a compensatory phenomenon aimed at reducing intracellular dopamine influx and, consequently, dopamine-mediated aggravation of oxidative stress in these cells.     

Prevalence of depressive symptoms among medical students taught using problem-based learning versus traditional methods

Objective: To compare depressive symptoms among medical students taught using problem-based learning (PBL) and the traditional method.

Material and methods: Beck’s Depression Inventory was applied to 215 medical students. The prevalence of depression was calculated as the number of individuals with depression divided by the total number in the sample from each course, with 95% confidence intervals. The statistical significance level used was 5% (p?≤?.05).

Results: Among the 215 students, 52.1% were male and 47.9% were female; and 51.6% were being taught using PBL methodology and 48.4% using traditional methods. The prevalence of depression was 29.73% with PBL and 22.12% with traditional methods. There was higher prevalence among females: 32.8% with PBL and 23.1% with traditional methods. The prevalence of depression with PBL among students up to 21 years of age was 29.4% and among those over 21 years, 32.1%. With traditional methods among students up to 21 years of age, it was 16.7%%, and among those over 21 years, 30.1%. The prevalence of depression with PBL was highest among students in the second semester and with traditional methods, in the eighth.

Conclusions: Depressive symptoms were highly prevalent among students taught both with PBL and with traditional methods.     

Dopamine transporter immunoreactivity in peripheral blood lymphocytes discriminates Parkinson’s disease from essential tremor

Summary Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) provide a model to study the changes of neurotransmitter-receptor systems in neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this study, densitometric analysis was applied to measure dopamine transporter (DAT) immunoreactivity in PBL from dopaminergic drug-free patients suffering PD or essential tremor (ET) with respect to healthy subjects. The results showed a significant reduction of DAT immunoreactivity in PBL in PD but not in ET. These finding suggests that DAT immunoreactivity in PBL may discriminate between PD and ET in the early clinical stages.     

以问题为基础教学法在急性缺血性脑血管病临床教学中的应用研究

目的 探讨以问题为基础教学法（problem-based learning，PBL）在缺血性脑血管病临床教学中的应 用效果。 方法 选取首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院2016-2017年新入血管神经病学科轮转的神经病学专 业学位研究生30名，随机分为PBL组（15名）和传统授课式教学的对照组（15名）。在血管神经病学科 临床轮转阶段对2组分别采用PBL教学与传统授课式教学培养，比较2组出科考核时对缺血性脑血管 病的临床诊疗能力。 结果 接受PBL培养的研究生在急性缺血性脑血管的影像判读能力、疾病定位和定性诊断能力、病 例鉴别诊断能力、病例治疗方案的制定能力、患者预后预测能力等方面均优于传统授课式教学培养 的研究生，差异有统计学意义；2组的年龄和基线学习成绩并无显著差异。 结论 相比传统授课式教学法，PBL有助于调动临床神经病学专业研究生学习的积极能动性及提 高其对急性缺血性脑血管病的临床诊疗能力。