腹腔镜肝切除30例

目的探讨腹腔镜肝切除的安全性和可行性。方法对病变位于肝脏外周部位(Ⅱ～Ⅵ段)的30例病人，肝细胞癌11例，肝内胆管细胞癌2例，转移性肝癌1例，肝囊腺癌2例，肝血管瘤6例，肝腺瘤2例、肝局灶性结节增生2例，肝内胆管结石4例。采用全气腹下、手助下、辅助下行腹腔镜肝切除术。结果30例腹腔镜下肝切除均获得成功，肝不规则切除18例，规则性肝叶(段)切除12例，平均手术时间为97min，平均出血量220ml，术后无严重并发症发生，术后平均住院日为8d。结论腹腔镜肝切除是安全可行的，特别是应用手助或辅助肝切除，降低手术难度，有效控制出血，缩短手术时间，是值得选择的微创肝切除方式。     

腹腔镜肝切除30例

目的　探讨腹腔镜肝切除的安全性和可行性。方法　对病变位于肝脏外周部位(Ⅱ~Ⅵ段)的30例病人,肝细胞癌11例,肝内胆管细胞癌2例,转移性肝癌1例,肝囊腺癌2例,肝血管瘤6例,肝腺瘤2例、肝局灶性结节增生2 例,肝内胆管结石 4 例。采用全气腹下、手助下、辅助下行腹腔镜肝切除术。结果　30例腹腔镜下肝切除均获得成功,肝不规则切除 18 例,规则性肝叶(段)切除12例,平均手术时间为97 min,平均出血量220 ml,术后无严重并发症发生,术后平均住院日为 8 d。结论　腹腔镜肝切除是安全可行的,特别是应用手助或辅助肝切除,降低手术难度,有效控制出血,缩短手术时间,是值得选择的微创肝切除方式。     

腹腔镜肝癌切除术28例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜肝癌切除术的适应证和可行性。方法回顾性分析2002年3月至2007年10月完成的腹腔镜肝癌切除术28例患者临床资料。结果28例均成功在腹腔镜下完成手术。对于位于肝左外叶的肿瘤，选择规则性肝左外叶切除术；肿瘤位于肝脏边缘或右肝表面时，选择肝脏不规则切除术。平均手术时间95min（60～150min）。平均术中出血345ml（50～800ml）。切除标本最大体积11cm×9cm×7cm。患者术后24h均能下床活动，术后2～3d即能进食。术后平均住院时间8d（5～15d）。术后病理诊断为原发性肝细胞癌24例，结直肠癌肝转移4例。结论对位于肝脏边缘、右肝表面或者左肝外叶的肝癌行腹腔镜肝癌切除术是安全可行的。     

完全腹腔镜肝切除治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤的临床研究

目的近年来,随着技术的不断成熟和设备的不断改进,腹腔镜肝切除(laparoscopic hepatectomy,LH)在国内外已得到一定的推广应用,但LH治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤的报道仍然较少。本研究通过回顾性分析探讨腹腔镜肝切除LH治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤的技术要点及安全性。方法 2002年6月至2008年12月由同一手术组施行的腹腔镜肝切除手术116例,其中肝细胞癌95例,肝门部胆管癌3例,肝内胆管细胞癌5例(包括肝内胆管结石癌变1例),肝脏转移癌12例,肝囊腺癌1例,其中男77例,女39例,平均年龄48.7(28～71)岁。结果手术方式包括解剖性肝55例,非解剖性切除61例。手术时间75～310min,平均(216±87)min。出血量50～1500ml,中位数250ml。116例病人中23例输血,输血量400～800ml。5例中转开腹,其中1例死亡。中转开腹5例,其中1例术中死亡。8例术后出现少量胆漏,经引流后愈合;11例出现少量腹水(均为肝功能ChildB级),经对症治疗消失。术后住院时间3～18d,平均(6.1±1.9)d。术后随访6～83个月,平均(28.1±10.5)个月,复发12例,未发现腹腔及穿刺孔转移。结论 LH是一种治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤安全有效的方法,值得在临床中进一步推广。     

腹腔镜肝切除术临床分析13例

目的 探讨腹腔镜肝切除术(LH)的安全性、适应证及国内现状.方法 回顾分析宁夏医科大学附属医院2009年4月至2011年11月完成的13例LH.其中行不规则肝切除10例(伴胆囊切除2例),规则性肝切除3例,肝功能Child-Pugh分级均为A级.结果 13例手术均顺利完成,无中转开腹,手术时间60 ～ 180 min(平均95 min),术中出血量50～ 600 ml(平均176 min),术后住院时间6～11d(平均8d),均无严重术后并发症发生.术后病理证实肝海绵状血管瘤9例,肝细胞性肝癌4例.13例术后随访1～12个月(平均7个月),复查肝脏超声或CT及AFP,无肝血管瘤及肝癌复发,无Trocar穿刺通道种植.结论 LH是安全有效的,特别适用于位于肝脏边缘、右肝表面或左半肝的良恶性病变,在我国尚属探索阶段.     

腹腔镜肝切除治疗肝细胞癌123例临床分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜肝切除治疗肝细胞癌(HCC)的临床应用价值.方法 总结2002年4月至2007年12月接受腹腔镜肝切除的123例HCC患者的临床资料,其中男性82例,女性41例,平均年龄53.8岁(31～69岁).肝功能Child A级89例,Child B级27例.结果 手术方式包括中转开腹肝切除4例(肝静脉出血),完全腹腔镜肝切除93例(规则性切除52例、不规则性切除41例),腹腔镜辅助肝切除26例.平均手术时间(205.5±92.5)min(115～290 min).出血量100～1500 ml,平均250 ml.输血21例,输血量400～800 ml.切除肝体积最大18 cm×16 cm×12 cm.病灶直径1.8～8.0 cm,平均(4.5±2.7)cm.5例出现少量胆漏,经引流后愈合;8例出现少量腹水(均为肝功能Child B级),经对症治疗后消失.1例术中死于肝中静脉出血及气体栓塞.术后住院3～15 d,平均(5.8±1.6)d.术后随访(28.1±10.5)个月(4～61个月),复发5例,未发现腹腔及穿刺孔转移.结论 腹腔镜肝切除具有创伤小、恢复快等优点,在一定条件下可作为治疗HCC的一种新方法 .     

腹腔镜规则性左半肝切除治疗左肝内胆管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜下规则性左半肝切除治疗左肝内胆管结石的可行性。方法 2003年4月～2009年6月,选择20例左肝内胆管结石(合并胆总管结石10例、肝右叶一级胆管结石1例),全麻下行腹腔镜手术,五孔法,解剖第一肝门,肝门阻断,起声刀分离左半肝诸韧带,显露肝上下腔静脉前壁,规则性左半肝切除术,Hem-o-lok夹与Endo-GIA处理血管、胆管,结合纤维胆道镜探查取石。结果术中3例行肝门阻断,阻断时间10～20min。20例未发生无法控制的大出血,仅1例术中输血400ml。术后1～2d拔出胃管,5～15d拔出腹腔引流管。术后发生胆漏3例,量30～50ml/d,术后7～12d胆漏停止。无出血、感染、明显的肝功能损害等并发症发生。术后5～10d出院,带T管者术后45～60d经T管造影无结石残留后拔T管,1例造影示胆道残余结石,经胆道镜取石完成。20例经B超、CT随访半年～4年,平均3年,无结石复发。结论腹腔镜规则性左半肝切除治疗左肝内胆管结石安全、可行,具有微创的优点,可作为治疗左肝胆管结石的一种较好选择。     

手助腹腔镜肝癌切除23例

目的探讨手助腹腔镜肝癌切除的可行性和安全性。方法对病变位于肝脏外周部位(Ⅱ~Ⅵ段)的23例病人,肝细胞癌20例,肝内胆管细胞癌2例,肝囊腺癌1例。采用手助腹腔镜行肝切除术。结果23例手助腹腔镜肝切除均获得成功,规则性肝叶(段)切除17例,肝不规则切除6例,平均手术时间为105 m in,平均出血量187 m l,术后无严重并发症发生,术后平均住院日为9.5 d。结论手助腹腔镜肝切除是安全可行的,缩短手术时间,减少出血的微创手术方式。     

腹腔镜下规则性肝切除11例分析

目的 介绍完全腹腔镜下规则性肝切除。方法 在不阻断全肝血流的情况下，应用多种器械在腹腔镜下进行规则性肝切除11例，其中原发性肝癌4例、肝囊肿伴感染1例、肝门部胆管癌1例、肝脏炎性假瘤1例、肝脏血管瘤4例。结果 11例手术均完全在腹腔镜下顺利完成，左半肝切除3例、左外叶切除6例、肝方叶切除1例、右后叶下段切除1例。左肝各段(2、3、4段)均有独立的3级肝门结构，均可在矢状部对2至3级肝门的三管进行解剖和离断。平均手术时间215．2min，平均出血量533．3min，术后平均住院5．1d，腹腔引流管放置时间2～4d。未发生胆漏、出血、感染等并发症。结论 本组初步临床经验表明，在现有的手术器械条件及在不阻断全肝血流的情况下，可以较安全地进行腹腔镜下规则性肝切除。该方法可作为局限于左半肝病例的首选术式之一。     

腹腔镜肝癌切除术15例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜肝癌切除的可行性与适应证. 方法 1998年8月～2004年9月采用多功能手术解剖器(Peng's multifunctional operative dissector,PMOD)刮吸法断肝技术对15例肝癌行腹腔镜肝癌切除术. 结果 14例腹腔镜肝癌切除术成功,1例因术中出血中转开腹肝癌切除术.腹腔镜肝癌切除术手术时间60～240 min,平均125 min.术中出血量50～2 000 ml,平均501 ml.切除肝脏最大体积10 cm×9 cm×7 cm.术后无并发症发生.术后24 h均能下床活动,术后1～3 d即能进食.术后住院5～10 d,平均6.5 d. 结论对位于肝脏边缘、右肝表面或左半肝的恶性肿瘤,采用PMOD行腹腔镜肝癌切除是可行和安全的.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.