颈动脉粥样斑块:MSCT(A)在体评价斑块风险性的价值

目的应用多层螺旋CT在体显示颈动脉粥样斑块,探讨CT评价颈动脉斑块分布、形态、狭窄程度和风险性的价值。资料与方法经彩色多谱勒超声检查提示颈动脉斑块患者362例,所有病例行颅外全程颈动脉多层螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)检查。应用横断面原始图像寻找斑块,根据病变的特点行2D、3D后处理,探讨颈动脉粥样斑块的分布、形态、狭窄程度、钙化、不规则及溃疡等规律,狭窄程度的判断采用NASCET标准。将CT检查结果分别与彩超和DSA对照。结果362例中,共发现838处斑块,其中,颈总动脉起始部斑块91处,颈总动脉162处,颈动脉分叉部402处,颈内动脉105处,颈外动脉78处。其中,轻度狭窄253处,中度狭窄407处,重度狭窄146处,闭塞32处。838处斑块中,管壁局限增厚213处,半月状增厚399处,环状增厚149处,闭塞32处,斑块密度与管壁密度相仿797处,低密度41处。斑块表面不规则34处,斑块溃疡36处。斑块不规则和溃疡患者中,TIA37例,脑梗死32例,腔隙性脑梗死43例。结论颈动脉MSCTA不仅可充分显示斑块分布、形态和狭窄程度,还可以显示纤维帽的相对完整性,显示血管斑块的钙化,并可初步显示斑块内脂质的含量...     

MRI与DSA对颈动脉狭窄和粥样硬化斑块评估能力的比较

目的 探讨MRI与DSA对颈动脉粥样硬化患者血管狭窄及粥样硬化斑块病变特点评估能力的差异.方法 46例缺血性脑血管疾病患者,超声发现颈动脉粥样硬化斑块后分别行颈动脉MRI及DSA检查.颈动脉MR检查序列包括三维时间飞跃法(3D TOF)、T1WI、T2WI、质子密度加权成像( PDWI)及增强T1WI;颈动脉DSA检查分别摄取颈动脉的正位像和侧位像.观察颈动脉分叉处管腔的狭窄程度和斑块的病变特征,包括纤维帽的状况、斑块内出血和钙化.计算Kappa值分析MRI和DSA对血管狭窄程度判断结果的一致性;应用配对卡方检验检测两种方法对溃疡斑块的检出差异.结果 89支血管的MR图像质量均满足诊断要求.MRI显示血管狭窄程度的M(范围)为50％(16％～78％),DSA显示为47％(7％～73％),二者具有很好的一致性(Kappa值为0.882,P＜0.01).MRI发现34支血管具有斑块纤维帽破溃,DSA发现10支血管具有溃疡斑块(x2=20.346,P＜0.01).此外,MRI发现37支血管有斑块内出血,71支血管有斑块内钙化,而DSA均不能显示.结论 MRI可以准确判断颈动脉的狭窄程度,在显示溃疡斑块、斑块内出血以及钙化方面较DSA更具优势.     

64层螺旋CT血管成像对颈动脉分叉处病变的临床应用

目的探讨64层螺旋CT血管成像（CTA）在诊断颈内动脉狭窄和粥样硬化斑块中的价值，并与当前血管成像的金标准DSA进行比较。方法对40例病人（80个颈动脉）进行了CTA和DSA检查，两项检查时间间隔不超过1周，并将CTA与DSA结果进行对照，计算出两者之间的敏感度和特异度。结果CTA对轻度（狭窄程度：0-29％）颈动脉狭窄和颈动脉闭塞显示得非常好，其敏感度和特异度均接近100％。在明确经DSA测量狭窄程度〉50％的狭窄时，CTA敏感度、特异度分别为89％、91％。CTA在鉴别狭窄程度为50％-69％或70％～99％时的特异度高，而敏感度较低．分别为65％和73％。CTA同时可以检出DSA不能发现的所有类型的斑块。结论64层CTA在显示颈内动脉狭窄方面与DSA有很好的一致性，同时可发现与颈动脉狭窄相关的溃疡，而DSA只能显示狭窄。     

双源CT双能量去骨技术在颈动脉狭窄病变中的应用价值

目的:探讨双源CT双能量去骨技术在颈动脉钙化性狭窄病变中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析18例颈动脉钙化性狭窄患者的病例资料,根据北美症状性颈动脉内膜切除试验(NASCET)标准评价血管的狭窄程度,分析颈动脉双能量去骨技术去除钙化斑块后的图像与DSA图像在量化分析颈动脉狭窄程度上的相关性。以DSA图像为对照,评价双能量去骨技术诊断钙化性颈动脉狭窄的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性和阴性预测值。结果:64段有明显致密钙化斑块的颈动脉血管,双能量去骨技术检出54个血管节段狭窄,DSA检出50个血管节段狭窄,两者对于颈动脉钙化性狭窄病变的检出差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两者对于狭窄程度的分级相关性好(R2=0.913)。以DSA为对照,双能量去骨技术检出颈动脉狭窄的敏感度为98.0%,特异度为100.0%,符合率为90.6%,阳性预测值为90.7%,阴性预测值为90.0%。结论:采用双能量去骨技术去除钙化斑块可以很好地评价颈动脉钙化性狭窄病变。     

颈动脉粥样斑块的多排螺旋CT血管造影及流行病学分布特征

目的:分析150例颈动脉粥样斑块病例,探讨其MDCTA表现及其临床流行病学分布特征。方法:经大范围MDCTA检查的颈动脉粥样斑块150例,所有病例均行彩色多谱勒超声检查,29例行DSA检查。应用横断面图像寻找斑块,根据病变的特点行2D、3D后处理,探讨其分布、形态、狭窄程度、钙化、不规则及溃疡等规律。根据斑块的钙化和纤维帽的完整性作为斑块风险性的评价指标,狭窄程度的判断采用NASCET标准。结果:150例病例中共发现317处斑块,其中,颈动脉起始部斑块37例,颈总动脉28例,颈动脉分叉部173例,颈内动脉44例,颈外动脉35例。轻、中、重狭窄及闭塞的发病率分别为30.95%、49.41%、16.96%及3.87%。分叉段斑块钙化率为64.7%,分叉段以外区域为23.9%。分叉段斑块不规则和溃疡的发病率为16.8%,分叉段以外为15.95%。分叉段狭窄程度以轻中度狭窄为主;分叉段以外以中重度狭窄比例高。结论:颈动脉不同区域粥样斑块的分布、形态、钙化和狭窄程度差异存在显著性意义,高风险斑块发病率相似,局限于分叉段的颈动脉检查可能漏诊高风险斑块。     

螺旋CT血管造影及CT仿真内窥镜诊断颈动脉狭窄

目的评价CT血管造影(CTA)、CT仿真内窥镜(CTVE)诊断颈动脉狭窄的价值.材料与方法9例18支颈动脉行CTA、CTVE、MRA、DUS检查,3例颈动脉重度狭窄者行颈动脉内膜切除术.CTA螺旋CT扫描,层厚3mm,螺距1.0.最大密度投影(MIP)及遮盖表面显示法(SSD)3D血管重建.CIVE导航系统行颈动脉C1VE成像.结果颈动脉轻度狭窄6支,中度狭窄3支,重度狭窄4支,5支正常.显示斑块、附壁血栓13支.8支颈动脉与DSA对照7支相符.3例手术所见与CTA对比一致性较好,术后狭窄解除,斑块消失.结论CTA能准确评估血管狭窄程度,显示斑块.CIVE能观察狭窄管腔内部形态及斑块.     

增强磁共振成像与颈动脉造影在颈动脉狭窄诊断中的应用价值

目的：探讨增强磁共振成像与颈动脉造影在颈动脉狭窄诊断中的应用价值。方法对72例经颈动脉彩超检查疑有颈动脉狭窄的患者采用三维对比增强磁共振血管造影和数字减影血管造影进行检查。结果3D CE-M RA检出颈动脉狭窄112处,DSA检出108处,经统计学分析发现3D CE-M RA检出率（36．84％）与DSA检出率（35．53％）比较无明显差异（x2＝0．11,P ＞0．05）。本文以DSA为诊断颈动脉狭窄的金标准,对3D CEMRA诊断的112处颈动脉狭窄进行敏感性和特异性评估,评估结果显示敏感性为0．81（0．69～0．89）特异性为0．99（0．98～1．00）,ROC曲线下面积为0.95。结论3D CE-M RA诊断颈动脉敏感性和特异性均较高,对颈部动脉狭窄闭塞性病变的显示具有独特的优势。     

MR和CT血管造影在诊断颈动脉狭窄及内膜切除术后随访中的价值

目的 探讨磁共振血管造影（MRA）、CT血管造影（CTA）在诊断颈动脉狭窄及内膜切除术后随访中的价值。方法 11例22支颈动脉行MRA、CTA、CT仿真内窥镜（CTVE）、多普勒超声（DUS）检查。12支结果与DSA对照。3支颈动脉重度狭窄者行内膜切除术,MRA采用二维、三维时间飞越法。CTA经最大强度投影（MIP）及遮盖表现显示法（SSD）三维重建。应用导航功能行CTVE成像。结果 颈动脉轻度狭窄8支,中度狭窄3支,重度狭窄5支,闭塞1支,5支正常。12支颈动脉与DSA对照：CTA评估血管狭窄与DSA相符者11支,MRA与DSA相符者9支,DUS与DSA相符者7支。CTA、CTVE显示斑块、壁血栓6支,3支手术证实。术后MRA示狭窄解除,CTA示斑块消失。结论 MRA、DUS可用于颈动脉狭窄的筛选及术后随访。CTA评估血管狭窄程度与DSA、手术比较有较好的一致性,并能直接显示钙化斑块。     

64层螺旋CT血管成像对颈动脉分叉处病变的临床应用

目的探讨64层螺旋CT血管成像(CTA)在诊断颈内动脉狭窄和粥样硬化斑块中的价值,并与当前血管成像的金标准DSA进行比较。方法对40例病人(80个颈动脉)进行了CTA和DSA检查,两项检查时间间隔不超过1周,并将CTA与DSA结果进行对照,计算出两者之间的敏感度和特异度。结果CTA对轻度(狭窄程度:0～29%)颈动脉狭窄和颈动脉闭塞显示得非常好,其敏感度和特异度均接近100%。在明确经DSA测量狭窄程度>50%的狭窄时,CTA敏感度、特异度分别为89%、91%。CTA在鉴别狭窄程度为50%～69%或70%～99%时的特异度高,而敏感度较低,分别为65%和73%。CTA同时可以检出DSA不能发现的所有类型的斑块。结论64层CTA在显示颈内动脉狭窄方面与DSA有很好的一致性,同时可发现与颈动脉狭窄相关的溃疡,而DSA只能显示狭窄。     

多层CT血管成像在老年肾动脉狭窄相关疾病中的应用价值

目的:以数字减影血管造影(DSA)为参考标准,探讨多层CT血管成像(MDCTA)在无创诊断老年肾动脉狭窄相关性疾病中的应用价值。方法:对我院2012年1月至2014年3月经DSA证实的老年肾动脉狭窄相关疾病患者48例(男性27例,女性21例,年龄65~79岁,平均年龄71±5岁),于DSA术前行MDCTA前瞻性对照研究,观察MDCTA显示肾动脉狭窄的程度、位置、形态和数目等情况,并对不同病因所引起的肾动脉狭窄进行CT影像分析。结果:48例肾动脉狭窄相关疾病包括动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄42例、大动脉炎1例、先天性肾动脉发育不良1例、肾动脉纤维性肌性结构不良1例、肾动脉瘤1例、自发性肾动脉夹层1例和腹膜后肿瘤压迫1例。DSA证实狭窄肾动脉60支,均为主肾动脉,其中双侧26例,左侧5例,右侧3例。起始部狭窄48支,中部狭窄3支,全程狭窄9支。MDCTA显示血管狭窄65例,其敏感度为100%,特异度为87.8%,准确度为95.1%,阳性预测值为92.3%,阴性预测值为100%。狭窄程度MDCTA分级:0级36支,Ⅰ级20支,Ⅱ级29支,Ⅲ级11支,Ⅳ级5支;DSA分级:0级41支,Ⅰ级19支,Ⅱ级27支,Ⅲ级10支,Ⅳ级4支,两种检查方法评价肾动脉狭窄程度差异无统计学意义(Pearsonχ2=0.5805,P=0.965)。结论:MDCTA能清晰显示肾动脉狭窄的位置、数目和形态,并精确评价其狭窄程度和鉴别肾动脉狭窄相关性疾病的病因,可作为老年肾动脉相关性疾病无创性诊断的首选方法。     

CT and ultrasound in the study of ulcerated carotid plaque compared with surgical results: potentialities and advantages of multidetector row CT angiography

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Ulceration is a severe complication of carotid plaque. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role and the diagnostic efficacy of multidetector row CT angiography (MDCTA) and ultrasound (US) echo color Doppler (US-ECD) in the study of patients with carotid plaque complicated by ulceration through the comparison with the surgical observation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2004 to October 2005, 237 patients, for a total of 474 carotid arteries, studied at first with color Doppler US, were analyzed using CT angiography. A total of 103 patients underwent a carotid endarterectomy. We analyzed stenosis degree, plaque composition, and presence of ulcerations. In a second phase, the data were compared with the surgical results when the MDCTA indicated surgical intervention. RESULTS: MDCTA found 31 ulcerations; the surgical confirmation underlined a 93.75% sensitivity and a 98.59% specificity. US-ECD performances were 37.5% and 91.5% for sensitivity and specificity, respectively. The number of patients who showed plaque ulcerations increased with the severity of stenosis. Furthermore, ulcerations of the carotid plaque occurred more often proximal than distal to the point of maximum stenosis, and this trend increased with the severity of the stenosis. We also determined that fatty plaques were more likely to be affected by ulcerations. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study suggest that MDCTA detects with higher sensitivity and specificity the presence of ulcerated plaque compared with US-ECD, which has been demonstrated to be less effective in this evaluation. Considering the high MDCTA sensitivity and specificity for detection of plaque ulceration, we therefore recommend MDCTA as a useful step for correct presurgical planning.     

应用多层螺旋CT评价脑缺血症状与颈动脉狭窄关系的研究

目的探讨基于多层螺旋CT血管造影(MDCTA)测量的颈动脉直径和脑血管症状之间的关系,寻找与症状相关的颈动脉狭窄的阈值。方法以接受MDCTA检查的230例可疑颈动脉狭窄患者为研究对象,记录患者有无大脑前循环障碍症状。所有患者均行MDCTA检查测量狭窄颈动脉直径,同时观测动脉粥样硬化斑块类型。利用ROC曲线对症状和狭窄颈动脉直径进行分析确定诊断阈值,利用Logistic多元回归探讨症状与狭窄颈动脉直径、粥样硬化斑块类型和其他变量之间的关系。结果症状组颈动脉直径明显较无症状组小,ROC曲线分析发现曲线下面积为0.720,出现脑缺血症状的最佳预测值为1.6mm,灵敏度为0.734,特异度为0.638。Logistic回归分析证实颈动脉狭窄和软斑块是脑血管症状的独立危险因素。结论利用MDCTA测量颈动脉直径能够较为可靠地预测脑缺血症状,脑缺血症状与颈动脉狭窄和软斑块密切相关,这对于MDCTA在脑卒中防治领域进一步应用具有重要意义。     

Dual-energy CT head bone and hard plaque removal for quantification of calcified carotid stenosis: utility and comparison with digital subtraction angiography

We evaluated quantification of calcified carotid stenosis by dual-energy (DE) CTA and dual-energy head bone and hard plaque removal (DE hard plaque removal) and compared the results to those of digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Eighteen vessels (13 patients) with densely calcified carotid stenosis were examined by dual-source CT in the dual-energy mode (tube voltages 140 kV and 80 kV). Head bone and hard plaques were removed from the dual-energy images by using commercial software. Carotid stenosis was quantified according to NASCET criteria on MIP images and DSA images at the same plane. Correlation between DE CTA and DSA was determined by cross tabulation. Accuracies for stenosis detection and grading were calculated. Stenosis could be evaluated in all vessels by DE CTA after applying DE hard plaque removal. In contrast, conventional CTA failed to show stenosis in 13 out of 18 vessels due to overlapping hard plaque. Good correlation between DE plaque removal images and DSA images was observed (r ² = 0.9504) for stenosis grading. Sensitivity and specificity to detect hemodynamically relevant (>70%) stenosis was 100% and 92%, respectively. Dual-energy head bone and hard plaque removal is a promising tool for the evaluation of densely calcified carotid stenosis.     

Agreement between multi-detector-row CT angiography and US-ECD in quantification of carotid artery stenosis and plaque characterization

Purpose

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the agreement between ultra-sound echo-color Doppler (US-ECD) and multi-detector-row CT angiography (MDCTA) in the quantification of carotid artery stenosis as well as plaque characterization.

Materials and methods

From January 2012 to January 2013 forty-five patients who underwent both MDCTA and US-ECD for the study of carotid arteries, were evaluated (33 males, 12 females; age range 43–70 years; mean age of 59.6 years). For all subjects the following parameters were analyzed: stenosis degree by using the NASCET method, plaque morphology (regular versus irregular), type of the plaque (fatty, mixed and calcified) and presence of ulcerations. Statistical analysis was performed to calculate concordance between the two techniques employed.

Results

The agreement observed in the quantification of carotid artery stenosis was 94.4% with a kappa value of 0.9306 (95% confidence interval of 0.8612–1.0). In the definition of the type of plaque, the observed agreements were 91.1% and the kappa value was 0.8815 (95% confidence interval: 0.7920–0.9709). In the definition of plaque ulceration, the observed agreements were 88.4% but the kappa value was only 0.325 (95% confidence interval: 0.201–0.449). Agreement observed in the evaluation of plaque morphology was 78.3% with a kappa value of 0.513 (95% confidence interval: 0.452–0.574).

Conclusion

We observed a good agreement between US-ECD and MDCTA in the quantification of carotid artery stenosis and the assessment of plaque type. There was, however, a poor agreement in the evaluation of plaque ulceration. The use of US-ECD and MDCTA provides different results in the evaluation of plaque. Our results suggest that information derived from US-ECD should be always critically compared with other diagnostic techniques.     

Coronary Vasospastic Angina: Assessment by Multidetector CT Coronary Angiography

Objective

We aimed to describe the imaging findings of multidetector CT coronary angiography (MDCTA) in cases of vasospastic angina (VA) and to determine the accuracy of MDCTA in the identification of VA as compared with invasive coronary angiography with an ergonovine provocation test (CAG with an EG test).

Materials and Methods

Fifty-three patients with clinically suspected VA were enrolled in this study. Two radiologists analyzed the stenosis degree, presence or absence of plaque, plaque composition, and a remodeling index of the related-segment in CAG with an EG test, which were used as a gold standard. We evaluated the diagnostic performances of MDCTA by comparing the MDCTA findings with those of CAG with an EG test.

Results

Among the 25 patients with positive CAG with an EG test, all 12 patients with significant stenosis showed no definite plaque with the negative arterial remodeling. Of the six patients with insignificant stenosis, three (50%) had non-calcified plaque (NCP), two (33%) had mixed plaque, and one (17%) had calcified plaque. When the criteria for significant stenosis with negative remodeling but no definite evidence of plaque as a characteristic finding of MDCTA were used, results showed sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive values (PPV), and negative predictive values (NPV) of 48%, 100%, 100%, and 68%, respectively.

Conclusion

Significant stenosis with negative remodeling, but no definite evidence of plaque, is the characteristic finding on MDCTA of VA. Cardiac MDCTA shows good diagnostic performance with high specificity and PPV as compared with CAG with an EG test.     

Calcified carotid atherosclerotic plaque is associated less with ischemic symptoms than is noncalcified plaque on MDCT

OBJECTIVE: Risk assessment based on plaque vulnerability would be valuable in the management of asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The purpose of this study was to compare plaque morphology in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with significant extracranial carotid artery stenosis using MDCT angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 31 patients with greater than 60% carotid artery stenosis on MDCT angiography using the criteria of the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. We analyzed plaque density by blinded review in Hounsfield units in the atherosclerotic plaques of 15 symptomatic and 21 asymptomatic stenotic vessels for classification as soft, intermediate, or calcified. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Even with age, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and treatment taken into account, we found that calcified plaques were 21 times less likely to be symptomatic than noncalcified plaques (95% confidence interval for odds ratio, 0.003, 0.749; p = 0.030). No significant predictive value was found between soft (p = 0.23) or intermediate (p = 0.18) plaque morphology for the occurrence of symptoms. CONCLUSION: MDCT angiography may help risk-stratify patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Extracranial carotid artery calcified plaques causing stenosis are significantly less likely to be symptomatic and thus may be more stable than noncalcified plaques. This finding may have implications for the interpretation of calcification of atherosclerotic plaque in other vascular beds.     

旋转DSA三维重建成像与常规DSA在颈动脉狭窄诊治中的比较研究

目的　探讨旋转DSA三维重建成像 (3DDSA)在颈动脉狭窄诊断及治疗中的价值 ,并与常规DSA(2DDSA)进行比较。方法　对 2DDSA证实的 4 2例患者 5 0条狭窄颈动脉分别进行旋转血管造影和DSA三维成像后处理 ,对其中 19例患者进行内支架成形术及术后 2DDSA和 3DDSA检查。由工作经验丰富的 2位阅片者采用双盲法对 2DDSA和 3DDSA的图像进行分析与测量 ,并计算出血管的直径狭窄率和面积狭窄率。通过仿真血管内镜 (virtualangioscopy ,VA)观察血管内表面斑块的情况。结果　 3DDSA与 2DDSA测量颈动脉狭窄的直径狭窄率比较差异无统计学意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ;3DDSA测量的面积狭窄率约 6 8%明显高于 3D及 2DDSA测量的直径狭窄率 P <0 0 1) ,按面积狭窄率对血管狭窄程度进行分级也多数比按直径狭窄率严重 ;3DDSA显示 34条血管存在斑块 ,而 2DDSA仅显示 6条 (P <0 0 0 5 ) ;3D与 2DDSA判断内支架术后狭窄改善情况相比较差异有统计学意义 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　 3DDSA判断颈动脉狭窄的准确性优于 2DDSA ,能为颈动脉狭窄的诊断与治疗以及评价疗效提供更丰富的有用信息。