动态血压及左心室功能变化对不同阶段糖尿病肾病患者的意义

目的:探讨昼夜血压、左心室功能在不同阶段糖尿病肾病患者中的变化。方法:1998/2000福建医科大学附属第一医院内分泌科住院的糖尿病患者共890例,纳入标准:符合WHO糖尿病诊断标准且资料完整者。排除标准:资料不完整或合并有糖尿病急性并发症等。符合上述标准的糖尿病患者102例(糖尿病组),男56例,女46例。按尿白蛋白的排泄量分为下列3组:①正常蛋白尿(<30mg/24h)组58例。②微量蛋白尿(31～300mg/24h)组23例。③大量蛋白尿组(>300mg/24h)组21例。对照组为同期本院健康体检自愿者,排除标准:排除糖尿病、高血压、心脏病和肾病等疾患,并于非同日测量3次或以上血压值均<140/90mmHg,纳入32例,男17例,女15例。采用24h动态血压监护仪和彩色多普勒超声心动图仪检测对照组和糖尿病组患者,包括正常蛋白尿组58例、微量蛋白尿组23例、大量蛋白尿组21例。结果:蛋白尿正常组糖尿病患者已有夜间血压犤夜平均动脉压(84.14±15.45)mmHg,1mmHg=0.133kPa犦较对照组升高犤76.74±5.00)mmHg;t=2.788,P<0.01犦,昼夜血压下降幅度犤(5.34±5.47)%犦低于对照组犤(13.53±5.20)%犦(P<0.01);舒张期二尖瓣口充盈血流峰值速度A峰与E峰比值、室间隔厚度(interventricularseptalthickness,IVST)、左心室后壁厚度(leftventricularposteriorw     

糖尿病肾病患者血透过程中血压变化特点及护理对策

目的分析糖尿病肾病患者血透过程中血压变化特点,提高血压监测及控制的质量。方法选择血透6月以上的糖尿病肾病患者（DN组,n=12）和同时期慢性肾炎尿毒症患者（CGN组,n=40）,测量血透前基础血压及血透0 h、1 h、2 h、3 h血压,计算各时段血压变化值;进一步将DN组分为老年组（≥65岁,n=7）和非老年组（〈65岁,n=5）,分析其血压变化特点。结果DN组血透中低血压发生率为33.3%,显著高于CGN组（P〈0.01）;2组间血透各时段血压变化有显著性差异（P〈0.001）;老年DN组血透中低血压发生率为47.6%,高于非老年组（P〈0.05）,但2组间血透各时段血压变化无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论糖尿病肾病患者血透过程中血压下降幅度大、速度快;老年糖尿病者更易于出现血透中低血压,在血透时更需要加强血压监测及控制。     

糖尿病肾病患者血透过程中血压变化特点及护理对策

目的分析糖尿病肾病患者血透过程中血压变化特点,提高血压监测及控制的质量。方法选择血透6月以上的糖尿病肾病患者（DN组,n=12）和同时期慢性肾炎尿毒症患者（CGN组,n=40）,测量血透前基础血压及血透0 h、1 h、2 h、3 h血压,计算各时段血压变化值;进一步将DN组分为老年组（≥65岁,n=7）和非老年组（〈65岁,n=5）,分析其血压变化特点。结果DN组血透中低血压发生率为33.3%,显著高于CGN组（P〈0.01）;2组间血透各时段血压变化有显著性差异（P〈0.001）;老年DN组血透中低血压发生率为47.6%,高于非老年组（P〈0.05）,但2组间血透各时段血压变化无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论糖尿病肾病患者血透过程中血压下降幅度大、速度快;老年糖尿病者更易于出现血透中低血压,在血透时更需要加强血压监测及控制。     

赖诺普利对血压正常的早期糖尿病肾病患者尿蛋白影响的评价

目的：探讨赖诺普利对血压正常的早期糖尿病肾病惠者的尿蛋白的控制疗效及安全性。方法：94例血压正常早期糖尿病肾病患者，将血糖控制稳定后分为两组，两组间各参数无显著性差异；A组47例为赖诺普利治疗组，口服赖诺普利10mg，1次／d；B组47例为对照组，服用保肾康。观察治疗0，3，6，12，24个月，尿蛋白量，平均动脉压，肝、肾功能，血糖，血脂及电解质。结果：A组治疗3月后，尿蛋白童与治疗前及B组比较均有显著差异（P〈0．05）。治疗24个月后，肾功能无恶化。结论：赖诺普利是对血压正常的早期糖尿病肾病患者能确实降低尿蛋白，保护肾功能的安全药物。     

血透中进餐对终末期糖尿病肾病患者血压的影响

目的探讨终末期糖尿病肾病(ESDN)患者血液透析(HD)中进餐时血压的变化与意义。方法将20例ESDN患者1686例次维持性HD,按HD中进餐与否分为:进餐组(A组)及非进餐组(B组),并与20例非ES-DN患者1620例次HD也分为:进餐组(C组)及非进餐组(D组)作对照,比较四组平均动脉压(MAP)变化并结合血糖(BG)水平进行分析。结果低血压发生率:A组(339/843,40.2%)B组(265/843,31.4%),C组(251/810,29.8%)D组(167/810,20.6%),(P0.005),B、C两组差异无显著意义;A组伴低血糖(31例次)者MAP明显高于无低血糖(308例次)者;B组伴低血糖(45例次)者的MAP与无低BG(220例次)者相当。A、B两组中伴低血糖者MAP与BG均呈正相关(P0.001)余各组MAP与BG无相关(P0.05)。结论在HD中进餐可能增加症状性低血压的发生率,尤以ESDN患者为甚。在HD中伴低血糖的ESDN患者更易发生低血压。在透析中进餐,可能预防伴低血糖的ESDN患者者所发生的低血压;对无低血糖反应的ESDN患者所发生的低血压,则尽量避免进餐。     

胰岛素抵抗和动态血压在2型糖尿病肾病中的作用

目的通过检测尿Ⅳ型胶原探讨胰岛素抵抗和动态血压对2型糖尿病肾病的影响。方法 90例2型糖尿病患者根据尿微量白蛋白排泄量分为3组(各30例):糖尿病无肾病组、糖尿病早期肾病组及糖尿病临床肾病组。另选健康体检者34例作为正常对照组。采用ELISA法测定尿Ⅳ型胶原,免疫比浊法测定尿微量白蛋白;并进行胰岛素敏感指数、相关的肾功能指标和24h动态血压监测。结果胰岛素敏感指数在2型糖尿病各组均低于正常对照组(P均<0.05)。24h平均血压、白天和夜间平均血压在糖尿病临床肾病组高于其他3组(P均<0.05)。尿Ⅳ型胶原与胰岛素敏感指数呈负相关,与24h平均舒张压、夜间血压、尿微量白蛋白排泄量、尿β2-微球蛋白、尿α1-微球蛋白和尿-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶呈正相关。结论胰岛素抵抗和动态血压通过Ⅳ型胶原影响2型糖尿病肾病的发展。     

血液透析患者超滤量与血压节律和心功能的关系

目的 探讨血液透析患者超滤与血压昼夜节律及心脏结构和功能的关系.方法 维持性血液透析患者42例,对患者加强透析超滤4周,分别检测超滤前后血肌酐、尿素氮、钾、钠及动态血压和心脏彩超.结果 根据24 h动态血压监测发现血液透析患者非杓型血压比例明显升高;超滤前后血压节律和心脏结构有显著性改变(P<0.05),平均每次超滤量与血压和心脏结构变化具有相关性(P<0.05).结论 血液透析患者的夜间高血压与高血容量有关,通过加强超滤可有效控制夜间高血压并改善心功能.     

Effect of blood glucose and blood pressure control on progression of diabetic nephropathy

Although diabetic nephropathy is a slowly progressing, well studied disease, it is the most common cause of end stage renal disease in industrialized countries. Recently the first randomized controlled long term trials about microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes have been published. Only seven years ago the first hallmark papers about metabolic control and ACE inhibition emerged. This review highlights the current status of prevention and therapy of diabetic nephropathy by metabolic and blood pressure control in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients, depending on their stage of nephropathy (normo-, micro-, or macroalbuminuria). In patients with type 1 diabetes and normo- or microalbuminuria, strict metabolic control has been shown to slow the progression of nephropathy. In macroalbuminuric patients an aggressive antihypertensive treatment, preferably with an ACE inhibitor, is more important than the metabolic control. ACE inhibitor therapy has also been proven beneficial in microalbuminuric patients, but not yet in normotensive, non-albuminuric type 1 patients. Because of the high prevalence of hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes, a strict antihypertensive treatment is more important than metabolic control for the prevention of progression of microvascular disease. Since most patients need a combination of antihypertensive medications a recommendation for a single substance class can not be given.     

高血压患者动态血压变化与左室肥厚的关系

目的：探讨高血压病患者动态血压变化与左室肥厚的关系。方法：对50例高血压病患者进行24小时动态血压监测，对其超声心动图左室肥厚与左室质量指数的相关性分析。结果：血压昼夜节律消失的高血压病患者其左室肥厚检出率（50％）显著高于血压昼夜节律正常者（23％），夜间收缩压、舒张压与左室质量指数的相关性比白昼更密切，而夜间收缩压、舒张压下降率与左室质量指数呈负相关。结论：高血压病患者夜间血压水平与血压节律性对左室肥厚的发生、发展有重要作用。     

糖尿病与非糖尿病血液透析患者血压差异的探讨

目的观察糖尿病维持性血液透析患者血压特点及透析中血压的变化。方法选取首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院血液透析中心36例稳定的维持性血液透析患者,分为糖尿病组及非糖尿病组,分析两组患者透析前后血压达标情况及两组间血压的差异,并比较两组患者透析低血压的发生情况。结果血液透析患者血压达标率低,糖尿病组与非糖尿病组患者血压透析前达标率分别为26.7%和28.6%,透析后达标率分别为57.8%和55.6%,两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。糖尿病组服用降压药物患者的比例及种类显著高于非糖尿病组(P0.05)。糖尿病组和非糖尿病组患者透析前平均收缩压(systolic bloodpressure,SBP)分别为(163±29)mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa)和(153±23)mm Hg,脉压(pulse pressure,PP)分别为(83±25)mm Hg和(70±22)mm Hg,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),两组平均舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。透析后糖尿病组患者平均SBP及PP与非糖尿病组差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而平均DBP显著低于非糖尿病组患者,分别为(70±14)mm Hg及(80±15)mm Hg,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。非糖尿病组患者透析后SBP及DBP较透析前下降幅度分别为(19±29)mm Hg和(3±16)mm Hg,糖尿病组患者相应下降幅度分别为(37±38)mm Hg和(10±17)mmHg,显著高于非糖尿病患者(P0.05)。糖尿病组透析低血压发生率高于非糖尿病组,分别为62.2%和41.3%,症状性低血压发生率也高于非糖尿病组,分别为31.1%和7.9%,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。对可能引起透析低血压的因素进行logistic回归分析,结果显示是否合并糖尿病及总超滤量较高为引起低血压的危险因素(OR=2.572,0.597,均P0.05)。结论维持性血液透析患者血压达标率较低,而糖尿病患者较非糖尿病患者血压更难控制,脉压差更大,透析过程中血压波动大,更易发生低血压。     

Dissipative energy loss within the left ventricle detected by vector flow mapping in diabetic patients with controlled and uncontrolled blood glucose levels

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is related to increased risks of cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, diabetic cardiomyopathy and secondary hypertension. Dissipative energy loss (EL) derived from vector flow mapping (VFM) is thought to reflect the efficiency of blood flow and has been deemed to be an index for the evaluation of left ventricular function. Our study aimed to investigate the value of dissipative EL in diabetic patients with controlled and uncontrolled blood glucose by VFM. Eighty-eight patients with DM and 58 age-matched healthy controls were recruited. All of the patients received echocardiography examinations. VFM analyses were executed to calculate the EL values according to the apical four-chamber examinations from the left ventricle (LV) view. Our results showed that diastolic EL was compromised in the controlled-blood glucose (59.19 mV/m vs. 32.68 mV/m, p?=?0.039) patients and was more dramatically increased in the uncontrolled blood glucose group (88.84 mV/m vs. 32.68 mV/m, p?<?0.001) compared with the healthy controls. The impairment of systolic EL was observed only in the uncontrolled blood glucose patients (39.65 mV/m vs. 20.29 mV/m, p?<?0.001) and not in the controlled blood glucose patients (29.25 mV/m vs. 20.29 mV/m, p?=?0.072). Multivariate backward stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that the HbA1c level was independently related to the diastolic EL (β?=?0.233, p?=?0.026) and systolic EL (β?=?0.237, p?=?0.023). VFM is feasible and reproducible for assessing LV dissipative EL in DM patients with normal LVEF values in whom diastolic EL may be a more vulnerable indicator of early LV cardiac dysfunction in patients with DM. However, LV systolic EL may be a sensitive indicator of preclinical LV dysfunction for patients with DM with uncontrolled blood glucose levels. Uncontrolled blood glucose, which is independently correlated with subclinical LV dysfunction, may lead to increases in systolic EL and diastolic EL in LV.     

临界性高血压患者昼夜血压变化的流行病学特征研究

目的研究临界性高血压患者昼夜血压变化,探讨该人群的流行病学特点。方法选取50例临界性高血压患者,配带无创性携带式血压监测仪,分M1(9:00～20:00),M2(21:00～5:00),M3(6:00～8:00)3个时间段连续监测24h血压。结果①24h平均血压(134±13)/(91±8)mmHg,白昼平均舒张压(93±9)mmHg及夜间血压平均值(125±19)/(84±11)mmHg比正常人明显增高(P<0.001),而白昼收缩压平均值与正常人无显著差异(P>0.05);②M1及M3时段收缩压舒张压均值明显高于M2(P<0.001);③24h最高、最低收缩压舒张压差值较大,犤分别为(177～109)/(103～53)mmHg犦;④舒张压负荷值均>10%(M354.7%,M149.3%,M222.1%)。结论①临界高血压患者昼夜血压变化较大,随测血压较难做出正确诊断;②由于昼夜血压波动范围较大(脉压值增大),易致心、脑、肾等靶器官损害,因此应重视对临界高血压的及早控制。     

State of the left heart ventricle and 24-hour arterial blood pressure profile in patients with angina pectoris and episodes of silent myocardial ischemia

AIM: To study association between the state of the left ventricle (LV) of the heart, characteristics of a 24-h profile of arterial pressure (AP) and episodes of painless myocardial ischemia (PMI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Echocardiography, bifurcation 24-h monitoring of AP and ECG were conducted in 137 patients with effort angina (EA) receiving clinically effective antianginal therapy. RESULTS: Episodes of PMI at daytime were detected in 33 (24.1%) patients, at day and nighttime in 10 (7.3%) patients. There were significant differences neither by LV state nor by 24-h AP profile in patients free of PMI and those with daytime episodes. Patients with day and night PMI episodes had dilated LV and a decreased fall of night AP. Comparison of the parameters of 24-h AP and ECG monitoring has demonstrated that PMI episodes follow a rise in systolic and diastolic AP. In ischemia systolic and diastolic AP rise. In postischemic period systolic AP lowered while diastolic AP rose higher. CONCLUSION: Changes in diastolic AP may contribute to both onset and arrest of PMI. Decreased night fall in AP is one of the mechanisms compensating impaired coronary circulation.     

Increased blood pressure in diabetes: essential hypertension or diabetic nephropathy?

This study was performed to evaluate whether it is possible to distinguish between diabetics with essential hypertension and diabetics with elevated blood pressure due to diabetic nephropathy. We investigated 46 young diabetics, 21 having incipient nephropathy defined as urinary albumin excretion (UAE) persistently above 15 micrograms/min and total urinary protein less than 0.5 g per 24 h, and 25 patients having overt nephropathy with total protein excretion equal to or above 0.5 g per 24 h. Twenty-three patients with essential hypertension were also studied as well as 24 healthy controls. Only males and females between the age of 25 years and 40 years were included. We found a positive correlation between UAE and blood pressure (BP) but a considerable overlap in BP and UAE values between diabetics and patients with essential hypertension. However, plotting urinary albumin excretion against BP, diabetics and non-diabetics with essential hypertension could be nearly totally separated. Comparison at a similar blood pressure level, for example, mean arterial blood pressure of 125 mmHg, shows that diabetics have UAE 100 times higher than non-diabetic essential hypertensives. Conversely, UAE of 100 micrograms/min would imply that mean arterial blood pressure is about 70 mmHg higher in the non-diabetic essential hypertensives than in the diabetics. Five diabetics with normal UAE and elevated blood pressure higher or equal to 160/95 mmHg were clearly within the area of the essential hypertensive patients. Our observations indicate that it seems possible to distinguish diabetic patients with essential hypertension from diabetics with elevated blood pressure due to early or advanced nephropathy.     

On the pathogenesis of arterial blood pressure elevation early in the course of diabetic nephropathy

We measured plasma- and extracellular fluid volume (125I-albumin, 51Cr-EDTA), plasma concentrations of renin, angiotensin I and II, aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide by radio-immunoassays in insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM) patients with (n=28) and without (n=11) nephropathy and in 14 normal control subjects matched for sex and age. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (ml/min/1.73 m2, single intravenous bolus 51Cr-EDTA technique) was within normal range in all nephropathic patients; 107 (range 78-134). Mean arterial blood pressure (mmHg) was elevated 102 +/- 13 (+/- S.D.) compared to the diabetic and normal control group, 92 +/- 8 and 87 +/- 5, respectively (p less than 0.01). Plasma volume was identical in all three groups while extracellular volume (1/1.73 m2) was expanded in nephropathic patients, 14.5 +/- 1.5 vs 13.1 +/- 0.9 and 12.4 +/- 1.3 in the diabetic and non-diabetic control groups, respectively (p less than 0.05). A significant correlation between extracellular fluid volume and mean arterial blood pressure was found (n=53, r=0.49, p less than 0.001). Active renin was significantly increased in patients with diabetic nephropathy compared with the normal control subjects, while all the remaining hormones were about the same in the three groups. Our study suggests that fluid retention plays a dominant role in the initiation and maintenance of arterial blood pressure elevation early in the course of diabetic nephropathy.     

己酮可可碱对老年糖尿病肾病早期治疗作用的研究

目的探讨血液流变性改善剂己酮可可碱对老年糖尿病肾病早期的治疗作用.方法将106例Ⅱ型糖尿病伴有微量白蛋白尿患者随机分为2组治疗,己酮可可碱组66例,卡托普利(开博通)组40例,治疗期为6个月.结果2组治疗后尿总蛋白(UTP)及尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)均明显降低[己酮可可碱组UTP从(0.21±0.06)g/24h降至(0.12±0.04)g/24h,P＜0.01;UAER从(132.65±53.58)μg/min降至(55.82±27.17)μg/min,P＜0.01.卡托普利组UTP从(0.19±0.06)g/24h降至(0.13±0.05)g/24h,P＜0.01;UAER从(115.26±53.35)μg/min降至(75.62±43.34)μg/min,P＜0.01].肌酐清除率(CCr)有所改善[己酮可可碱组从(1.37±0.16)ml@s-1@1.73m-2增到(1.48±0.22)ml@s-1@1.73m-2,P＜0.05;卡托普利组从(1.33±0.27)ml@s-1@1.73m-2)增到(1.43±0.34)ml@s-1@1.73m-2,P＜0.05],治疗后2组间比较无明显差异(P＞0.05).2组对血压和血脂都有一定良好的影响.结论己酮可可碱有减少尿蛋白、改善肾功能的作用,对老年Ⅱ型糖尿病早期肾病有确切的治疗作用.     

2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗与肾病变及血压的关系——附72例检测报告

目的： 探讨２ 型糖尿病者胰岛素抵抗（ＩＲ） 与肾病变及血压的关系。方法： 测定７２例２ 型糖尿病伴或不伴肾病变者的胰岛素敏感指数 （葡萄糖利用常数, ＫＩ）、尿清蛋白排泄率 （ＵＡＥＲ）, 进行２４ 小时动态血压监测（ＡＢＰＭ）。结果： 胰岛素敏感指数Ｋ１ 与ＵＡＥＲ呈负相关, 糖尿病肾病变者胰岛素抵抗、血压升高（尤其是夜间血压升高） 及血压昼夜节律异常程度均显著高于不伴肾病变者。结论： 胰岛素抵抗与肾病变及血压升高关系密切, 三者相互影响并加重病情     

糖尿病与非糖尿病血液透析患者血压变化的探讨

目的观察糖尿病维持性血液透析患者透析过程中血压变化特点。方法选取我院血液净化中心80例情况稳定的维持性血液透析患者,分为糖尿病组(Diabetic mellitus group,DM组)及非糖尿病组(non-diabetic mellitus group,NDM组),分析两组患者透析过程中血压的差异。结果透析中糖尿病组的最高收缩压(SBP)、SBP最大差值及最大脉压差显著高于非糖尿病组,最低舒张压(DBP)显著低于非糖尿病组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而透析中两组最低SBP、最高DBP、DBP最大差值差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论糖尿病较非糖尿病血液透析患者透析过程中血压变化更大、更难控制,脉压差更大、血压波动更大(尤其是收缩压)。护理工作人员可以通过准确评估干体质量、设置合适超滤量、调节钠浓度、调节透析液温度、指导进食、做好心理护理等措施来减少血液透析中血压的波动。