反义AKT2 cDNA治疗C6胶质瘤的体内外实验研究

目的研究反义AKT2(antisense AKT2，AS—AKT2)cDNA对鼠脑胶质瘤细胞系C6的生长抑制作用。方法将AS—AKT2 cDNA构建体转染鼠脑胶质瘤细胞系C6，原位杂交和蛋白印迹鉴定后，应用PCNA阳性率和MTT法检测细胞增殖能力，TUNEL法计算凋亡指数。应用立体定向技术将C6细胞和转染反义AKT2 cDNA的C6细胞种植到SD大鼠的右侧尾状核作为对照组和转染组；并对颅内已经形成C6胶质瘤的大鼠进行脂质体包裹的AS—AKT2 cDNA和空载体治疗；MRI动态监测大鼠颅内肿瘤生长情况，并检测标本AKT2和PCNA表达以及细胞的凋亡情况。结果转染AS—AKT2 cDNA后C6细胞AKT2表达显著抑制，增殖减慢，凋亡指数增加。反义治疗组和转染组大鼠生存时间明显延长；转染组和治疗组肿瘤标本AKT2表达下降或消失，PCNA阳性率降低，可见大量凋亡细胞，而对照组和空载组标本几乎没有凋亡细胞。结论体内外实验证明AS—AKT2 cDNA可以抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导凋亡，AKT2可作为基因治疗胶质瘤的重要优选靶的。     

p16基因抑制脑胶质瘤细胞恶性增殖并诱导细胞凋亡

目的：探索p16基因在脑胶质瘤发生过程中的作用及其与脑胶质瘤细胞凋亡的关系。方法：采用脂质体,磷酸钙＋DMSO休克转染的方法,分别将外源野生型p16基因导入胶质瘤细胞株U251,SWO,观察p16基因短暂转染与长期稳定转染对胶质瘤细胞的作用,并筛选阳性克隆。同时以空载体质粒pCDNA3为对照,免疫组化,Northern杂交检测p16基因表达,对转染后细胞生长的抑制,细胞周期,凋亡及裸鼠致瘤能力的变化进行分析,结果：外源p16基因的高水平表达显著抑制了胶质瘤U251,SWO细胞的生长,克隆形成率减少,肿瘤细胞发生了G1期阻滞,p16基因短暂转染可诱导胶质瘤细胞凋亡,而长期稳定转染无明显的凋亡诱导作用。结论：外源野生型p16基因可抑制胶质瘤细胞恶性增殖并诱导细胞凋亡,肿瘤细胞的异质性特点与p16基因转染后的“自然选择”作用可能是p16基因长期稳定转染无明显凋亡诱导作用的主要机制。     

FasL基因诱导胶质瘤细胞凋亡和抑制增殖作用的研究

目的 :探讨FasL基因诱导胶质瘤细胞凋亡和抑制增殖的作用。方法 :脂质体介导FasL基因转染TJ90 5胶质瘤细胞系 ,原位杂交 ,FasL免疫组化鉴定转染成功 ,应用MTT法、Ki 67免疫组化检测TJ90 5细胞的增殖变化 ,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡。结果 :FasL基因转染成功后 ,肿瘤细胞内FasL表达增加 ,细胞增殖率降低 ,而凋亡细胞数增多。结论 :FasL基因诱导的细胞凋亡可能成为胶质瘤治疗的新途径之一     

白细胞介素24对大鼠脑胶质瘤细胞Survivin表达的影响

目的探讨白细胞介素24(IL-24)基因对荷瘤大鼠脑胶质瘤细胞Survivin表达的影响。方法 48只SD大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,每组24只,分别接种IL-24/C6细胞(转染IL-24基因的C6鼠脑胶质瘤细胞)和C6鼠脑胶质瘤细胞。接种21 d后,采用RT-PCR、Western blot和免疫组化方法检测两组大鼠脑肿瘤组织中Survivin mRNA和蛋白的表达,采用流式细胞学检测肿瘤细胞凋亡率。结果 RT-PCR检测显示:实验组大鼠脑肿瘤组织中Survivin mRNA表达水平明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。Western blot及免疫组化法检测显示:实验组大鼠脑肿瘤组织中Survivin的蛋白水平明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。流式细胞学结果显示:实验组细胞凋亡率显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论 IL-24可抑制大鼠胶质瘤中Survivin mRNA和蛋白的表达,促进细胞凋亡,抑制肿瘤生长。     

p16基因对脑胶质瘤细胞生长及放射敏感性的影响

目的探索p16基因在脑胶质瘤发生发展过程中的作用及p16基因与肿瘤细胞放射敏感性间的关系.方法将外源野生型p16基因导入胶质瘤细胞株U251、C6,筛选阳性克隆.同时以空载体质粒为对照,免疫组化检测p16基因表达,用MTT法测定细胞生长曲线及肿瘤杀伤率.结果转染p16基因的U251、C6细胞有外源p16基因的整合及表达,克隆形成率减少,生长速度明显减慢,对辐射的敏感性增强.结论导入外源野生型p16基因可抑制胶质瘤细胞恶性增殖,提高胶质瘤细胞对辐射的敏感性.     

FasL基因治疗移植于裸鼠的人脑胶质母细胞瘤的实验研究

目的 :探讨FasL基因在体内诱导胶质瘤细胞凋亡和抑制增殖的作用。方法 :在裸鼠皮下种植Fas表达阳性的人脑胶质母细胞瘤细胞系TJ90 5 ,成瘤后 ,利用脂质体介导FasL基因瘤内治疗 ,在 3 9d观察期间 ,用千分尺测量肿瘤生长 ,最终取出肿瘤 ,用原位杂交 ,免疫组化鉴定FasL基因和蛋白的表达 ,应用TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡 ,Ki 67免疫组化检测细胞增殖。结果 :FasL基因瘤内注射观察 3 9d后 ,治疗组瘤体积明显小于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,肿瘤组织细胞内FasL基因表达增加 ,凋亡细胞数增多 ,细胞增殖率降低。结论 :FasL基因对Fas表达阳性胶质瘤有治疗作用。     

FasL基因诱导胶质瘤细胞凋亡和抑制作用的研究

目的：探讨FasL基因诱导胶质瘤细胞凋亡和抑制增殖的作用。方法：脂质体介导FasL基因转染TJ905胶质瘤细胞系，原位杂交，FasL免疫组化鉴定转染成功,应用MTT法、Ki-67免疫组化检测TJ905细胞的增殖变化，TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡。结果：FasL基因转染成功后，肿瘤细胞内FasL表达增加，细胞增殖率降低，而凋亡细胞数增多。结论；FasL基因诱导的细胞凋亡可能成为胶质瘤治疗的新途径之一。     

125I对脑胶质瘤P16基因的影响

目的 研究125I诱导人脑胶质瘤细胞SHG-44体内外凋亡的可能性及其对p16基因的影响.方法 体外培养SHG-44细胞,采用流式细胞仪法检测125I诱导SHG-44细胞凋亡及对细胞周期影响,采用免疫组化的办法,检测125I治疗前后的p16蛋白表达改变,采用立体定向的方法建立大鼠脑内人胶质瘤模型,1周后经MRI检测后,于肿瘤区接种125I,2周后复查MRI行接种前后肿瘤大小检测,3周后处死大鼠,取对照组及肿瘤周边组织及肿瘤组织行p16蛋白的免疫组化染色.结果 125I接种1周后核磁共振检查,脑内形成实体瘤;125I可以抑制肿瘤生长,诱导细胞凋亡,促进p16蛋白表达.结论 125I具有体内外抑制SHG-44细胞增殖,诱导凋亡的作用,其诱导凋亡机制可能与促进p16蛋白表达有关.     

反义hTERT抑制恶性胶质瘤生长的体内外研究

目的 探讨腺病毒介导的反义hTERT在体内外对恶性胶质瘤细胞生长的影响.方法 构建含有hTERT反义序列的腺病毒载体在体内外转染恶性胶质瘤细胞系U251,检测肿瘤细胞生长情况、细胞周期变化、端粒酶活性、hTERT蛋白表达等.结果 腺病毒介导的hTERT反义治疗在体外明显抑制肫瘤细胞生长,增殖减慢,凋亡增多,细胞较多聚集在G1/G0期,转染后第6天细胞生存率为46.9%,端粒酶活性和hTERT蛋白表达都明显下降,在体内实验中肿瘤生长明显减慢.结论 腺病毒介导的反义hTERT在体内外能明显抑制恶性胶质瘤细胞的生长.     

C6/IL-24对鼠脑胶质瘤血管生成的影响

目的探讨IL-24基因对荷瘤大鼠脑胶质瘤组织血管生成的影响。方法将24只SD大鼠随机分为C6/IL-24细胞组和C6细胞组,每组12只,分别于颅内尾状核部位接种转染IL-24基因的C6细胞(C6/IL-24)和鼠胶质瘤C6细胞。接种后21d取大鼠脑肿瘤组织,采用RT-PCR法检测大鼠脑肿瘤组织中VEGFmRNA的表达,免疫组化法检测VEGF和CD34的表达,并根据免疫组化结果计算两组肿瘤组织中的微血管密度(MVD)。结果RT-PCR结果显示:C6/IL-24细胞组VEGFmRNA表达水平明显低于C6细胞组(P0.01)。免疫组化法结果显示:C6/IL-24细胞组大鼠VEGF表达水平及CD34阳性MVD计数明显低于C6细胞组(P0.01)。结论IL-24基因转染后可抑制大鼠脑肿瘤组织中VEGF基因的表达,降低MVD,抑制肿瘤组织中新生血管的生长。     

RNAi下调PIK3 CB表达抑制U251胶质瘤细胞生长的体内外研究

目的 探讨应用RNAi技术靶向磷酸肌醇酯-3-激酶β催化亚单位(PIK3CB)抑制恶性胶质瘤细胞系U251的PIK3CB表达后在体内外对U251细胞生长抑制作用.方法 将短发夹RNA(shRNA)表达载体psiRNA-PIK3CB进行脂质体介导的U251人脑恶性胶质瘤细胞系表达,检测细胞转染前后的细胞增殖能力和凋亡的变化.应用裸鼠皮下荷瘤模型观察脂质体介导shRNA基因治疗对U251细胞生长抑制作用,对肿瘤组织应用免疫荧光双染色和免疫组化的方法分析结果.结果 靶向PIK3CB的shRNA转染后U251细胞生长受到抑制,细胞周期出现G2/M阻滞,细胞明显凋亡.裸鼠皮下荷瘤模型实验显示psiRNA-PIK3CB显著抑制皮下肿瘤生长(P＜0.01).结论 靶向PIK3CB的shRNA基因治疗可以成为胶质瘤治疗的新策略.     

miR-103a-3p过表达靶向负调控PDK4抑制胶质瘤生长及侵袭

目的 探讨miR-103a-3p过表达对胶质瘤C6细胞恶性生物学行为的影响及对裸鼠移植瘤生长的影响。方法 体外培养鼠源性C6胶质瘤细胞,转染miR-103a-3p mimics质粒过表达miR-103a-3p,转染miR-103a-3p mimics+pcDNA-PDK4质粒分析PDK4过表达对miR-103a-3p过表达的影响;EDU法检测细胞增殖活性;qRT-PCR检测miR-103a-3p、PDK4 mRNA表达水平;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率;Transwell实验检测细胞侵袭能力;免疫印迹法检测E-cadherin、N-cadherin、vimentin蛋白表达水平。取40只裸鼠,其中20只皮下注射未转染质粒的C6细胞、20只皮下注射转染miR-103a-3p mimics质粒的C6细胞构建移植瘤模型,分析miR-103a-3p mimics过表达对移植瘤生长的影响。结果 生物信息学及双荧光素酶试验证实PDK4是miR-103a-3p的靶点。过表达miR-103a-3p明显降低C6细胞PDK4、Ki67、PCNA、N-cadherin、vimentin表达水平（P<0.05）,明显抑制C6细胞增殖活性、侵袭能力（P<0.05）,明显增加C6细胞E-cadherin表达水平、细胞凋亡率（P<0.05）。过表达PDK4明显抑制过表达miR-103a-3p对C6胶质瘤细胞的作用（P<0.05）。过表达miR-103a-3p明显抑制裸鼠移植瘤生长（P<0.05）,抑制肿瘤组织PDK4、Ki67、vimentin表达（P<0.05）。结论 过表达miR-103a-3p通过靶向抑制PDK4表达,一方面抑制胶质瘤细胞增殖、促进胶质瘤细胞凋亡,从而抑制胶质瘤生长;另一方抑制胶质瘤上皮-间质转化过程,从而抑制胶质瘤细胞侵袭。     

RNA干扰敲低Wnt2的表达抑制U251细胞生长的体内外研究

目的 在体内外研究转染靶向Wnt2的siRNA对U251细胞的抑制效果.方法 向U251细胞转染靶向Wnt2的siRNA后,免疫印记检测转染后Wnt2及相关蛋白表达,MTT检测细胞增殖,annexin标记细胞凋亡,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期分布,鼠尾胶3D生长实验检测细胞侵袭能力的变化.建立裸鼠胶质瘤皮下动物模型,瘤内注射Wnt2 siRNA观察肿瘤生长情况.结果 转染Wnt2siRNA后,U251细胞的Wnt2、frizzled2、磷酸化GSK-3β、β-catenin等表达降低,细胞增殖受抑,凋亡率升高,细胞阻滞于G0/G1期.体内研究发现转染靶向Wnt2的siRNA后,裸鼠皮下肿瘤的生长速度缓慢,相应的蛋白表达降低.结论 转染靶向Wnt2的siRNA可有效敲低该基因在U251细胞内的表达,从而抑制了胶质瘤细胞生长,具有潜在的治疗前景.     

Synergistic antiglioma activity of radiotherapy and enzastaurin

OBJECTIVE: Radiotherapy is an essential treatment modality for malignant gliomas, but it exerts adverse effects via promotion of glioma cell invasion in experimental glioma. Furthermore, irradiation induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in gliomas, which is associated with poor prognosis. Here, we investigate the combination of the protein kinase C-beta inhibitor enzastaurin (ENZA) and radiotherapy in vitro and in vivo in comparison with either treatment alone. METHODS: We analyzed the effects of ENZA and irradiation on migration, apoptosis, and proliferation of glioma cells, as well as VEGF secretion in vitro. Neurotoxicity of ENZA was assessed in cerebellar granule neurons. After orthotopic intracerebral implantation of LNT-229 glioma cells in nude mice, the effects of in situ cerebral irradiation and oral application of ENZA on survival, tumor size, VEGF expression, apoptosis, and microvessel density in vivo were analyzed. RESULTS: Combining cerebral irradiation with ENZA leads to longer survival in vivo. ENZA diminishes tumor volume, irradiation-induced tumor satellite formation, upregulation of VEGF expression in vitro and in vivo, as well as enhanced microvessel density in vivo. Importantly, ENZA is not neurotoxic in vitro or in vivo. INTERPRETATION: Long-term administration of ENZA after radiotherapy is feasible and leads to long-term survival without neurotoxicity.     

Amphiregulin is a factor for resistance of glioma cells to cannabinoid‐induced apoptosis

Gliomas, one of the most malignant forms of cancer, exhibit high resistance to conventional therapies. Identification of the molecular mechanisms responsible for this resistance is therefore of great interest to improve the efficacy of the treatments against these tumors. Δ9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major active ingredient of marijuana, and other cannabinoids inhibit tumor growth in animal models of cancer, including glioma, an effect that relies, at least in part, on the ability of these compounds to induce apoptosis of tumor cells. By analyzing the gene expression profile of two sub‐clones of C6 glioma cells with different sensitivity to cannabinoid‐induced apoptosis, we found a subset of genes with a marked differential expression in the two sub‐clones. Furthermore, we identified the epidermal growth factor receptor ligand amphiregulin as a candidate factor to mediate the resistance of glioma cells to cannabinoid treatment. Amphiregulin was highly overexpressed in the cannabinoid‐resistant cell line, both in culture and in tumor xenografts. Moreover, in vivo silencing of amphiregulin rendered the resistant tumors xenografts sensitive to cannabinoid antitumoral action. Amphiregulin expression was associated with increased extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) activation, which mediated the resistance to THC by blunting the expression of p8 and TRB3—two genes involved in cannabinoid‐induced apoptosis of glioma cells. Our findings therefore identify Amphirregulin as a factor for resistance of glioma cells to THC‐induced apoptosis and contribute to unraveling the molecular bases underlying the emerging notion that targeted inhibition of the EGFR pathway can improve the efficacy of antitumoral therapies. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Mechanisms of apoptosis in central nervous system tumors: Application to theory

Apoptosis is a key concept for the successful therapy of brain tumors. This review focuses on the mechanisms of apoptosis occurring spontaneously in malignant gliomas, discusses the different methods employed to assess apoptosis in vivo and in vitro, and considers the value of quantifying apoptosis in surgical biopsies for diagnosis and prognosis. Further, novel strategies to induce apoptosis in human malignant glioma cells are reviewed, including experimental therapy with death ligands, methods for sensitizing glioma cells to the induction of apoptosis, p53 gene transfer, and approaches to target the expression of therapeutic genes selectively to tumor cells.     

EphA2、EphrinA1表达与脑胶质瘤恶性表型的关系

目的 探讨酪氨酸激酶受体EphA2和其配体EphrinA1表达与脑胶质瘤恶性表型的关系,为发现恶性脑胶质瘤治疗新靶点提供理论依据.方法 构建针对EphA2的RNAi载体pSilencer-EphA2-SR质粒并转染U251、U87和SHG44细胞,应用Western blotting检测转染后细胞EphA2、EphrinA1的表达,MTT法和软琼脂克隆形成实验检测细胞增殖能力的变化,体外侵袭实验和流式细胞仪分别检测细胞侵袭和凋亡的变化;建立U251、U87和SHG44细胞的裸鼠胶质瘤移植模型,分别于瘤内注射脂质体+pSilencer空载体或脂质体+pSilencer-EphA2-SR质粒,30d后比较移植瘤的平均体积和质量,免疫组化染色检测移植瘤组织EphA2和EphrinA1的表达.结果 成功构建EphA2 RNAi载体pSilencer-EphA2-SR质粒.转染pSilencer-EphA2-SR后48 h Western blotting结果显示3种细胞EphA2表达水平均降低,而EphrinA1表达水平升高;MTT、软琼脂克隆形成实验、体外侵袭实验结果显示3种细胞的A值、克隆形成率、侵袭率均低于转染pSilencer空载体者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而流式细胞仪检测显示3种细胞的凋亡率均高于转染pSilencer空载体者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).瘤内注射脂质体+pSilencer-EphA2-SR质粒后移植瘤的体积和重量均低于注射脂质体+pSilencer空载体者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).免疫组化染色显示瘤内注射脂质体+pSilencer-EphA2-SR质粒后EphA2表达降低,EphrinA1表达水平升高,瘤内注射脂质体+pSilencer空载体后二者的表达无明显变化.结论 EphA2、EphrinA1是脑胶质瘤恶性表型的重要调控分子,干扰EphA2分子可显著上调EphrinA1表达、部分逆转胶质瘤细胞恶性表型,提示EphA2、EphrinA1有望成为脑胶质瘤治疗新靶点.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the relation between altered expressions of EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand EphrinA1 and malignant phenotype of glioma cells, and explore the new targeting molecule for treating malignant gliomas. Methods The RNAi vector (plasmid pSilencer-EphA2-SR) against EphA2 was constructed and transfected into the malignant glioma cells (U251, U87 and SHG44). Forty-eight h after the transfection, the expressions of EphA2 and EphrinA1 were detected by Western blotting; the viability and anchorage independence of the glioma cells were observed by MTT assay and colony formation assay; the invasion viability and apoptosis of glioma cells were observed by modified Boyden chamber assay and flow cytometry. Glioma xenograft models were established in nude mice; plasmid pSilencer-EphA2-SR or pSilencer-null mixed with lipofectamine was intratumorally injected. The average tumor volume and weight of the transplanted gliomas were measured and compared; the expressions of EphA2 and EphrinA1 were detected by immunohistochemical staining.Results The RNAi plasmid against EphA2 was successfully constructed. After the transfection of plasmid pSilencer-EphA2-SR, the expression of endogenous EphA2 was suppressed, which consequently resulted in increased EphrinA1 level. As compared with cells of the plasmid pSilencer-null group, cells of the plasmid pSilencer-EphA2-SR group showed obviously decreased cell viability, anchorage independence rate and in vitro invasion ability, but significantly increased cell apoptosis rate (P＜0.05).Furthermore, suppression of EphA2 resulted in delayed tumor growth and increased EphrinA 1 expression in mice xenografts. Conclusion EphA2 and EphrinA1 may be key coupled-regulators for malignant phenotype of glioma cells. EphA2 suppression partially reverses the malignant phenotype of aggressive gliomas, possibly through up-regulating the EphrinA1 expression, which indicates that EphA2 and EphrinA1 might become the new targeting molecule for treatment of gliomas.