利福喷丁/聚乳酸-羟基乙酸纳米粒的制备及处方工艺优化

目的： 研制负载利福喷丁的聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物[poly（lactic-co-glycolic acid）,PLGA]纳米粒,并对其处方及制备工艺进行优化。方法： 采用快速膜乳化法制备利福喷丁/PLGA纳米粒。通过单因素实验考察了乳化剂浓度、PLGA浓度、油相/水相体积比、初乳制备转速、初乳制备时间、过膜压力、过膜次数对纳米粒制备的影响。在此基础上以粒径、载药率、包封率为评价指标,使用正交实验设计对纳米粒制备的处方工艺进行优化,以TOPSIS法进行多指标综合分析。然后对最优处方工艺进行验证,并对载药纳米粒的体外释药行为进行考察。结果： 经最优处方工艺制备的载药纳米粒,粒径（428±11.4）nm,粒径分布为（0.186±0.036）,包封率为（76.89±2.6）%,载药率为（10.89±1.2）%。用透视电镜观察呈均匀分布的球形。在体外药物释放实验中,药物在72 h内累计释放了78.81%。结论： 采用快速膜乳化可以简单快捷地制备均匀圆整、包封性好、具有良好缓释性能的利福喷丁/PLGA纳米粒,并为新型抗结核精准治疗的开发提供了基础。     

白益母草总生物碱聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物微球的制备

目的:优化蒙药白益母草总生物碱的聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)微球的处方工艺,制备微球并对其进行质量考察。方法:采用复乳-液中干燥法制备白益母草总生物碱PLGA微球,以处方中PLGA质量浓度、聚乙烯醇(PVA)浓度及内水相/油相体积比为因素,以微球的载药量、包封率、收率的综合评分为指标,采用L9(34)正交试验优化制备微球的处方工艺,并考察微球形态、粒径及体外释药情况。结果:最优工艺为PLGA 200 mg/ml、PVA 2%、内水相/油相的体积比为1∶5;验证试验中平均包封率为(83.2±2.4)%,平均载药量为(4.16±0.17)%,平均收率为(86.7±3.6)%,综合评分结果为(95.7±4.4)%,RSD均小于5.0%(n=3);制备的微球形态圆整,表面光滑,粒径分布均匀,平均粒径为(22.3±2.4)μm;微球24 h体外累积释放度为(82.3±3.5)%,符合一级释放模型(r=0.972 4)。结论:优选工艺稳定;制备的微球具有良好的缓释性能,质量符合要求。     

阿司匹林缓释微球的制备及其体外释药性能研究

目的:制备阿司匹林缓释微球,并考察其体外释药性能。方法:采用改良的乳化溶剂挥发法,以聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)为载体材料、载药量和包封率为指标,固定PLGA为100 mg正交设计试验优化阿司匹林缓释微球的阿司匹林用量、外水相体积、丙酮-二氯甲烷体积比和聚乙烯醇(PVA)浓度,对最优处方所制微球进行验证和体外释放度考察。倒置显微镜和电子显微镜下观察微球表面形态,激光粒度分析仪考察微球粒径。结果:PLGA为100 mg时的最优处方:阿司匹林用量为20 mg、外水相体积为150 ml、丙酮-二氯甲烷体积比为1∶1、PVA浓度为1 mg/100 ml;所制微球的平均粒径为139.95μm,电镜下微球表面光滑圆整,载药量为8.6%,包封率为33%,240 h体外累积释放度为85.56%。结论:成功制得具有明显缓释作用的阿司匹林缓释微球。     

Box-Behnken设计-效应面法优化吴茱萸碱-羟基乙酸共聚物纳米粒处方及体外释药研究

目的：Box-Behnken设计-效应面法优化吴茱萸碱聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物[poly （lactic-co-glycolic acid）,PLGA]纳米粒处方（吴茱萸碱-PLGA纳米粒）,考察体外释药行为。方法：单因素考察PLGA用量,油水体积比,泊洛沙姆188浓度,超声功率和时间等因素的影响,采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化吴茱萸碱-PLGA纳米粒处方。采用甘露醇为冻干保护剂,制备吴茱萸碱-PLGA纳米粒冻干粉末,并考察体外释药情况及释药模型。结果：吴茱萸碱-PLGA纳米粒最佳处方为：PLGA用量为445.1 mg、油水体积比1：5.2、泊洛沙姆188质量分数为1.2%。包封率和粒径分别为（75.73±1.33）%和（173.27±6.86） nm,与模型预测值接近。体外释药符合Higuchi模型：M_t/M_∞=0.109 9t^1/2+0.081 6,缓释特征明显。结论：Box-Behnken实验设计可用于吴茱萸碱-PLGA纳米粒处方研究,为进一步研究奠定了基础。     

Notel长效微球制剂的制备和评价

目的：制备并评价Notel聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）长效缓释微球。方法：采用乳化-溶剂挥发法制备Notel缓释微球,以载药量、包封率、体外释放为评价指标,考察高分子材料、高分子溶液浓度、硬脂酸、不同pH的聚乙烯醇（PVA）溶液等因素对微球的影响,筛选最优处方并制备微球,考察大鼠药动学及对db/db小鼠的降血糖作用。结果：按最优处方制备的微球形态圆整,平均粒径为60 μm,载药量12.5%,体外释药可达1个月。微球在大鼠体内1 h即有药物释放,第8天血药浓度达到峰值C_max（52.96±3.20） ng·mL^-1并持续释放30 d。db/db小鼠的空腹血糖浓度在1个月内有效降低。结论：Notel缓释微球作为1个月长效制剂治疗2型糖尿病（T2DM）具有良好的开发前景。     

罗哌卡因-醋酸地塞米松PLGA微球的制备及体外释药特性研究

目的 制备罗哌卡因 醋酸地塞米松聚乳酸羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）微球（简称微球）并研究其体外释药特性。方法以PLGA为载体,采用W1/O/W2双重乳化 溶剂挥发法制备微球,研究实验过程中有机相PLGA浓度、外水相/有机相体积比、内水相体积、外水相聚乙烯醇（PVA）浓度几项因素变化对罗哌卡因 醋酸地塞米松PLGA微球粒径、表面形态﹑载药量﹑包封率和突释行为的影响。结果有机相PLGA浓度在制备微球的过程中是一个关键性因素。随着PLGA浓度增加,微球粒径增大,载药量﹑包封率明显提高,突释降低;外水相/有机相体积比增大,微球粒径增大, 载药量﹑包封率明显提高,微球表面更加光滑﹑微孔减少,突释降低;随着内水相体积增加使得微球表面的微孔明显增多,突释增加,载药量﹑包封率降低;当外水相PVA浓度由0.5%增加到2%,微球粒径变小,突释效应增加。通过优化条件制备的微球形状为球形,外观光滑圆整,粒径分布均匀,其中＞90%分布在20～70 μm。罗哌卡因载药量（7.48±0.33）%,包封率（70.97±2.36）%;醋酸地塞米松载药量（1.52±0.16）%,包封率（57.30±1.17）%。结论采用W1/O/W2双重乳化 溶剂挥发法成功制备罗哌卡因加醋酸地塞米松PLGA微球;以优化工艺制备的微球,在体外具有明显的缓释行为,释药曲线呈典型S形三阶段模式。     

丹皮酚聚乳酸羟基乙酸微球的制备及体外释药考察

目的:制备丹皮酚聚乳酸羟基乙酸(PLGA)微球,考察其体外释药过程。方法:以丹皮酚为芯材,以PLGA为载体,采用乳化溶剂挥发法制备丹皮酚PLGA微球;以聚乙烯醇质量分数、PLGA质量浓度、药物与PLGA质量比及水油相体积比为考察因素,以包封率和载药量的综合评分为评价指标,采用正交试验优选制备工艺;扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察微球的外观和粒径,并测定其体外释药过程。结果:优选的工艺为聚乙烯醇质量分数0.9%、PLGA质量浓度60g/L、药物与PLGA质量比1∶3、水油相体积比1∶10。制得的微球球型规则,表面平滑,平均粒径为(31.75±0.13)μm。微球的载药量为(21.16±0.51)%,包封率为(66.91±1.62)%,8h体外累积释药量为37%。结论:所选工艺可用于制备丹皮酚PLGA微球,可为缓释药物传递系统的开发提供参考。     

穿心莲内酯甲氧基聚乙二醇-聚乳酸-羟基乙酸纳米粒处方优化及体外释药考察

目的：优化穿心莲内酯甲氧基聚乙二醇-聚乳酸-羟基乙酸[methoxy poly（ethylene glycol）-poly（lactic-co-glycolic acid）,mPEG-PLGA]纳米粒处方,并进行体外释药评价。方法：乳化法制备穿心莲内酯mPEG-PLGA纳米粒,Box-Behnken设计-效应面法筛选穿心莲内酯mPEG-PLGA纳米粒最优处方,测定包封率、载药量、粒径及Zeta电位。采用质量分数为5%的甘露醇和乳糖等量混合物作为冻干保护剂,进一步制备成冻干粉,考察体外释药行为。结果：穿心莲内酯mPEG-PLGA纳米粒最佳处方为：mPEG-PLGA用量为589 mg、水相体积为70 mL、聚乙二醇硬脂酸酯15（Solutol HS 15）质量分数为1.2%,包封率为（82.07±1.62）%,载药量为（3.87±0.21）%,粒径为（179.56±9.19）nm,Zeta电位为（-10.91±1.84）mV。穿心莲内酯mPEG-PLGA纳米粒体外释药具有缓释特征,释药过程符合Weibull模型：lnln[1/（1-M_t/M_∞）]=0.410 3lnt-1.434 1。结论：可用Box-Behnken设计-效应面法优化穿心莲内酯mPEG-PLGA纳米粒,为后续研究奠定基础。     

GM-l PLGA微球的制备及其体外释药性质研究

目的制备GM l PLGA微球，考察其一般性质和体外释药特性。方法应用W/O/W乳化溶剂干燥法制备GM l PLGA微球，测定微球粒径、载药量、包封率和体外释药曲线。结果微球形态规则，粒径约为（18±8） μm，载药量约为4.9%，包封率约为61%，微球体外释药规律符合Higuichi方程：Q=0.153t1/2+0.037 05(r=0.995)。结论GM l PLGA微球的制备工艺良好，体外释药呈明显的缓释作用。     

苦参碱缓释微球的制备及体外释药研究

目的：制备苦参碱缓释微球并考察其体外释放度。方法：采用正交试验设计,优选处方,乳化-固化法制备苦参碱微球,对其包封率、形态、粒径及体外释药性质进行了研究。结果：苦参碱白蛋白微球平均粒径为12.64 μm,大小均匀。平均包封率为79.60%±0.98%。体外释放符合零级方程,t_1/2为46.8 h。结论：苦参碱缓释微球制备方法简便,缓释效果好。     

Lappaconitine-loaded microspheres for parenteral sustained release: effects of formulation variables and in vitro characterization

Lappaconitine instead of its hydrobromide salts has been encapsulated in poly (lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) microspheres by the simple o/w emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The effects of several variables including emulsifier (polyvinyl alcohol, PVA) concentration, stirring speed, PLGA concentration and drug/polymer mass ratios on quality of microspheres have been investigated. The particle size and size distribution can be controlled by PVA concentration, stirring speed and PLGA concentration. The entrapment efficiency and the burst release of lappaconitine from drug-loaded microspheres were dominantly affected by the drug/polymer mass ratio and PVA concentration. The best parameters of formulation were 1.5% PVA, the PLGA concentration of 50 g/L, and the stirring speed of 800 rpm and drug/polymer of 1:5. The optimized formulation has a mean particle size of 19.3 +/- 0.93 microm, mean entrapment efficiency of 70.77 +/- 3.23% and mean drug loading of 11.45 +/- 0.47%. Based on the optimized parameters of formulation, the effects of oil/aqueous solubility partition ratio of drug on entrapment efficiency of drug-loaded microspheres prepared by o/w emulsion solvent evaporation were further studied. A good linear relation existed between the partition ratio and entrapment efficiency. The optimized microspheres were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, DSC and XRD. SEM shows spherical and smooth surface and uniform size distribution. The results of DSC, FT-IR study reveal no interaction between drug and polymer. The results of the XRD study indicate lappaconitine trapped in microsphere exists in form of an amorphous or disordered crystalline status in polymer matrix. The in vitro release models were evaluated with two different groups of drug-loaded microspheres including microspheres washed with distilled water and 0.01N HCL, respectively. The drug release profile of lappaconitine-loaded microspheres washed with distilled water agreed with zero order equation and that of the latter better agreed with first order equation.     

β-methasone-containing biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) acid microspheres for intraarticular injection: effect of formulation parameters on characteristics and in vitro release

A sustained drug release system based on the injectable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres loaded with β-methasone was prepared for localized treatment of rheumatic arthritis. The microscopy and structure of microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The effects of various formulation parameters on the properties of microspheres and in vitro release pattern of β-methasone were also investigated. The results demonstrated that increase in drug/polymer ratio led to increased particle size as well as drug release rate. Increase in PLGA concentration led to increased particle size, but decreased burst release. The drug encapsulation efficiency increased sharply by increasing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) concentration in the aqueous phase from 1.5 to 2.0%. β-methasone release rate decreased considerately with decreasing OP (organic phase)/AP (aqueous phase) volume ratio. Stirring rate had significantly influence on the particle size and encapsulation efficiency. Independent of formulation parameters, β-methasone was slowly released from the PLGA microspheres over 11 days. The drug release profile of high drug loaded microspheres agree with Higuchi equation with a release mechanism of diffusion and erosion, that of middle drug loaded microspheres best agreed with Hixcon-Crowell equation and controlled by diffusion and erosion as well. The low drug loaded microspheres well fitted to logarithm normal distribution equation with mechanism of purely Fickian diffusion.     

Preparation of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres encapsulating all-trans retinoic acid

Poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres containing all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) were prepared by o/w solvent evaporation method and various preparation parameters, such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) concentration in aqueous solution, PVA MW, drug weight, solvent, polymer MW, and polymer weight, on the characteristics of microspheres and drug release were investigated. PVA concentration in water phase was a critical factor in making microspheres consistently with smooth surface and round shape. In our study, at least 2% (w/v) of PVA in aqueous solution was necessary for making microspheres with round shape. The particle size of microspheres ranged 10-100 microm. AtRA was slowly released from PLGA microspheres over 30 days. Sterilization of microspheres by ethylene oxide (EO) gas at 37 degrees C did not significantly affect the characteristics of drug release or its morphology. Cell growth inhibition of atRA was affected by preparation process of microspheres rather than the EO-gas sterilization process. These results indicate that PLGA microspheres containing atRA are acceptable for controlled release devices for use in the treatment of brain tumor.     

Preparation and in vivo pharmacokinetics of rhGH-loaded PLGA microspheres

Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy must be administered as a daily injection due to its short half-life. To achieve sustained release of rhGH, the preparation of rhGH-loaded PLGA microspheres was investigated, and the influence of various factors on encapsulation efficiency was tested, including rhGH concentration, the ratio of internal phase to organic phase, stirring speed, PVA concentration, surrounding pH value, and the type of emulsifier and organic solvent. A pharmacokinetic study was performed by subcutaneous administration to explore the sustained release effect. It was found that rhGH-loaded PLGA microspheres were prepared with a narrow size distribution, and optimization of the formulation could enhance encapsulation efficiency. FTIR analysis indicated that the activity of rhGH was maintained after encapsulation. The pharmacokinetic behavior of rhGH solutions was consistent with a two-compartment model, which showed fast absorption and distribution. RhGH-loaded PLGA microspheres achieved a higher bioavailability and a long-term effective concentration by controlling the release, and PLGA 50/50 demonstrated favorable AUC compared with PLGA 75/25. Nevertheless, the higher bioavailability of rhGH-loaded PLGA microspheres lacking Span 80 did not predicate better sustained release behavior, indicating that further investigation is needed to explore the use of bioavailability as the standard in evaluating the sustained release characteristics and in vivo behavior of microspheres.     

长春西汀聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸缓释微球的研制

目的:制备长春西汀聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸(PLGA)缓释微球,并研究其药剂学性质。方法:采用改良O/W乳化-溶剂挥发法制备微球,以PLGA浓度、理论载药量、有机相与分散介质的比例和分散介质中明胶的浓度为4因素,每个因素选定3个水平,按L9(34)的正交设计方案,以载药量、包封率和粒径分布为指标,优化处方。用扫描电镜观察微球的形态,用光学显微镜观察并计算微球的粒径分布,用差示扫描量热(DSC)法研究药物在载体中的分散状态,用紫外分光光度法检测微球中长春西汀含量并计算载药量和包封率,用动态透析释药法进行微球的体外释放研究。结果:最佳处方为PLGA浓度16%,理论载药量20%,有机相与分散介质的比例1:10,分散介质中明胶的浓度1%;制备的长春西汀PLGA缓释微球的形态圆整、光滑,粒径分布均匀,平均粒径为(10.0±0.18)μm(n=500),DSC法分析药物确已被包裹于微球中,载药量为(18.46±0.26)%,包封率为(91.30±0.98)%(n=3),24h累积释药率约为18%。结论:长春西汀PLGA缓释微球制备工艺稳定,质量符合药剂学要求,缓释性好。     

Preparation and characterization of ofloxacin microspheres for the eradication of bone associated bacterial biofilm

Biodegradable polymers for localized delivery of antibiotics have emerged as an important approach to treating orthopaedic infections. In chronic forms of osteomyelitis which arethought tobeassociated with bacterial biofilm, localized delivery of a suitable antibiotic is desirable. This paper describes the formulation and in vitro evaluation of biodegradable ofloxacin microspheres for the eradication of bone associated bacterial biofilm infections. Ofloxacin microspheres were formulated using poly(glycolic acid-co-dl-lactic acid) (PGLA) by the emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The effects of process parameters such as phase volume, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) concentration, and viscosity grade of the polymer during preparation on encapsulation efficiency (EEF) and in vitro release profiles were investigated. An increase in the phase volume or volume fraction from 21 to 35% at a constant internal phase volume resulted in an increase in EEF from 34 to 74%. Increasing PVA concentration from 0.25 to 2.5% w/v at a constant phase volume or volume fraction did not have an effect on the EEF. Ofloxacin release from the microsopheres was biphasic with an initial burst release followed by a slow release phase. An optimum slowing down of release was observed when the phase volume was 29%. Above and below this phase volume, release of ofloxacin was higher. The higher the viscosity grade of the polymer used for the preparation of microspheres, the higher the PVA concentration needed to prepare microspheres with slower release. The study indicates that various rates of ofloxacin release is possible by varying formulation conditions. This should provide a means for formulating sustained release microspheres of antibiotics for the treatment of biofilm infections associated with the bone.     

Effects of formulation factors on encapsulation efficiency and release behaviour in vitro of huperzine A-PLGA microspheres

To develop a long-acting injectable huperzine A-PLGA microsphere for the chronic therapy of Alzheimer's disease, the microsphere was prepared by using an o/w emulsion solvent extraction evaporation method based on a series of formulation design of the emulsion. The dialysis method was used for release analysis. The encapsulation efficiency and release amount of the microspheres were determined by a UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The morphology of the microspheres was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The distribution of the drug within microspheres was observed by a confocal laser scanning microscope. The results indicated that the PLGA 15?000 microspheres possessed a smooth and round appearance with average particle size of 50?µm or so. The encapsulation percentages of microspheres prepared from PLGA 15?000, 20?000 and 30?000 were 62.75%, 27.52% and 16.63%, respectively. The drug release percentage during the first day decreased from 22.52% of PLGA 30?000 microspheres to 3.97% of PLGA 15?000 microspheres, the complete release could be prolonged to 3 weeks. The initial burst release of microspheres with higher molecular weight PLGA could be explained by the inhomogeneous distribution of drug within microspheres. The encapsulation efficiency of the microspheres improved as the polymer concentration increased in the oil phase and PVA concentration decreased in the aqueous phase. The burst release could be controlled by reducing the polymer concentration. Evaporation temperature had a large effect on the drug release profiles. It had better be controlled under 30°C. Within a certain range of particle size, encapsulation efficiency decreased and drug release rate increased with the reducing of the particle size.     

Effects of formulation factors on encapsulation efficiency and release behaviour in vitro of huperzine A-PLGA microspheres

To develop a long-acting injectable huperzine A-PLGA microsphere for the chronic therapy of Alzheimer's disease, the microsphere was prepared by using an o/w emulsion solvent extraction evaporation method based on a series of formulation design of the emulsion. The dialysis method was used for release analysis. The encapsulation efficiency and release amount of the microspheres were determined by a UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The morphology of the microspheres was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The distribution of the drug within microspheres was observed by a confocal laser scanning microscope. The results indicated that the PLGA 15,000 microspheres possessed a smooth and round appearance with average particle size of 50 microm or so. The encapsulation percentages of microspheres prepared from PLGA 15,000, 20,000 and 30,000 were 62.75%, 27.52% and 16.63%, respectively. The drug release percentage during the first day decreased from 22.52% of PLGA 30,000 microspheres to 3.97% of PLGA 15,000 microspheres, the complete release could be prolonged to 3 weeks. The initial burst release of microspheres with higher molecular weight PLGA could be explained by the inhomogeneous distribution of drug within microspheres. The encapsulation efficiency of the microspheres improved as the polymer concentration increased in the oil phase and PVA concentration decreased in the aqueous phase. The burst release could be controlled by reducing the polymer concentration. Evaporation temperature had a large effect on the drug release profiles. It had better be controlled under 30 degrees C. Within a certain range of particle size, encapsulation efficiency decreased and drug release rate increased with the reducing of the particle size.