新型机动镍钛器械预备根管的疗效评价

目的:探讨新型机动镍钛器械Hero642预备根管的临床疗效。方法:选取患牙髓炎或根尖周炎的恒磨牙60例(60颗患牙),试验组用机动镍钛器械Hero642及根向预备技术预备根管,对照组用K锉及逐步后退技术预备根管,两组均采用侧向加压充填技术充填根管。根据治疗前后的X线片评价根管预备和充填效果,t检验比较两组根管弯曲度和操作时间,χ2检验比较根管内并发症和术后疼痛的发生率。结果:试验组能维持根管的原走向,无根尖阻塞、台阶、根管偏移及侧壁穿孔等并发症发生,对照组并发症的发生显著多于试验组(P<0.005);试验组操作时间短,术后疼痛发生少。结论:机动镍钛器械Hero642预备根管快速、有效,成形效果好,值得临床推广应用。     

机用镍钛器械预备弯曲根管的临床应用

目的　研究机用镍钛器械ProFile、ProTaper和Hero 642在弯曲根管预备中的临床应用。方法　选取有弯曲 根管的牙髓炎或根尖周炎患牙80颗,分为A、B、C、D 4组,分别用ProFile、ProTaper、Hero 642和不锈钢K锉预备根管, 全部患牙均采用侧向加压法充填根管。根据X线片评价根管预备和充填的效果。结果　3种机用镍钛器械均能很 好地维持根管的弯曲度和走向,根管的锥度和流畅度佳,无根管偏移、根尖阻塞、台阶形成等并发症发生;术后疼痛 发生少且程度轻;ProTaper的操作时间比ProFile和Hero 642短;有2例镍钛器械折断。结论　机用镍钛器械ProFile、 ProTaper和Hero 642预备弯曲根管成形效果好,极少有根管内并发症发生,ProTaper比ProFile和Hero 642更快速高 效;临床操作中须注意预防器械折断。     

不同方法取出根管内塑化物的临床观察

目的:比较G钻、Hero642机用镍钛锉及显微超声技术三种方法取出根管内塑化物的效果。方法:结合手用根管锉,分别采用三种方法对186个根管进行再通畅治疗,通过X线、根尖定位仪对取出根管内塑化物的效果进行评价。结果:G钻组完全再通41个,Hero642镍钛组完全再通34个,显微超声组44个。结论:显微超声技术在三种塑化根管再通畅治疗中有较好的疗效,G钻在临床使用过程中较为方便。     

镍钛器械对中重度弯曲根管成形能力的临床研究

目的:探讨机动镍钛器械Hero642结合ProTaper SX对弯曲根管的成形能力及其临床应用方法。方法:选取有中、重度弯曲根管的牙髓炎及根尖周炎患牙42颗,采用机动镍钛器械Hero642结合ProTaper SX预备根管,侧向加压充填技术充填根管,根据治疗前后的X线片评价根管预备和充填效果。结果:所有患牙均无台阶、根管偏移及侧壁穿孔等并发症发生,弯曲根管的弯曲度和走向未改变,术后疼痛发生少,有1例器械折断。结论:Hero642结合ProTaper SX的预备方法对中重度弯曲根管的成形效果好,值得临床推广应用。     

机用镍钛Hero642预备磨牙弯曲根管的临床研究

目的探讨机用镍钛器械Hero642应用于磨牙弯曲根管预备的效果。方法选择根管弯曲的磨牙86颗,先采用小号K锉疏通根管,将根尖部预备至15号后,再以机用镍钛器械Hero642完成根管预备,侧向加压充填根管,根据治疗前后的x线片评价根管预备和充填效果。结果86颗磨牙共有274个根管,264个根管形态良好,无台阶、根尖堵塞、根管偏移及侧壁穿孔等并发症发生。根充恰填256个,8个根管超充,10个根管未能完全扩通,无法到达根尖孔而欠充或做塑化治疗。结论手用锉疏通弯曲根管的根尖段后再以机用镍钛器械Hero642完成根管预备,可获得良好的成形效果且较少产生并发症。     

Efficacy of several concentrations of sodium hypochlorite for root canal irrigation.

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) has been recommended for irrigation during root canal preparation. This investigation used scanning electron microscopy to examine instrumented and uninstrumented surfaces in the middle third of root canals following the use of several concentrations of NaOCl (5.25%, 2.5%, 1.0%, and 0.5%). NaOCl was delivered with either an endodontic irrigation needle or an ultrasonic device. All of the concentrations of NaOCl with either delivery system were very effective in flushing out loose debris from the root canals. A smear layer with some exposed dentinal tubules was seen on all instrumented surfaces regardless of concentration of NaOCl or irrigation device. NaOCl in concentrations of 5.25%, 2.5%, and 1% completely removed pulpal remnants and predentin from the uninstrumented surfaces. Although 0.5% NaOCl removed the majority of pulpal remnants and predentin from the uninstrumented surfaces, it left some fibrils on the surface.     

In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of MTAD and sodium hypochlorite

The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of a mixture of a tetracycline isomer, an acid, and a detergent (MTAD) with that of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) to disinfect human root canals that had been contaminated with whole saliva. One hundred and thirty-two root canals of extracted human teeth were cleaned and shaped using the passive step-back technique and rotary NiTi files. The smear layer was removed, and the teeth were autoclaved. Six autoclaved samples were transferred to sterile broth without contamination with saliva to serve as negative controls. Whole saliva was used to contaminate the root canals of the rest of the samples for 48 h. Six of these contaminated samples were irrigated with Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth and served as positive controls. The rest of the contaminated specimens were then divided into two experimental groups of 60 teeth each. In one group, the canals were irrigated with 1 ml MTAD, and the samples were immersed in 2 ml of the same solution for 5 min. In the second group, the specimens were similarly treated with 5.25% NaOCl. All samples were washed in BHI broth and then placed in another tube containing BHI broth and incubated for 96 h. Disinfection of the samples was determined based on presence or absence of turbidity in the broth 96 h later. Twenty-three of 60 teeth treated with NaOCl remained infected. Only one of 60 teeth treated with MTAD remained infected. Statistical analysis of the data using the Chi-square test showed a significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.0001).     

两种机用镍钛器械根管预备的临床应用研究

目的评价两种设计特点不同的机用镍钛器械Hero642和Mtwo预备磨牙根管的临床效果。方法选取需行根管治疗的60颗患有牙髓炎或根尖周炎的恒磨牙,随机分为两组,分别使用机用镍钛器械Hero642冠向下法预备根管和Mtwo改良逐步后退法预备根管,两组均使用冷侧压法充填根管。根据治疗前后的X线片评价根管预备效果,比较器械损耗、预备时间及术中、术后并发症的发生率。结果两组均能形成较好的根管流畅度,但Mtwo组预备后根管锥度优于Hero642组（P〈0.05）。Hero642组预备时间短于Mtwo组（P〈0.05）。Mtwo组有两例发生器械分离、Hero642组未发生器械分离。结论Mtwo用于磨牙根管预备的成形效果优于Hero642,但Hero642具有省时、成本低且安全性好的优点。     

两种镍钛机动器械预备根管的效果分析

目的　评价使用两种镍钛机动器械预备磨牙根管的临床疗效。方法　选取需行根管治疗的 10 0颗患有牙髓炎及根尖周炎的磨牙 ,分别使用机用镍钛器械Protaper、Hero6 4 2冠向下预备根管 ,两组均使用侧压充填法充填根管。记录根管预备时间及器械折断数量。根据治疗前、中、后的X线片计算弯曲根管的弯曲度变化 ,评价根管预备和充填的效果。结果　Protaper和Hero6 4 2预备根管时间短 ,根管锥度、流畅度好 ,术后疼痛发生少且程度轻。Protaper预备后根管弯曲度平均减小 4 0 2°,Hero6 4 2平均减小 1 72°,二者差异有统计学意义 (P <0 0 0 1)。Protaper器械折断 5支、Hero6 4 2未发生器械折断 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　镍钛机动器械Protaper、Hero6 4 2预备磨牙根管成形、根充效果好。Protaper减小根管弯曲度较Hero6 4 2明显 ,但易折断。Hero6 4 2操作简单 ,不易折断目的　评价使用两种镍钛机动器械预备磨牙根管的临床疗效。方法　选取需行根管治疗的 10 0颗患有牙髓炎及根尖周炎的磨牙 ,分别使用机用镍钛器械Protaper、Hero6 4 2冠向下预备根管 ,两组均使用侧压充填法充填根管。记录根管预备时间及器械折断数量。根据治疗前、中、后的X线片计算弯曲根管的弯曲度变化 ,评价根管预备和充填的效果。结果　Protaper和He     

Smear layer production by 3 rotary reamers with different cutting blade designs in straight root canals: a scanning electron microscopic study

OBJECTIVES: The design of the cutting blade of rotary instruments may affect the outcome of root canal instrumentation in terms of cleanliness. The aim of this scanning electron microscopic study was to compare the quality and amount of smear layer generated in the apical third of straight root canals by 2 rotary nickel-titanium reamers and 1 rotary steel reamer with different cutting blade designs. STUDY DESIGN: Seventy intact, single-rooted human mandibular premolars with straight, fully developed roots were selected for this study. Before instrumentation, the cervical portion of all teeth was removed by using a microtome (Isomet), leaving 13-mm-long roots. Automated preparation was performed with ProFile (n = 20) and Hero 642 (n = 20) reamers by using the crown-down technique and with a stainless steel engine reamer (Mani; n = 20) by using a reaming motion. All root canals were instrumented to No. 40. A control group (pulp extirpation with barbed broaches; n = 10) was also included. Irrigation with 3 mL of a 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution was performed after each instrumentation. After the instrumentation, each root was split longitudinally, and a scanning electron microscope was used to examine the selected areas of the canal walls at the apical third from 2 different perspectives. A 4-category scoring system for smear layer was used, and the resulting scores were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The least smear layer remained in the Hero 642 group at the selected apical third of straight root canals (P < .05). However, all instruments left a smear layer. The surface texture of the smear layer, in addition to the depth and the frequency of packed materials into the dentinal tubules, varied with instrument type. CONCLUSION: These data revealed that the design of the cutting blade of rotary instruments can affect root canal cleanliness in straight root canals. This information may be useful in the selection of nickel-titanium rotary reamers.     

XP-endo Finisher锉对根管内壁玷污层清除效果的体外研究

目的 评估XP-endo Finisher（XPF）锉与被动超声冲洗（PUI）对根管内壁玷污层的清除效果。方法 选择60颗离体单直根管下颌前磨牙,距根尖16 mm处截冠,采用S3镍钛锉预备到3S,根据终末处理方式不同将样本随机分成6组。A组：3 mL 3%次氯酸钠溶液联合XPF处理1 min;B组：3 mL 3%次氯酸钠溶液联合XPF处理1 min,再用4 mL 17%乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）溶液冲洗1 min;C组：3 mL 3%次氯酸钠溶液联合PUI处理1 min;D组：3 mL 3%次氯酸钠溶液联合PUI处理1 min,再用4 mL 17%EDTA溶液冲洗1 min;E组：3 mL 3%次氯酸钠溶液30号侧方冲洗针冲洗1 min;F组：3 mL 3%次氯酸钠溶液30号侧方冲洗针冲洗1 min,再用4 mL 17%EDTA溶液冲洗1 min。采用扫描电子显微镜观察玷污层形态,并比较根尖1/3区、根中1/3区牙本质小管开口数。结果 A、C、E组实验样本整个根管壁都有玷污层覆盖,A组与C组牙本质小管开口数明显高于E组（P<0.05）,而A组与C组的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;F组根中区、B组和D组根尖区有少量玷污层覆盖,牙本质小管开放或半开放;F组根尖区可见玷污层,牙本质小管封闭或半封闭;B和D组根中区根管壁玷污层均被有效去除;在根尖1/3区和根中1/3区,B组与D组牙本质小管开口数高于其他4组（P<0.05）,而B组和D组间的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 XPF锉对根管内壁玷污层的清洁效果与PUI无明显差异,可用于根管预备后提高根管清洁效果。     

两种机用镍钛根管预备器械预备"S"形树脂根管的效果观察

目的探讨两种镍钛根管预备器械（ProTaper与Hero642）预备“S”形树脂根管的成形效果。方法将30个“S”形树脂根管模型分为3组，分别使用机用ProTaper（A组）、Hero642（B组）及ProTaper联合Hero642（C组）预备根管。使用扫描仪扫描获取根管图像，使用计算机软件测量预备后根管内、外侧树脂去除量和根管宽度。结果对比相同型号的器械对根尖部弯曲内侧、根尖孔外侧壁树脂去除量，C组与A组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），C组对根管内外侧壁的预备较均匀，预备后的根管宽度从根管口到根尖逐渐减小，优于B组预备的根管锥度。结论ProTaper联合Hero642预备“S”形树脂根管时能在维持根管原形的基础上形成锥度良好的管形。     

Efficacy of final irrigation--a scanning electron microscopic evaluation

The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the degree of removal of pulpal remnants and smear layer from root canals after final irrigation with three different solutions. During instrumentation the step-back preparation and 1% NaOCl were used. The final 4-min, 30-ml irrigation varied as follows: group I, 10 ml of 1% NaOCl + 10 ml of 10% citric acid + 10 ml of distilled water; group II, 15 ml of 0.5% NaOCl + 15 ml of EDTA-T; and group III, 10 ml of 5% NaOCl + 10 ml of 3% H2O2 + 10 ml of 5% NaOCl. Scanning electron microscopic photomicrographs were evaluated for the mean number of visible open dentinal tubules by three observers. The largest number of visible tubules in the three groups was in the cervical third, followed by the middle and apical thirds. There was no statistically significant difference between groups I and II when third was compared with third; however, groups I and II had significantly more visible dentinal tubules than group III.     

Hero 642对弯曲根管根管成形能力的评价

目的：评价机用镍钛锉Hero 642预备弯曲根管时的根管成形能力。方法：利用自主研制的《牙齿模拟根管辅助分析测量系统》软件,定量检测8个模拟根管在用Hero 642以冠下法预备前后的形态变化,并进行统计学分析。结果：机用镍钛锉Hero 642能够很好地保持根管的原始弯曲度。在预备至0.02锥度25#銼和30#锉时,Hero 642对弯曲根管的各部位切割均衡,根管几何中心线基本不移位。结论：机用镍钛锉Hero 642具有良好的根管成形能力。对于高度弯曲的根管,预备主锉仍可选择0.02锥度30^#锉。     

Hero 642根管预备系统在弯曲根管应用中的比较研究

目的:比较研究机用镍钛器械Hero 642根管预备系统对弯曲根管采用不同预备方法的临床效果.方法:选取有弯曲根管的牙髓炎或根尖周炎患牙164个,分为3组,分别应用Hero 642根管预备系统和不锈钢K锉采用逐步深入法或逐步后退法预备根管,均采用侧方加压法充填根管,根据X线片评价根管预备效果和充填效果,术后随访半年评价临床疗效.结果:与传统的不锈钢K锉相比,Hero 642根管预备系统采用两种方法预备根管均能较好地维持根管的走向和弯曲度以及根管的锥度和流畅度,术后并发症少且程度轻,逐步后退法术后疼痛和器械折断的发生率较逐步深入法多.结论:机用镍钛器械Hero 642根管预备系统预备弯曲根管成形效果好;采用逐步深入法术后并发症少.     

A comparison of the efficacy of Er,Cr:YSGG laser and rotary instrumention in root canal debridement

BACKGROUND: The authors evaluated the efficacy of an erbium,chromium: yttrium,scandium,gallium,garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser-powered hydrokinetic system (HKS) versus that of rotary instrumentation for root canal débridement. METHODS: The authors studied four uninstrumented controls and two test groups of 18 matched pairs of teeth. Teeth from each pair underwent different instrumentation but received identical irrigation solutions. The instrumentation protocol involved either rotary instrumentation or the Er,Cr:YSGG laser. The irrigation groups received 0.5 milliliter of distilled water or 5.25 percent sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) between instruments. The authors measured the amount of debris remaining at 2 and 4 mm from the apex as a percentage of total lumen area. RESULTS: Lased canals had significantly more debris than did canals that received rotary instrumentation (Wilcoxon signed rank test, P < .001). With distilled water irrigation, the debris remaining in lased canals at both the 2-and 4-mm levels was not statistically different from that remaining in uninstrumented controls. Rotary instrumentation yielded significantly less remaining debris than did laser instrumentation (Wilcoxon signed rank test, P < .001). With 5.25 percent NaOCl irrigation, there was no difference in remaining debris between the two groups (Wilcoxon signed rank test , P < .001). The lased group received significantly more irrigant than did the rotary group (Wilcoxon rank sum test, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that the débridement efficacy of the HKS with distilled water irrigation is unacceptable; with 5.25 percent NaOCl irrigation, it is similar to that of rotary instrumentation. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: If the HKS is to be used for débridement, then NaOCl irrigation must be used for predictable tissue removal.     

Shaping ability of Hero 642 rotary nickel-titanium instruments and stainless steel hand K-Flexofiles in simulated curved root canals

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the shaping ability of Hero 642 rotary nickel-titanium instruments with that of stainless steel hand K-Flexofiles. STUDY DESIGN: Simulated 28 degrees and 35 degrees curved canals were prepared with Hero 642 instruments by using a crown-down preparation and with K-Flexofiles by using a reaming working motion (n = 24 canals in each case). All canals were sequentially prepared up to size 35. Preinstrumental and postinstrumental images were taken, and assessment of the canal shapes was completed with a computer image analysis program. Material removal was measured at 20 measuring points, beginning 1 mm away from the apex. In addition, preparation time, changes of working length, and instrument failures were recorded. RESULTS: In comparison with stainless steel K-Flexofiles, rotary Hero 642 instruments achieved better canal geometry and showed less canal transportation, both in canals with 28 degrees curves and in canals with 35 degrees curves. Three Hero instruments separated, whereas none of the K-Flexofiles separated. In 28 degrees curved canals, Hero instruments were significantly faster (P <.01) and maintained working distance significantly better (P <.05) than K-Flexofiles. These differences were insignificant in 35 degrees curved canals. CONCLUSION: Hero 642 instruments prepared curved canals rapidly, without change in working length and with only minimal transportation toward the outer aspect of the curve.     

倒敞法结合2 种机用镍钛锉预备重度弯曲后牙根管的应用研究

目的:评价倒敞法结合Hero 642和ProTaper机用镍钛锉预备重度弯曲后牙根管的疗效.方法: 随机将100 颗患牙髓炎或根尖周炎、最大根管弯曲度≥25°的后牙分为2 组,各50 例.实验组(A组)采用倒敞法,而对照组(B组)不采用倒敞法机械预备.A组以机用开口锉根管中上端敞开后,手用K锉预备根尖,再先用镍钛器械Hero 642,后用ProTaper预备根管;B组则直接应用Hero 642和ProTaper冠向下法预备根管. 2 组均用侧压法充填根管.根据X线片情况,预备时间,器械折断、疼痛等并发症,评价根管预备和充填的疗效,1 年随访率95%.结果:A组倒敞法结合Hero 642和ProTaper机用镍钛锉预备重度弯曲后牙根管,锥度、流畅度好,术后疼痛少且程度轻,无器械折断;而B组发生器械折断3 支(P>0.05);充填恰充率、欠充率、流畅度、术后疼痛两者有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论: 倒敞法结合Hero 642和ProTaper机用镍钛锉预备重度弯曲后牙根管,成形、根充效果好,并发症少,最大限度发挥了各自优点,是预备重度弯曲后牙根管值得推广应用的有效方法.     

复方冰硼冲洗液用于根管冲洗的清洁性实验研究

目的：评价复方冰硼冲洗液用于根管冲洗的清洁性。方法：收集40个新鲜拔除的单根管前磨牙,随机分为4组,每组10个。采用不锈钢K锉和逐步深入预备技术预备根管,分别使用4组冲洗液进行根管冲洗。Ⅰ组为5mL复方冰硼冲洗液;Ⅱ组为2.5mL 5.25%次氯酸钠溶液（NaOCl）＋2.5mL 17%乙二胺四乙酸溶液（EDTA）;Ⅲ组为2.5mL 3%双氧水＋2.5mL 0.9%生理盐水;Ⅳ组为5mL 0.9%生理盐水。最后用3mL生理盐水冲洗根管。采用数码照相机照相和扫描电镜观察,分别比较根尖1/3区和根中1/3区根管内的碎屑百分数和牙本质小管开口数。结果：在根尖1/3区,Ⅳ组碎屑百分数明显高于其他3组,Ⅳ组牙本质小管开口数明显少于其他3组（P〈0.05）。在根中1/3区,Ⅳ组的碎屑百分数明显高于Ⅱ组,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组牙本质小管开口数明显多于Ⅲ、Ⅳ组（P〈0.05）。结论：Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的根管冲洗效果好于Ⅳ组,冲洗液的化学特性非常重要。冲洗液的清洁性排序为：NaOCl组、复方冰硼冲洗液组、双氧水组、生理盐水组。复方冰硼冲洗液被认为是可能用于根管冲洗的中药冲洗液。     

Sodium hypochlorite penetration into dentinal tubules after manual dynamic agitation and ultrasonic activation: a histochemical evaluation

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Manual Dynamic Agitation and Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation on sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) penetration into dentinal tubules using its bleaching ability. Thirty-four single-rooted teeth with round-shaped root canals were distributed in two homogeneous groups and one control group, characterized by different NaOCl activation systems: Manual Dynamic Agitation and Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation. After instrumentation, all root canals were stained with 10% copper sulphate solution followed by 1% rubeanic acid alcohol solution under vacuum. Final irrigation was performed with 5 mL of 5.25% NaOCl solution for 1 min and activated with Manual Dynamic Agitation or Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation for another 1 min depending on the treatment group. The teeth were transversely sectioned at the middle portion of the apical, middle, and coronal thirds and observed under light microscope. NaOCl solution penetration was evaluated by measuring the percentage of bleached circumference of the root canal relative to the stained circumference, bleached areas, mean, and maximum penetration depth. No differences in the evaluated parameters were observed between groups (p?>?0.05). Within groups, an increase of values was recorded from apical to coronal direction as for percentage of staining, percentage of bleaching and bleached area. NaOCl penetration into dentinal tubules did not significantly vary among the three levels. No significant differences in penetration of sodium hypochlorite into dentinal tubules when activated by means of Manual Dynamic Agitation or Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation were observed in the apical, middle, and coronal thirds of teeth with single straight round root canals.