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目的 探讨桥本病合并甲状腺恶性肿瘤的临床发病关系及其诊断，治疗和预后。方法 回顾1984－2001年138例桥本病合并甲状腺恶性肿瘤19例，结合文献进行临床分析。结果 发病率为13．77％（19／138）。其中桥本病合并甲状腺癌17例，发病率为12．32％，合并淋巴瘤2例，发病率为1．45％。全组病人均出现甲状腺结节，经手术治疗后并随访淋巴瘤死亡1例，甲状腺癌17例随访无死亡及复发，预后好。结论 对于合并甲状腺结节的桥本病应考虑手术治疗。桥本病合并甲状腺恶性肿瘤临床诊断较困难。术前常规测血TGA，MCA，甲状腺核素显影，细针穿刺，术中快速冰冻切片，有利于术前，术中确诊及正确的手术方式选择。     

桥本病合并甲状腺癌的诊断与治疗

目的 分析桥本病合并甲状腺癌的临床特征、诊断、治疗及预后.方法 回顾性分析1998年1月至2008年1月经病理证实为桥本病合并甲状腺癌10例的临床资料.结果术后病理诊断桥本病合并乳头状癌8例,滤泡状癌2例.术后声音嘶哑1例,有不同程度的甲状腺功能减退9例,术后均常规行甲状腺素抑制/替代治疗.结论 桥本病合并甲状腺癌术前诊断困难,以手术治疗最有效,掌握其手术探查指征很重要并应按甲状腺癌根治性手术的原则施术,术后常规应用甲状腺索治疗.     

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目的　总结桥本病的外科诊治经验。方法　回顾分析 1995年 1月至 1999年 2月收治的 5 3例桥本病发病情况、诊断和治疗。结果　 5 3例均经手术治疗。与病理检查对照 ,术前误诊率明显下降。手术方法选择正确率达到 6 9 8% ,术后甲状腺功能减低发生率为 14 3 %。并发甲状腺癌 8例 (占 15 % ) ,恶性淋巴瘤 1例 (占1 9% )。结论　桥本病是常见病 ;正确掌握其临床特征、常规测血清抗体 (TGA、TMA)、有选择地作FNAC检查、注意与其它甲状腺疾病鉴别可降低术前误诊率 ;重视并发恶性肿瘤 ;术中常规作冰冻切片检查 ,利于选择正确的手术方法 ,使治疗更合理、有效     

桥本病合并甲状腺癌的临床分析

目的探讨桥本病合并甲状腺癌的临床病理特点及手术治疗经验。方法回顾性分析本院1996年至2008年外科手术治疗的24例桥本病与甲状腺癌并存患者的临床病理特征以及手术方式的选择。结果桥本病与甲状腺癌并存发生率为12.8%(24/187),其中乳头状癌16例,滤泡状癌5例,混合性癌3例;微小癌7例,占29.2%;双侧甲状腺癌6例,占25%;中央区淋巴结转移13例,占54.2%。根据患者的术前检查结合术中冰冻确定手术方式,包括甲状腺腺叶及峡叶切除、甲状腺次全切除和甲状腺全切除,所有患者均同期行中央区淋巴结清扫。结论桥本病与甲状腺癌并存发生率较高,桥本病并发甲状腺癌术前确诊率低,尤其应警惕合并微小癌的可能。病史、细针针吸活检、彩色超声等综合分析有利于术前诊断,手术是其最有效的治疗方法。     

桥本病合并甲状腺癌的诊治体会

目的 探讨桥本病合并甲状腺癌的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾分析74例桥本病合并甲状腺癌的临床资料.结果 2002年1月-2009年8月共收治252例桥本病,其中74例为桥本病合并甲状腺癌,均为乳头状癌,其中56例TGAb升高,68例MeAb升高,74例TPOAb升高.手术行患侧甲状腺全切除、峡部切除加对侧次全切除术45例,双侧甲状腺近全切除术1例(峡部癌).26例微小癌行甲状腺次全切除术或一侧腺叶全切除,2例双侧癌行双侧甲状腺全切除.所有病例同时行中央区淋巴结清扫,中央区淋巴结转移率20/74(27%).10例因患侧颈淋巴结转移行一侧颈部淋巴结改良清扫术.69例获得随访,随访时间1个月-7年,中位随访时间29个月.4例患者因发生一侧颈淋巴结转移而再次入院行改良颈淋巴清扫术. 结论'TGAb、McAb、B超、FNAB对术前诊断桥本病合并甲状腺癌有重要价值,手术应按甲状腺癌根治原则进行.     

桥本病并发甲状腺癌11例诊治体会

目的探讨桥本病并发甲状腺癌的诊断及手术方法。方法回顾1982年1月至2003年12月109例桥本病中同时并存甲状腺癌11例的病例资料,对其术前检查、诊断及治疗进行分析研究。结果桥本病与甲状腺癌并发率为10%(11/109),甲状腺癌术前确诊率46%(7/15);均经手术治疗。局部复发2例、转移2例、经再次手术均存活。5、10年生存率分别为63%(7/11)和57%(4/7),3例死于远处转移。术后甲状腺机能减退3例,一侧声带麻痹1例,低钙抽搐2例。结论桥本病并发甲状腺癌术前确诊率低,病史、细针针吸活检、CT等综合分析有利于术前诊断,手术是其最有效的治疗方法。     

桥本病的诊断与治疗

笔者回顾性分析16年间收治的桥本病26例的临床资料。结果示，26例中临床诊断桥本病12例，误诊率46.2%。药物治疗10例，疗效满意。手术16例，经病理检查诊断桥本病，其中合并甲状腺其他疾病4例。术后发生甲状腺功能低下7例，占手术病例的43.8%。结果提示，根据桥本病的临床特点，结合TGA，TMA检查及针吸细胞学检查，手术中冷冻切片检查有助于本病的诊断。本病首选药物治疗。应严格掌握手术指征。     

桥本病并发甲状腺恶性肿瘤18例的诊断与治疗

目的 总结桥本病（HD）并发甲状腺恶性肿瘤（TMT）的诊治经验。方法 回顾1976年1月至1999年4月期间150例HD中同时并存TMT18例的发病机理和诊治经验。结果 HD与甲状腺癌（TC）并发率为10％（15／150），TC术前确诊率47％（7／15）；HD与甲状腺恶性淋巴瘤（TML）并发率为2％（3／150），术前均误诊。总开发率为12％，均经手术治疗。TC15例获访，无复发，效果满意。TML3例2年内均死亡，预后差。结论 HD与TM、TML并发率较高，术前应常规测血TGA、TMA、细针穿刺、术中作冰冻切片，利于术前、术中确诊，并选择正确的手术方法，使治疗更合理有效。     

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目的　探讨慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎合并甲状腺癌的发病机制、诊断和治疗。方法　回顾性分析首都医科大学附属同仁医院1994～2 0 0 4年收治的13例慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎合并甲状腺癌的临床资料。结果　慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎合并甲状腺癌的发病率占慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎的12. 15 % (13/ 10 7) ,占甲状腺癌的15. 6 6 % (13/ 83)。所有病人术前均主诉有颈前部结节,1例伴有颈部疼痛,1例有压迫症状,7例显示TSH增高,6例TGA或TMA或两者同时升高,同位素示“冷结节”8例,甲状腺超声检查13例均有低回声结节,2例伴有钙化和淋巴结肿大。12例行一期根治性手术,1例行二期根治性手术。11例随访6个月至8年不等,无复发死亡。结论　慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎可能是甲状腺癌的前期病变;慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎合并甲状腺癌术前诊断很困难,因此掌握对慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎的手术探查指征很重要;对慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎合并甲状腺癌的手术应采取甲状腺癌根治性手术的原则进行手术。     

桥本病合并甲状腺癌的临床分析

为探讨桥本病 (HD )合并甲状腺癌 (TC)的诊治策略 ,回顾性分析 2 3年间收治的HD合并TC 9例的临床资料 ,术中均作冷冻切片 ,均行手术治疗。结果示HD合并TC的患病率为 11.8%(9/76) ;术前确诊仅为 2 2 .2 %(2 /9)。全组病例均出现甲状腺结节 ,患者预后好。提示桥本病合并甲状腺癌临床诊断较困难 ,建议对于甲状腺进行性肿大、伴有孤立突出的实质性结节、有压迫症状、同位素检查为冷结节或凉结节、TGA及MCA升高者应高度怀疑两者合并 ,应手术治疗。术中作冷冻切片对确定手术方式和范围有意义。     

Surgical treatment of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Personal experience

BACKGROUND: To report personal experience in the surgical treatment of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. METHODS. Eight patients (7 females, 1 male, mean age 48 years old) referred to our Institution with diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis have been studied. All patients were evaluated by determination of serum thyroid hormones and of anti-thyreoglobulin and anti-microsomal antibodies; ultrasound and scintigraphic scans of the gland were performed in all cases and a cytological examination of fine needle aspiration (FNAC) of the nodules was evaluated. Diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis was suspected on the basis of clinical and laboratory data and was confirmed by cytology and histology on surgical specimens. Preoperative FNAC showed a Hashimoto's thyroiditis with thyroid differentiated carcinoma in 3 cases (37.5%), Hashimoto's thyroiditis in 1 case and chronic thyroiditis in 4 cases (50%). Seven patients underwent surgery, while 1 patient received a medical treatment; we performed 6 total thyroidectomies and 1 hemithyroidectomy. Histology on surgical specimens confirmed the diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in all cases; in 3 patients an associated papillary thyroid carcinoma was found. RESULTS: Postoperative mortality was absent; no major postoperative complications (laryngeal nerve paralysis or permanent hypocalcemia) were recorded. Only 2 mild transient hypocalcemias have been observed. CONCLUSIONS: Total thyroidectomy is the technique of choice in surgical treatment of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a self-immune pathology which involves the whole gland and has a high correlation with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (37.5%). Total thyroidectomy warrants a radical and definitive control of the disease, without risk of relapse, with a low incidence of major complications, in experienced hands, and anyway lower than the morbility due to reinterventions.     

Coexisting Hashimoto's thyroiditis with differentiated thyroid cancer and benign thyroid diseases: indications for thyroidectomy

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a medical disease that affects about 5% of the population. In cases of goitre, hashitoxicosis or associated differentiated thyroid cancer, surgical treatment is recommended. The aim of this study was to evaluate the indications for thyroidectomy in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the frequency of coexistence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and differentiated thyroid cancer, and the impact of Hashimoto's thyroiditis on the management of differentiated thyroid cancer. From January 1998 to May 2002, 344 patients underwent thyroidectomy in our department. Among 44 patients with HT, the authors carried out a retrospective comparative study of 33 patients with a cytological diagnosis of differentiated thyroid cancer (group A) and 11 patients with non-neoplastic conditions (group B). Surgical indications based on cytological findings and management characteristics were considered. The frequency of the association of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and differentiated thyroid cancer was 23.8% as compared to a 6.7% frequency of coexisting Hashimoto's thyroiditis and benign thyroid diseases (P = 0.000). The sensitivity of cytology in the diagnosis of papillary carcinoma in Hashimoto's thyroiditis was 92%. Cytological diagnosis of hyperplastic follicular and hyperplastic Hürthle cell nodules in Hashimoto's thyroiditis was impossible in some cases. Intraoperatively distinguishing between chronic lymph-node reactivity and tumour involvement was difficult, but the morbidity rate was not increased very much by Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In conclusion, an adequate follow up of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis may permit an early diagnosis of differentiated thyroid cancer and its appropriate management.     

桥本病及其共存病的诊断和处理

目的 探讨桥本病及与其共存病的诊断和外科处理原则。方法 回顾性分析５４例桥本病患者的临床资料。结果 甲组２５例经临床检查、小针穿刺细胞学检查及免疫抗体测定拟诊桥本病,采用药物诊断性治疗,２４例治愈,１例后发现共存癌中转手术;乙组２９例因非典型表现误诊为外科病施行甲状腺切除术,术后均经病理切片明确诊断,并发现１４例与甲状腺其它良、恶性疾病共存（甲亢３例,甲状腺癌４例,恶性淋巴瘤２例,甲状腺腺瘤５例）     

Surgical intervention in chronic (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis.

The incidence of chronic (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis in surgical specimens is relatively high, i.e., 13% in collected studies, for a disease with clinical and laboratory characteristics that are sufficiently specific, that thyroidectomy should rarely be required for diagnosis or treatment. This incidence is presumably related to the difficulty in distinguishing between thyroiditis and a thyroid neoplasm. Experience with 260 thyroidectomies at the North Carolina Memorial Hospital performed between 1875 and 1980 for a dominant thyroid mass was reviewed to determine the reliability of criteria for diagnosis and the indications for surgical treatment. Using the criteria of clinical findings, complemented by laboratory studies, e.g., free thyroxine index, thyroid autoantibodies, TSH level, thyroid scan, in addition to the judicious use of the cutting (core) needle biopsy procedure, the incidence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in this series was 3% and cancer-27%. Four patients had Hashimoto's thyroiditis coincidental to another disease for which thyroidectomy was performed. In seven patients Hashimoto's thyroiditis alone constituted the indications for operation. The indications for operation in these patients were: autonomous function with mild hyperthyroidism (2 patients); associated cold nodule (2 patients); thyromegaly unresponsive to suppressive therapy (2 patients); and rapidly enlarging mass simulating a neoplasm (1 patient). Only one of 71 patients with well differentiated carcinoma had Hashimoto's thyroiditis. One patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis had associated lymphoma. In most patients, Hashimoto's thyroiditis can be identified using appropriate clinical and laboratory criteria without resorting to thyroidectomy to differentiate between thyroiditis and a neoplasm. Operations are indicated in patients with suspected or established chronic thyroiditis for: 1) the presence of a dominant mass with incomplete regression on suppressive therapy. 2) Progression of thyromegaly despite suppressive therapy. 3) Historic or physical findings suggest a malignancy, e.g., irradiation, multiple endocrine adenomatosis (MEA) syndrome, nerve paralysis, pain, tracheal compression, stipple calcification and cervical lymph node enlargement. 4) Indeterminant findings on cutting needle biopsy, e.g., lymphoma versus thyroiditis. Rarely, an operation is required for an oppressive goiter or associated hyperthyroidism.     

桥本病并存甲状腺结节外科治疗的临床分析

目的探讨桥本病并存甲状腺结节的临床特征和外科诊治经验。方法对1985年 1月至2004年12月因发现甲状腺结节行外科手术,术后经病理证实为桥本病的299例患者的临床特征进行分析。结果桥本病并存甲状腺癌52例(17．4％),甲状腺腺瘤103例(34．4％),结节性甲状腺肿17例(5．7%),甲状腺功能低下11例(3．7％),甲状腺功能亢进7例(2．3％)。1995年以前桥本病与甲状腺癌并存患者6例,占同期手术治疗的桥本病65例的9．2％;1996年以后桥本病与甲状腺癌并存患者46例,占同期手术治疗桥本病234例的19．7％(P<0．05)。并存甲状腺癌中乳头状癌 35例,滤泡状癌11例,混合性癌4例,黏膜相关淋巴瘤1例,全组中隐匿性甲状腺癌17例,占并存甲状腺癌的32．7％。手术方式由患者具体情况并结合术中冰冻结果确定,包括一侧或双侧甲状腺全切除或次全切除、部分切除或活检术。结论桥本病与甲状腺癌、甲状腺腺瘤并存率高,其发病率近年来有明显增高趋势;应警惕桥本病并存甲状腺肿瘤特别是隐匿性甲状腺癌的可能性。     

甲状腺髓样癌临床诊疗方案分析

目的:探讨影响甲状腺髓样癌（medullary thyroid carcinoma,MTC）治疗方案制订与转归的关键要素。方法:回顾性分析2007年4月至2020年3月湖南省人民医院乳甲外科收治的23例MTC患者病例资料、典型病例的临床特点及生存随访结果,结合ATA等指南对MTC治疗方案和转归进行分析。结果:23例MT...     

Primary hyperparathyroidism and nonmedullary thyroid cancer

Of 2,058 patients who had surgically proven primary hyperparathyroidism at the Mayo Clinic from 1965 through 1979, 51 or 2.5 percent had associated nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma. A history of radiation exposure to the head and neck was obtained in 14 of 43 patients questioned. Thyroid disease consisted of grade 1 papillary adenocarcinoma in 48 cases and pure follicular adenocarcinoma in 3 cases. The parathyroid disease included 41 single adenomas and 5 cases of parathyroid hyperplasia; 5 patients had 2 adenomas. At follow-up, none of the patients had evidence of metastatic thyroid carcinoma. Ten patients were receiving calcium or vitamin D supplementation for protracted hypocalcemia presumably due to the increased insult to the parathyroids from combined bilateral thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy. More conservative thyroidectomy, along with parathyroid autotransplantation when indicated, will provide definitive treatment of the thyroid cancer and at the same time minimize the risk of postoperative hypoparathyroidism.     

Hashimoto's thyroiditis and carcinoma of the thyroid gland

Seven cases of Hashimoto's disease (HT) occurring in association with carcinoma of the thyroid gland are presented. The diagnosis of HT was not reached before surgery in any of the cases; it was an incidental histopathological finding. There was no case of pure papillary cancer: two specimens showed mixed papillary and follicular cancers, four revealed follicular carcinomas (one of them with anaplastic areas) and one medullary neoplasm. Other authors, however, have reported that pure papillary carcinoma occurred with significantly greater frequency in thyroids also displaying Hashimoto's disease. Total thyroidectomy was performed in all seven patients and one patient with anaplastic follicular cancer also received external irradiation. TSH suppressive therapy was given postoperatively. All these patients are alive with no evidence of further disease after seven to 17 years of follow-up study, whereas the mortality in our total series of thyroid cancers, even in patients with low-grade malignancy, was about 9%. Thus the prognosis of patients with carcinoma of the thyroid gland with coexisting Hashimoto's disease is better than that of patients with carcinoma of the thyroid gland alone. Hashimoto's thyroiditis does not seem to be a premalignant lesion. There was no evidence suggesting that thyroid carcinoma originated in the proliferating epithelium of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. It would appear that thyroid carcinoma stimulates the development of HT in some patients and that the presence of the autoimmune inflammatory reaction and the circulating antibodies retard growth and dissemination of carcinoma of the thyroid gland.