脊髓性肌萎缩症治疗研究进展北大核心CSCD

脊髓性肌萎缩症(spinal muscular atrophy,SMA)是一种常染色体隐性遗传的神经肌肉疾病,主要特征为进行性肌无力和肌肉萎缩。该病是导致患儿在婴幼儿期死亡的首要遗传病。SMA治疗的研究领域近年来发展迅速,部分相关治疗药物已经成功获批上市。该文以SMA近年的治疗研究进展作一综述。     

我国脊髓性肌萎缩症多学科管理和诊治模式

脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA)主要累及运动神经元导致肌无力及肌萎缩,在疾病不同阶段可出现多系统(骨骼、呼吸、消化等)合并症。随着SMA的疾病修正治疗药物在国内的应用及研究的开展,SMA多学科管理及诊治模式迎来了新的挑战。该文从疾病修正药物治疗、康复管理、骨骼管理、营养管理、呼吸管理等方面进行了介绍。     

An unusual cause of failure of weaning from mechanical ventilation in an infant

The weaning process is a critical phase in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. This process can be hampered by numerous causes, such as neuromuscular diseases and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). We present a 6-month-old boy with respiratory distress, fever, marked hypotonia without motor developmental milestones, and areflexia. The patient showed progressive respiratory distress requiring mechanical ventilation. Definitive weaning was not achieved and the boy died from respiratory failure. Partial autopsy was performed with a diagnosis of SMA and genetic study of the parents. Neuromuscular diseases are an infrequent cause of respiratory insufficiency in suckling infants. The differential diagnosis is made between axonal and motor neuron diseases. The diagnosis was confirmed by muscular biopsy and genetic study.     

精准医学时代中国脊髓性肌萎缩症诊治发展之路

脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA)是一种常染色体隐性遗传神经肌肉疾病,因运动神经元存活基因(SMN)1缺失/变异导致SMN蛋白缺乏致病,临床表现为进行性肌萎缩与肌无力,并常伴呼吸、消化、营养、骨骼等多系统器官损害,属严重致死致残性遗传病,2018年被纳入国家《第一批罕见病目录》.近年来随着精准医学的发展,SMA的药物治疗获得前所...     

Muscle strength and motor function in children and adolescents with spinal muscular atrophy II and III.

The aim of this study was to quantify isometric muscle strength and motor function in children and adolescents with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and to analyse the impact of reduced muscle strength on motor function. Six children and adolescents with SMA II and eight with SMA IlI were assessed regarding isometric muscle strength and motor function. Isometric muscle strength was tested with a myometer and the values obtained were compared with normative data. Motor function was videotaped and 20 movements were scored according to a three-point scale. All of the assessed children and adolescents with SMA II and SMA III showed reduced muscle strength, but there were great differences within the group. The typical pattern of muscle weakness in SMA, with proximal weakness greater than distal and the lower limbs more affected than the upper, was also seen in these children. The muscle weakness affected motor function in all assessed children. Walking, transfer from lying or sitting to the standing position and stair-climbing were possible in some of the children, despite marked reduction of muscle strength. The study increases our knowledge concerning the degree of muscle weakness in children with SMA and the impact of muscle weakness on motor function. The results increase our possibilities of understanding the prerequisites for everyday life in these children and planning therapeutic interventions. Repeated assessments with the methods used in this study may be used to monitor the course of the disease and to evaluate the efficacy of treatment.     

Physician attitudes towards ventilatory support for spinal muscular atrophy type 1 in Australasia

BACKGROUND: Without ventilatory support, premature death from respiratory insufficiency is virtually universal in infants with spinal muscular atrophy type 1 (SMA1). With mechanical ventilation, however, long-term survival has been reported from numerous international centres. We aimed to characterize physician attitudes to the various forms of ventilatory support for children with SMA1. METHODS: We surveyed neurologists, respiratory physicians, clinical geneticists and intensivists from all major paediatric hospitals in Australia and New Zealand regarding their views on ventilatory management of SMA1. RESULTS: Ninety-two of the 157 (59%) physicians surveyed replied. Respondents included 16 clinical geneticists, 19 intensive care physicians, 28 neurologists and 29 respiratory physicians. Almost half (47%) opposed invasive ventilation of children with SMA1 and respiratory failure precipitated by intercurrent illness. The majority (76%) opposed invasive ventilatory support for chronic respiratory failure in SMA1. In contrast, non-invasive ventilation was felt by 85% to be appropriate for acute respiratory deteriorations, with 49% supporting long-term non-invasive ventilatory support. Most physicians felt that decisions regarding ventilation should be made jointly by parents and doctors, and that hospital Clinical Ethics Committees should be involved in the event of discordant opinion regarding further management. A majority felt that a defined hospital policy would be valuable in guiding management of SMA1. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory support in SMA1 is an important issue with significant ethical, financial and resource management implications. Most physicians in Australian and New Zealand oppose invasive ventilatory support for chronic respiratory failure in SMA1. Non-invasive ventilation is an accepted intervention for acute respiratory decompensation and may have a role in the long-term management of SMA1. Clinical Ethics Committees and institutional policies have a place in guiding physicians and parents in the management of children with SMA1.     

脊髓性肌萎缩症合并脊柱侧凸的临床诊治

脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA)是一种以脊髓前角α运动神经元退行性病变、进行性近端肌无力为特征的严重神经肌肉疾病,随着疾病的进展,还会引发包括骨骼系统、呼吸系统、消化系统等其他多系统疾病,其中脊柱侧凸是最常见的骨骼系统并发症.文章介绍SMA合并脊柱侧凸的自然史,以及不同程度脊柱侧凸的临床保守治疗和手术治疗方法,重点阐述了多学科...     

Étude de la corrélation génotype–phénotype dans l’amyotrophie spinale infantile (ASI) dans une famille marocaine

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive disorder with a highly variable clinical course and prognosis. We report on the cases of three siblings with SMA. The weakness muscular observes at three siblings but more earlier and severe to the index case with a fast evolution towards respiratory distress syndrome resulting in its death at 5 years. The homozygous deletions of exons 7 and 8 of the telomeric SMN gene were found in all three siblings. No child showed deletion of NAIP gene. Muscular weakness and respiratory distress severity however were different among the siblings. The index patient died at the age of 5 because of respiratory insufficiency. Several molecular mechanisms may be involved in such phenotypic variability. The PCR-RFLP method allows to confirm clinical diagnosis of SMA in children, while avoiding more invasive methods such as EMG and muscular biopsy. However, this diagnostic tool does not allow yet the distinction between different clinical forms of SMA.     

儿童脊肌萎缩症23例临床特点及遗传学分析

目的 探讨脊肌萎缩症的临床特点和遗传方式。方法 对23例脊肌萎缩症患儿的临床资料进行总结,并用Weiber先证法分析其发病的遗传规律。结果 临床特点为出生后双下肢呈对称性弛缓性瘫痪且进行性加重,四肢近端无力,肌张力、肌力低下;肌电图主要表现为神经原性损害。隐性遗传分离分析表明,12个家系23例患儿发病方式符合常染色体隐性遗传。结论 脊肌萎缩症的临床发病早且病死率高,在遗传咨询中注意作相关产前基因检查,可避免该类患儿的出生。     

117例儿童脊髓性肌萎缩症自然病史分析

目的 对重庆及周边地区脊髓性肌萎缩症（spinal muscular atrophy,SMA）的自然病史进行分析,为开展SMA的综合管理、基因修饰治疗提供临床依据。 方法 回顾性分析117例SMA患儿的临床资料及生存现状。 结果 117例患儿中,1型SMA 62例（53.0%）、2型45例（38.5%）、3型10例（8.5%）,中位起病年龄分别为2、10、15月龄。1型SMA起病、就诊、确诊时间均早于2、3型SMA（P<0.05）,1型SMA就诊时间窗（起病年龄至就诊年龄）短于2、3型SMA（P<0.05）。肺炎为首发症状、抬头无力、哭声无力、进食费力多见于1型SMA（P<0.05）,2型SMA脊柱侧弯和下肢关节挛缩发生率高于1型（P<0.05）。117例（100%）SMA患儿均为SMN1基因纯合缺失,其中以7号外显子纯合缺失最常见（68.4%,80/117）。1型SMA的6年生存率仅为10%±5%,低于2、3型SMA（P<0.05）。起病年龄≤3月龄、肺炎为首发症状、抬头无力为1型SMA死亡的危险因素（P<0.05）。2型SMA运动能力可呈非线性倒退。 结论 各型SMA患儿临床表现、生存率均存在异质性,1型SMA生存率低,2型SMA运动能力可呈非线性倒退,临床上应早期识别及管理SMA。     

Very severe spinal muscular atrophy (SMA type 0): an expanding clinical phenotype.

The classical form of severe spinal muscular atrophy (SMA type 1; Werdnig-Hoffmann disease) has a very consistent clinical phenotype that is well recognized by paediatricians. It usually presents at birth or within the first few months of life. There is general hypotonia, with axial and limb weakness; the legs are affected more than the arms and proximal muscles more than distal, leaving residual spontaneous activity in the feet and in the forearms and hands. Facial muscles are spared so that the infant usually has a bright normal expression. The intercostal muscles are always affected, whereas the diaphragm is spared, allowing adequate spontaneous respiratory activity until the infants are precipitated into respiratory failure by an incidental respiratory infection, or aspiration. With rare exception they die by 2 years of age with a median around 7 months and with about 80% of the children dying by the time they are 1 year old. There is a consistent homozygous deletion in exons 7 and 8 of the telomeric copy of the survival motor neuron (SMN) gene.In the current issue of the journal, MacLeod and her colleagues have documented five cases of more severe spinal muscular atrophy, with a history of diminished fetal movements in utero and presenting at birth with asphyxia and severe weakness.     

脊髓性肌萎缩症患儿营养管理研究进展

脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA)是一种严重的神经肌肉疾病,因运动神经元存活基因1(SMN 1)缺陷引起.由于肌肉无力、活动量少、消化道症状以及吞咽困难等原因,患儿发生营养不足和营养过剩的概率常明显高于正常儿童,因此SMA的营养管理至关重要.文章就SMA患儿的营养评估、可能出现的营养问题以及相关营养干预策略进行阐述.     

Safety and efficacy of gene therapy with onasemnogene abeparvovec in the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive hereditary disease which leads to progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. Our systematic review and meta-analysis aims to explore the efficacy and safety of onasemnogene abeparvovec in SMA patients. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane through April 2022. Ten reports enrolling 250 SMA patients were included. CHOP INTEND and motor-milestone significant improvements were detected at both short- and long-term follow-up. Common adverse events included pyrexia, vomiting, thrombocytopenia and elevated aminotransferases. Thrombocytopenia (79.3%, 95%CI: 65.8~90.5) and elevated aminotransferases (71.7%, 95%CI: 62.5~80.1) were more common in SMA patients aged older than 8 months. Despite the paucity of randomized control trial data and low quality of evidence to establish the safety and efficacy of onasemnogene abeparvovec in the treatment of SMA, the data suggest that it is a valuable option for patients with this condition.     

Identification of T274I mutation in the SMN1 gene in a patient with spinal muscular atrophy

Proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder characterised by degeneration of motor neurones in the spinal cord. The symptoms of the disease are determinated by mutations of SMN1 gene. About 98% of SMA patients show homozygous absence of exon 7 SMN1 gene, the rest carry small intragenic mutations. Molecular analysis of the presence of exon 7 SMN1 gene deletion is considered as the screening test for SMA. We present a case report of a 9 years old girl with progressive muscular weakness of limbs and trunk. Clinical examination followed by electromyography and muscle biopsy was interpreted as a diagnostic of SMA 3. Molecular analysis did not reveal deletion of exon 7 SMN1 gene. Extended molecular diagnostics using direct sequencing showed missence mutation T2741. Thus, the absence of homozygous deletion of exon 7 SMN1 gene does not exclude SMA diagnosis. All patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for SMA, as defined by the International SMA Consortium, without deletion of exon SMN1 gene, should be analysed using direct sequencing.     

Spinal muscular atrophy type 1: Is long‐term mechanical ventilation ethical?

We present a baby with spinal muscular atrophy type 1, an inherited disorder causing progressive weakness, leading to complete paralysis of respiratory, facial and limb muscles. Without intervention, death occurs in infancy due to respiratory failure. Mechanical ventilatory support can prolong life, but the child's quality of life is highly debatable. We discuss the appropriateness of initiating and continuing intensive care for this child and others in a similar position.     

Coinheritance of mutated SMN1 and MECP2 genes in a child with phenotypic features of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type II and Rett syndrome.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular autosomal recessive disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness and atrophy combined with motor neuron degeneration caused by mutations in the SMN 1 gene locus (5q11.2-13.2). Rett syndrome (RS) is an X-linked dominant neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in MECP2 (Xq28) and characterized by normal development until 6-12 months of age, followed by regression with loss of acquired skills, gradual onset of microcephaly, stereotypic hand movements and psychomotor delay. We report a 6-year-old girl who, at 2 years of age, presented with hypotonia, psychomotor delay, amyotrophy and areflexia of the lower extremities. Molecular DNA analysis (PCR-RFLP's) for SMA type II revealed that both exons 7 and 8 of SMN 1 gene were deleted. Over the past 4 years, onset of stereotypic hand-washing movements, epileptic seizures, microcephaly, hyperventilation/breath-holding attacks and severe psychomotor delay raised the suspicion of the coexistence of RS. DNA analysis (DGGE and sequencing) identified the hotspot missense mutation R306C (c.916C>T) in exon 4 of the MECP2 gene. The coinheritance of SMA and RS, two rare monogenic syndromes in the same patient, has not been previously reported. Thorough clinical evaluation in combination with DNA analysis, allowed accurate diagnosis, providing valuable information for the genetic counseling of the family.     

小儿脊髓性肌萎缩

脊髓性肌萎缩是一组常染色体隐性(AR)遗传的进行性并通常为对称性肌无力与萎缩的疾病.5q型常见,由5q13 上SMNI基因缺失(95%的病例)或突变(约5%的病例)引起.分为4型.18个月内起病的Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型往往因呼吸吞咽不良、不能站坐走与继发骨折等而坝后严重.非-5q型为一组异源性运动神经元病,临床表现与前者有所不同.5q型的诊断根据病史、血清肌酶、肌电图、肌活检而确诊靠基因检查,如纯合子缺失用PCR-SSCP等检测、点突变用点突变序列检测.胎儿细胞基因检测可提供产前诊断.治疗是多方面的.对症治疗与支持治疗要求有关各科专家积极合作.随着医疗技术的进步.患者的寿命与活动状况均有改进.分子治疗已初露曙光.     

小儿进行性脊髓性肌萎缩83例临床分析

目的总结小儿进行性脊髓性肌萎缩(SMA)各类型的临床表现、神经电生理及肌肉病理特点,提高对本病的认识水平并探讨基因诊断及产前诊断的临床意义。方法83例各型SMA患儿,男55例,女28例,年龄1d∽14岁,平均23．7个月,对本组病例进行临床特点、神经电生理、肌肉病理及基因分析。结果83例SMA临床分为3型,其中SMA-1型60例,SMA-2型19例,SMA-3型4例,3型SMA各有特点,但临床均表现为近端肌肉无力,肌张力低下。本病为单纯运动神经元受累,故患儿电生理表现均为神经源性损害而无感觉神经受累及明显的运动神经传导速度减慢;2例行肌活检显示大组萎缩肌纤维;13例行运动神经元生存基因(SMN)检测,11例外显子7和8联合缺失,1例仅第7外显子缺失,1例仅第8外显子缺失。结论根据临床特点,电生理,肌肉病理及基因诊断可与其他松软婴综合征鉴别,而能确诊SMA。基因诊断可为产前诊断提供依据,达到预防本病发生的目的。     

Precocity of the acquisition of language and type II spinal muscular atrophy in 3-4-year-old children: a study of 12 cases.

We studied the development of language in 3-4-year-old children with type II spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) (10 boys and two girls), aged 36-47 months (mean age 39.83+/-4.68 months) and compared our findings to a control group of 26 healthy children (mean age 40.00+/-4.43 months, 22 boys and four girls). We carried out a lexicogrammatical analysis of the data and we observed significant differences in the "vocabulary", "nouns", "verbs", "words" and "adverbs" variables between the children with SMA and the controls. Three- to four-year-old children suffering from type II spinal muscular atrophy, an autosomal genetic disease causing severe physical handicap (motor, functional, respiratory), presented a higher level of lexical and semantic development than the controls, demonstrating the precocity of development of morphosyntax in these children.     

The use of mechanical ventilation is appropriate in children with genetically proven spinal muscular atrophy type 1: the motion for

The purpose of this paper is to report prolongation of survival for Werdnig-Hoffman's disease (spinal muscular atrophy type 1, SMA 1) by use of non-invasive respiratory muscle aids compared with tracheostomy, and to present reasons for offering this as an option to the parents of these children. Ninety per cent of typical untreated SMA 1 patients die before 12 months of age and 100% by 24 months of age. Tracheostomy can prolong survival to over 20 years of age in some cases, but patients with tubes do not develop the ability to speak and lose all ability to breathe from the point of the tracheotomy. In contrast, the majority of non-invasively managed SMA 1 patients develop the ability to communicate verbally and maintain some autonomous breathing ability. Clinicians' treatment paradigms associate ventilatory support with invasive tubes and do not recognise aiding respiratory muscles. Clinicians also significantly underestimate the care providers' view of the patient's quality of life. As a result, they rarely offer non-invasive means to prolong life. In conclusion, both non-invasive aids and tracheostomy can prolong survival for SMA 1 patients, and it should be left up to the family to decide which, if either, they would like to use.