甲状腺手术所致喉返神经损伤的手术治疗

目的探讨甲状腺手术所致喉返神经(RLN)损伤的处理。方法回顾性分析1970至2001年治疗的50例甲状腺手术所致RLN损伤患者的损伤原因、部位、类型、手术治疗方法、随访结果等。结果50例患者共损伤RLN54条(其中双侧神经损伤4例)。损伤部位位于RLN入喉处下方2cm以内者45例支(83．3％),其他部位6例支(11．3％),部位不明3例支(5．4％)。横断性损伤19例支(35．2％),缝扎或瘢痕压迫35例支(64．8％)。54例支神经均经手术修复,4例双侧RLN损伤者同时行气管切开术。术后44例(88．O％)患者获1．5年以上随访,发音恢复正常或明显好转者42例(95．5％);声音好转者2例(4．5％)。35例患者39支神经接受间(直)接喉镜检查,其中声带活动恢复正常的21条(53．8％),部分恢复活动的7条(17．9％),未恢复活动的11条(28．3％)。本组患者发音及声带活动的恢复与修复手术时间及手术方式均无明显关系。结论甲状腺手术所致RLN损伤绝大部分为发生在RLN入喉处附近的机械性损伤,手术可解除病因。RLN损伤一经诊断应尽早行再次手术。     

甲状腺手术显露喉返神经的临床研究

目的探讨甲状腺手术时显露喉返神经(RLN)对预防RLN损伤的作用。方法分析810例甲状腺手术中252例甲状腺手术中显露RLN(甲组)和558例术中未显露RLN(乙组)患者的临床资料。结果虽然甲组甲状腺手术切除范围大于乙组;但甲组RLN损伤发生率(1.19%)明显低于乙组(3.05%)(P<0.01)。结论甲状腺手术时有选择地显露喉返神经,可明显降低喉返神经损伤发生率。     

喉返神经显露技术在甲状腺手术中的应用

目的探讨显露喉返神经(RLN)技术在甲状腺手术中预防RLN损伤的作用。方法采用前瞻、随机、对照的研究方法,将符合入选标准甲状腺手术患者373例随机分成观察组和对照组。观察组(173例)显露RLN行甲状腺手术,对照组(200例)不显露RLN行甲状腺手术,比较两组RLN损伤的发生率和预后情况。结果观察组共显露RLN 198条,RLN损伤率为0.5%(1/198),6个月内功能恢复,对照组RLN损伤率为6.0%(12/200),其中4例6个月内部分功能恢复,8例永久性损伤,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论甲状腺手术中常规显露RLN径路能有效降低RLN损伤的发生率。     

甲状腺手术时喉返神经损伤的神经修复治疗

目的探讨甲状腺手术喉返神经损伤神经修复治疗。方法对病程 2年以内甲状腺手术喉返神经损伤声带麻痹 4 2例患者行单侧损伤神经减压 8例、颈袢喉返神经吻合 2 1例、喉返神经端端吻合 6例 ,双侧损伤膈神经移植联合术 7例 (一侧膈神经移植 ,另一侧行神经减压 2例、神经肌蒂植入术 5例 )。手术前后喉镜、嗓音声学参数、肌电图检查等评价手术效果。结果单侧损伤神经减压组病程 4个月内 5例恢复了正常的声带运动功能 ,4个月以内 1例、4个月以上 2例及颈袢吻合组、喉返神经端端吻合组则未恢复声带运动 ,但上述 3种术式均能使喉内收肌获有效的再神经支配 ,发音时声门闭合良好 ,嗓音恢复正常。双侧损伤膈神经移植术侧恢复明显吸气性声带外展功能 6例 ;其中2例对侧神经减压恢复了正常的声带运动功能 ,4例对侧肌蒂埋植术仅 2例轻微外展 ,获肌电图检查的证实 ,这些患者均顺利拔管。 1例双侧均无外展。结论甲状腺手术喉返神经损伤以神经减压效果最佳 ;颈袢吻合也能有效地恢复喉的发音功能 ;膈神经移植术治疗双侧损伤较肌蒂植入术效果更满意 ;喉神经修复术式选择应根据病程、神经损伤程度、类型而定。     

甲状腺手术中常规显露喉返神经的意义

目的 探讨甲状腺手术中常规显露喉返神经(RLN)对保护神经的作用.方法 回顾性分析2009年至2010年间连续实施的232例甲状腺切除手术患者的资料.手术均由同一组医师实施,方式为甲状腺腺叶切除或全切除术,术中常规显露喉返神经.结果 共行腺叶切除181例,甲状腺全切除51例.术中解剖喉返神经280根(98.9%).术后10例患者(3.6%)出现声音嘶哑,其中7例术中证实了喉返神经的完整性,但声带检查出现患侧运动障碍,均在术后2个月内发音恢复正常.另外3例为术中离断性神经损伤并行即刻吻合者,在术后4个月内声音均恢复正常.结论 甲状腺手术中常规显露喉返神经是预防喉返神经永久性损伤的有效方法.     

喉返神经解剖在甲状腺手术中的应用研究

目的探讨解剖喉返神经在甲状腺手术中的应用。方法回顾分析因甲状腺疾病行手术治疗的236例患者的临床资料,共施行甲状腺手术335侧次;甲组101例行甲状腺手术158侧次,术中均未解剖喉返神经,其中57例行双侧甲状腺手术。乙组135例行甲状腺手术同时解剖喉返神经177侧次,其中42例因双侧甲状腺手术而行双侧喉返神经解剖。结果喉返神经损伤均发生在切除甲状腺范围包含背侧腺体时。甲组暂时性损伤2例,永久性损伤1例,损伤率为1.9%;乙组暂时性损伤1例,无永久性损伤病例,损伤率为0.56%;两组差异有统计学意义(χ2=0.382,P<0.01)。结论甲状腺手术中解剖喉返神经能减少喉返神经的损伤,切除背侧腺体时应常规解剖喉返神经。     

甲状腺手术中显露喉返神经以避免喉返神经损伤的临床意义

目的探讨甲状腺手术中显露喉返神经(RLN)对预防RLN损伤的临床意义。方法回顾性分析2006年9月至2011年8月期间我院行甲状腺全切除术和次全切除术1 723例患者的临床资料,其中行显露RLN术式914例,共显露RLN 1 203条;行不显露RLN术式809例,共行1 013侧甲状腺腺叶切除手术。比较术后RLN损伤情况及术后6个月声带恢复情况。结果显露组与不显露组RLN损伤发生率分别为0.91%(11/1 203)和2.07%(21/1 013),2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后随访6个月,显露组与不显露组分别有0例和13例(61.9%,13/21)永久性RLN损伤,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论在甲状腺全切除和次全切除术中,显露并注意保护RLN能最大程度地避免RLN损伤,尤其是永久性RLN损伤。     

喉返神经显露在甲状腺良性病变手术中的意义

目的 探讨甲状腺良性病变手术中喉返神经(RLN)显露的临床效果.方法 将收治的768例甲状腺良性病变患者按手术序号随机分为3组:(1)选择性显露RLN组(选择组.单号根据患者术中情况显露RLN者),106例,即行腺叶全切、背侧腺体不能保留的腺叶次全切或再次手术者RLN选择显露;(2)选择非显露组(非显露组,单号术中不显露RLN者),278例;(3)常规显露组(常规组,双号术中RLN常规显露),384例.结果 全组RLN损伤率1.04%(8/768),无永久性损伤和双侧损伤.RLN非显露组损伤率0.72%(2/278),选择组0.94%(1/106),常规组1.30%(51384),3组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);非显露组手术时间(78.96±17.60)min,显著短于选择组的(89.05±18.50)min和常规组的(93.44 ±18.90)rain(P＜0.05);非显露组术中出血量(42.73±23.08)mL,显著少于选择组的(56.47 ±24.43)mL和常规组的(62.03±27.46)mL(P＜0.05).结论 在甲状腺良性病变手术中应根据患者情况决定是否显露RLN.     

甲状腺术中喉返神经解剖显露的临床意义

目的 探讨甲状腺术中喉返神经(RLN)的解剖特点及探查方法,以减少神经损伤.方法 回顾性分析327例甲状腺手术的临床资料.常规显露RLN 242例(293条),不显露RLN 85例,并对RLN解剖特点、损伤情况和预防进行分析.结果 显露RLN者暂时性损伤率为1.65%(4/242),无永久性损伤;未显露者暂时性损伤率为8.23%(7/85),永久性损损伤率为2.35%(2/85),两组暂时性损伤率之间和永久性损伤率之间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).67.23%(197/293)的RLN在入喉前分为前后两支,61.09%(179/293)的RLN位于甲状腺下动脉的深面,31.39%(92/293)位于动脉的浅面,4.09%(12/293)穿行于动脉的分叉处,4.13%(10/293)与动脉无关,"非返性喉下神经"的发生率为0.68%(2/293).结论 RLN的行程过程中解剖关系较为复杂,甲状腺手术中有计划地显露RLN可以预防其损伤.     

甲状腺手术喉返神经损伤的原因及处理探讨

目的探讨甲状腺术后喉返神经损伤的常见原因及处理方法。方法2003年6月至2007年3月收治在外院和我院行甲状腺手术后喉返神经损伤患者48例,回顾性分析其临床资料。结果单侧喉返神经损伤47例,双侧1例;缝扎损伤21例（43.7%）,部分切断加疤痕粘连13例（27.1%）,完全离断14例（29.2%）;神经损伤部位在喉返神经与甲状腺下动脉交叉处及附近13例（27.1%）,在喉返神经入喉处下方2cm以内35例（72.9%）。行再次手术松解和修复43例,其中39例（90.7%）声音恢复正常,声带运动恢复正常或稍受限,4例声音及声带运动未恢复;5例未行再次手术修复者,声音及声带运动均未恢复。全组手术及住院期间无死亡病例。结论喉返神经损伤最常见的原因为喉返神经入喉附近的机械性损伤,损伤后应尽早行神经探查,并根据损伤的具体情况决定修复的具体方式。     

自体颈丛神经移植修复喉返神经缺损18例报告

目的 探讨采用自体颈丛神经移植一期或延迟一期修复喉返神经缺损的手术方法及其疗效.方法 18例声音嘶哑的甲状腺癌患者(包括6例肿瘤侵犯喉返神经患者,3例瘢痕包裹及线结缝扎喉返神经的患者及9例喉返神经离断患者)在行甲状腺癌根治性切除手术后,选用术中保留的颈丛神经深支或浅支移植修复喉返神经.治疗前后以喉镜、嗓音主观评估等评价手术效果.结果 全部患者均得到3个月至2年的随访(平均8个月),其中16例患者声带不同程度的恢复了外展运动,2例声带未恢复运动,声带外展运动恢复率为88.9%(16/18).结论 自体颈丛神经移植一期或延迟一期修复喉返神经缺损术式简便易行,能有效地恢复声带外展运动,成功率高.     

喉肌电活动实时监测喉返神经在再次甲状腺手术中的应用

目的探讨实时监测技术对预防喉返神经损伤的意义及应用价值。方法对55例再次甲状腺手术患者在全麻手术中使用喉返神经探测仪进行实时喉返神经监测（IONM）,术中分离显露喉返神经,并以神经刺激探针探测证实喉返神经在甲状腺后段行程及功能状态以保护其免受损伤,评估患者术后喉返神经损伤和声带功能恢复情况。结果共探测喉返神经107条,均成功显露。4例术前已证实有单侧声带麻痹的患者,术中探查该侧喉返神经证实3例被离断,另有1例被结扎,经松解后喉返神经肌电信号恢复,术后声带功能恢复。2例（3.64%）完整显露喉返神经的病例,手术结束前肌电信号消失,术后出现暂时性声带麻痹,均于2个月内恢复。结论使用喉返神经探测仪利于显露和保护喉返神经,有助于发现导致喉返神经损伤的原因并能较好地预测术后声带功能恢复的情况,减少医源性喉返神经损伤发生率,值得在再次甲状腺手术中推广。     

术中神经监测技术在复杂甲状腺手术中的应用

目的 探讨应用术中神经监测技术（intra operative neuromonitoring,IONM）,以减少复杂甲状腺手术喉返神经损伤。方法 吉林大学中日联谊医院甲状腺外科2009年3~7月对132例复杂甲状腺手术病人,共186支高风险喉返神经行术中神经监测。在甲状腺切除前后分别探测迷走神经及喉返神经肌电信号。甲状腺手术前后常规检查声带活动度。结果 除术前声带麻痹4例,余182支喉返神经均可在甲状腺切除后测得明显肌电信号,未发生缝合切口前神经肌电信号消失,提示神经电传导功能良好。精确检出非返性喉返神经2例。结论 术中喉返神经监测使喉返神经显露更加便捷,更加确切,并可验证喉返神经功能完整性。在高风险、复杂甲状腺术中应用神经监测是降低喉返神经损伤率的一种重要辅助措施。     

甲状腺手术行喉返神经解剖显露的临床分析

目的探讨甲状腺术中喉返神经的解剖及显露的临床意义,以减少喉返神经损伤。方法回顾性分析965例甲状腺手术患者的临床资料,所有手术均在全嘛下进行并常规显露喉返神经,手术切除范围由病变情况决定,并对喉返神经解剖特点、损伤情况进行分析。结果共解剖显露喉返神经1052条,其中右侧721条,左侧331条,包括双侧87条;采用上方入路解剖86条,侧方661条,下方305条;右侧喉返神经位于气管食管沟内走行者461条,偏离者260条;左侧位于气管食管沟内走行者285条,偏离者46条;喉返神经入喉前有分支者687条（65．3％）,未分支直接人喉者365条（34．7％）;喉不返神经2条;解剖神经平均用时（6．7±0．54）min;术后神经暂时性损伤11例,永久性损伤2例,均于6个月后对侧声带代偿,嘶哑改善。结论熟悉喉返神经的解剖,灵活运用不同的解剖入路,常规解剖显露神经,是避免喉返神经损伤的有效方法。     

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??Application of intraoperative neromonitoring during complex thyroid operation SUN Hui,LIU Xiao-li,FU Yan-tao,et al.Division of Thyroid Surgery,China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University,Changchun 130033, China Corresponding author: SUN Hui,E-mail:sunhui1229@163.com Abstract Objective Apply the intraoperative neuromonitoring ??IONM?? as an adjunct to avoid recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury during complex thyroid operation. Methods From March 2009 to July 2009, 132 pations (186 nerves at risk) underwent complex thyroidectomy with the application of IONM. Vagus nerve and RLN were tested respectively before and after resection of thyroid lobe. Video recording of cord mobility was performed routinely pre- and postoperatively. Results In addition to 4 cases with preoperative vocal cord paralysis??182 RLN after resection of thyroid lobe with a clear electromyography(EMG) and 0?? nerves experienced signal loss before closing surgical incision showed normal electrical transduction function. Accurately detect non-RLN in 2 nerves. Conclusion IONM could make RLN identification more reliabe and precise, test the functional integrity of RLN. IONM is a useful adjunct to reduce RLN palsy rate in complex thyroid operation.     

The role of ansa-to-recurrent-laryngeal nerve anastomosis in operations for thyroid cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To study the recovery in phonation after reconstruction of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) in patients whose thyroid cancer was invading the nerve, and to evaluate the role of ansa cervicalis to RLN anastomosis (ARA) in operations for thyroid cancer. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: University hospital and private thyroid clinic hospital, Japan. SUBJECTS: 34 patients with thyroid cancer who underwent reconstruction of unilateral RLN and 331 consecutive patients operated on for thyroid cancer. INTERVENTIONS: Reconstruction was direct anastomosis (DA), free nerve grafting (FNG), vagus-RLN anastomosis (VRA) or ARA, including anastomosis behind the thyroid cartilage. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Maximum phonation time (34 normal subjects and 26 patients with vocal cord paralysis served as controls), laryngoscopic examination, and the ratio of reconstruction in patients who needed resection of the RLN. RESULTS: The maximum phonation time started to increase rapidly 2-5 months postoperatively in most cases as the patients' voices recovered, and 12 months after reconstruction was significantly longer than in those patients with vocal cord paralysis (P < 0.0001). It was comparable to that of the normal subjects, although the reinnervated cords were fixed in the median. The number of reconstructions in the series of 331 patients increased from 18% to 82% after we started doing ARA with the meticulous technique of anastomosis inside the thyroid cartilage. CONCLUSIONS: ARA is as effective as DA or FNG in improving phonation in patients who need resection of a unilateral RLN. As ARA has several advantages over FNG it has a definite place in operations for thyroid cancer.     

The use of readily available equipment in a simple method for intraoperative monitoring of recurrent laryngeal nerve function during thyroid surgery: initial experience with more than 300 cases

HYPOTHESIS: An inexpensive and widely applicable technique to monitor recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) function during thyroid surgery can be safely implemented. DESIGN: Consecutive sample. SETTING: Single-surgeon academic practice. PATIENTS: Three hundred sixty-three consecutive patients undergoing surgery for thyroid disease in the 18 months from November 1, 1999, to May 31, 2001. INTERVENTIONS: Anesthetic management using laryngeal mask airway and spontaneous ventilation, combined with electrical RLN stimulation and fiberoptic video laryngoscopy to confirm vocal cord response. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Vocal cord response to RLN stimulation, intraoperative anatomic findings, postoperative voice quality, and anesthetic complications. RESULTS: We used the laryngeal mask airway-based technique in 327 cases. Visualization of vocal cords was maintained throughout the surgery in 310 cases (95%). In 10 cases (3%), the branch of the RLN carrying vocal cord function could not be identified until electrical testing was performed. A single inadvertent RLN palsy was seen in 1 of the 17 cases in which vocal cord visualization was lost during the procedure (0.03% overall). Upper airway obstruction occurred in 16 (5%) of 327 attempted procedures, requiring tracheal intubation in 3 (1%). No further complications regarding airway management were seen. Pneumothorax was observed in 5 cases (2%), each of which resolved without chest tube placement. CONCLUSIONS: This technique can be applied to thyroid surgery as a safe means of managing the airway. It is associated with an ability to test RLN function at will in more than 95% of cases using readily available equipment.     

Intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in thyroid gland surgery--a prospective study

INTRODUCTION: In the last few years the use of intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) in thyroid gland surgery has become more and more important. PATIENTS AND METHOD: In a prospective study 223 nerves at risk in 116 patients were monitored with the Neurosign(R)100 (Fa. Magstim Ltd., UK). We used intramuscular needle electrodes inserted into the vocal muscle through the conic ligament. Practicability, complications, acceptance and predictive value of the method were documented. Recurrent nerve palsy rate and complications were compared with a control group operated upon without monitoring. RESULTS: The intraoperative delay using this method was on average 8.9 minutes. There were problems with monitoring equipment avoiding use in 6.4 %. In 2 cases (1.7 %) an accidental lesion of endotracheal tube cuff was found related to malpositioning of the needle and in 7.7 % a hematoma of the vocal cords was observed. 73.3 % of the surgeons accepted the method to identify and control the nerve integrity. False-positive and false-negative signals may occur. In cases of a final real stimulus response a regular vocal cord motility was found in 95 %. If a nerve conduction block was noted an immobility of ipsilateral vocal cord was diagnosed postoperatively in 50 %. There was no decrease in transient recurrent palsy rate using monitoring (10.7 % vs. 9.6 % without monitoring) but in permanent paralysis (1.8 % vs. 3.0 %). CONCLUSIONS: It may be concluded that intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring of the RLN is a simple and accepted method with low complications reducing the incidence of permanent RLN palsy rate. We found the monitoring especially useful for operations of recurrent goiter and carcinomas of the thyroid gland as well as for learning thyroid gland surgery.     

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??Analysis of signal loss of intraoperative neuromonitoring in thyroid surgery ZANG Yu*??TIAN Wen??YAO Jing??et al. *Department of General Surgery??the First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital??Beijing 100048??China
Corresponding author??TIAN Wen??E-mail: tianwen301_cta01@163.com
Abstract Objective To analyze the reason of signal loss of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) for recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and accumulate the experience of dealing with it. Methods The clinical data of 429 cases of thyroid surgery with IONM to explore and protect RLN in Department of General Surgery, the General Hospital of PLA from October 2012 to April 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. The EMG change information of stimulating the nerve was reviewed and the prognosis combined with postoperative laryngoscopy were analyzed. Results A total of 34 cases of intraoperative signal loss happened. And 24 cases were caused by nerve injury including 18 cases of traction injury??3 cases of thermal injury and 3 cases of clamp injury. The signal of nerve before completion of surgery restored of a different degree and the vocal cords returned to normal at most 6 months postoperatively. Conclusion The degree of nerve recovery before completion of surgery has a certain guiding significance in predicting the postoperative vocal cord function.Traction injury happens more often and thermal injury and clamp injury do more harm to nerve. Clarification of nerve injury mechanism can help surgeons to regulate the surgical operation, minimizing unnecessary nerve damage. Anesthesia coordination and skilled management of the IONM system play an important role in regular running of the system.