非清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植

传统的骨髓／外周血造血干细胞移植（HSCT）主要采用大剂量全身照射（TBI）和化疗做清髓性预处理,以克服宿主抗移植物和移植物抗宿主两种免疫反应,使供体细胞安全植入,替代异常的宿主细胞并产生移植物抗肿瘤效应（GVT）,此种异基因HSCT（Allo-HSCT）供体细胞植入稳定可靠、抗肿瘤作用强、肿瘤复发率低、治疗效果好。     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗高龄恶性血液病的疗效分析

目的探讨异基因造血干细胞移植治疗年龄较大的白血病患者安全性和疗效。方法采用HSCT治疗10例45—63岁恶性血液病患者,HLA6／6位点相合8例,5／6位点相合2例。以清髓性方案预处理4例,减低强度方案预处理6例。HLA不全相合患者加用ATG。采用环孢素联合霉酚酸酯预防移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）。结果本组10例受者均获造血重建。中性粒细胞绝对计数≥0．5×10^9／L,血小板≥20×10^9／L的中位时间分别为移植后12（9～16）天和15（12～21）天。3例发生了急性GVHD（30％）,Ⅱ度以上2例。可评估的9例患者中2例出现了慢性GVHD（22％）。复发2例,死亡3例。可评估的2年无病生存率为70％。结论造血干细胞移植对于高龄白血病患者是一种有效、安全的根治疗法。     

非清髓性异基因外周血造血干细胞移植后植入综合征2例报告

目的：提高非清髓性异基因外周血造血干细胞移植后植入综合征(ES)的认识和诊治水平。方法：回顾性分析2例接受非清髓性异基因外周血造血干细胞移植后发生ES患者的临床表现、治疗及预后。结果：2例分别于术后6天和7天发生ES，经大剂量甲基泼尼松龙治疗后，症状体征迅速消失，但在糖皮质激素减量过程中均发生了急性移植物抗属主病(aGVHD)，其中l例死于aGVHD，另l例死于植入失败。结论：ES是一种不同于aGVHD的移植后并发症，糖皮质激素对其治疗有效；发生ES者或其后发生aGVHD者预后不良。     

非清髓异基因造血干细胞移植治疗慢性粒细胞白血病

目的　探讨非清髓异基因造血干细胞移植 (NST)治疗慢性粒细胞白血病 (CML)的临床效果。方法　对 4例慢性粒细胞白血病患者进行了非清髓异基因造血干细胞移植 ,均采用以氟达拉宾为基础的非清髓预处理方案。回输CD+ 3 4 细胞分别为 9.78× 10 6/Kg、16.5 6× 10 6/Kg、2 .5 6×10 6/Kg和 2 .0 6× 10 6/Kg。结果　 4例均顺利渡过造血抑制期。 4例患者移植后WBC >1.0× 10 9/L ,中性粒细胞 >0 .5× 10 9/L ,时间分别为 +19天、+16天、+13天和 +14天 ;血小板 >2 0× 10 9/L时间分别为 +8天、+12天、+18天和 +2 2天。 2例骨髓细胞混合嵌合体形成 +15～ +2 3天 ,完全嵌合体形成 +2 3～ +4 3天 ;另 2例均于 +17天形成完全嵌合体。 4例均未发生急性移植物抗宿主病 ,例 1于第 5次供者淋巴细胞输注后发生皮肤慢性移植物抗宿主病 ,例 3于第 7次供者淋巴细胞输注后发生慢性移植物抗宿主病。 3例于非清髓异基因造血干细胞移植后 6～ 12个月出现移植物抗白血病。 4例均未发生肝静脉阻塞病、出血性膀胱炎及间质性肺炎。随诊 2～ 2 4个月 ,仍全部存活。结论　非清髓异基因造血干细胞移植治疗慢性粒细胞白血病简便、安全、并发症及支持治疗少、疗效较好。     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗恶性血液病的现状及展望

异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)是根治恶性血液病的有效手段,在全球范围内广泛应用。近20年allo-HSCT蓬勃发展,移植数量逐年增加,移植方案不断优化,移植疗效和安全性不断提高。该文介绍allo-HSCT治疗恶性血液病的现状并对未来可能的发展方向进行展望。     

非清髓异基因外周血造血干细胞移植治疗慢性粒细胞白血病

目的：探索非清髓异基因外周血干细胞移植(NST)治疗不能耐受清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植的慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)患者的疗效。方法：将5例CML患者中的4例以全身放疗加氟达拉宾，1例以马利兰、氟达拉宾加抗人胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白为预处理方案，联合环孢霉素A、霉酚酸酯和(或)短程氨甲蝶呤预防移植物抗宿主病。结果：5例均造血重建，3例完全供者型植入，2例混合型植入，其中1例植入率持续低于50％，经2次清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植后达到完全供者型植入。2例发生Ⅰ度急性移植物抗宿主病，1例发生Ⅳ度急性移植物抗宿主病，无慢性移植物抗宿主病发生。中位随访时间5(3～37)个月，无病生存3例，死亡2例。结论：对不能耐受清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植的CML患者，NST是可行而有效的。     

非清髓异基因外周造血干细胞移植治疗恶性血液病10例临床分析

非清髓异基因造血于细胞移植是在传统异基因造血干细胞移植（Ａｌｌｏ－ＳＣＴ）基础上伴随免疫学和移植学研究进展而发展起来的一种新的治疗手段。国外除Ｓｌａｖｉｎ和Ｎｅｇｒｉｎ等［１,２］少数报告外,国内尚无系列报告。我们对１０例恶性血液病进行了非清髓Ａｌｌｏ－ＳＣＴ,现将初步结果报告如下。 一、资料和方法 １．病例：１９９８年２月至２０００年１月共１０例中男６例,女４例,年龄１８～５６岁,中位年龄３３岁。急性白血病（ＡＬ）６例,急性髓细胞白血病（ＡＭＬ）４例,急性淋巴细胞白血病（ＡＬＬ）２例。第一次完全…     

非清髓性造血干细胞移植治疗白血病的初步临床疗效观察

目的:了解非清髓性造血干细胞移植(NST)的植入和初步临床疗效。方法:NST治疗恶性血液病18例,清髓性外周血干细胞移植(PBSCT)治疗24例。预处理方案:NST组主要包括单用马利兰(Bu)16mg/kg或Bu12mg/kg加阿糖胞苷(Arac)/高三尖杉酯碱(HHT)或一般联合化疗;清髓性PBSCT组包括环磷酰胺(Cy)120mg/kg加单次全身照射(STBI)9～10Gy或Bu16mg/kg/马法兰(Mel)140～160mg/m2加Arac。结果:NST组18例全部重建造血,移植相关死亡3例(16.67%);3年无病生存率(DFS)72.22%±10.56%,中位随访时间为2062(90～2730)d。清髓性PBSCT组造血重建23例,移植相关死亡4例(16.67%);3年DFS70.83%±9.28%,中位随访时间为1936(19～2700)d,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。NST组外周血象受抑程度明显减轻,WBC最低为0.3(0.2～0.9)×109/L,而清髓性PBSCT组16/24WBC降至0。NST组发生急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)15(83.33%)例、可评估慢性移植物抗宿主病(cGVHD)16例(88.89%),均明显高于清髓性PBSCT组的6例(25%)与cGVHD13例(54.17%)。NST组发热13例(72.22%)而清髓性PBSCT组24例均有发热(100%),感染发生率和持续时间前者明显少于后者(P<0.05)。结论:NST与清髓性PBSCT疗效相当,造血重建快,且其外周血象受抑程度低,治疗安全、有效。     

异基因造血干细胞移植后出血性膀胱炎16例临床分析

目的探讨异基因造血干细胞移植（HSCT）后出血性膀胱炎（HC）的相关危险因素及防治方法。方法对16例HSCT后发生HC者的临床特点、防治措施及危险因素等进行回顾性分析。结果 16例HC均为迟发性,占同期65例施行HSCT者的24.6%;伴随移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）14例,供受者有亲缘关系7例,HLA完全相合10例,外周血移植12例、脐血移植4例,环磷酰胺（Cy）用量为60mg/（kg·d）静滴2d者9例、50mg/（kg·d）静滴2d者7例,并巨细胞病毒（CMV）感染6例;经水化、碱化、利尿、解痉、止血、抗病毒等治疗后均治愈;亲缘关系、HLA配型、移植方式、Cy剂量与HSCT后HC发生率无明显相关（P〉0.05）;GVHD、年龄（≤25岁及〉25岁）及CMV感染与HSCT后HC发生率有关（P〈0.01）。结论 GVHD、年龄及CMV是HSCT发生HC的危险因素,围术期采用水化、利尿及预防病毒感染等措施可显著降低HC发生率。     

Comparative analysis of clinical outcomes after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation versus peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from a related donor in Japanese patients

A reduced incidence of graft versus host disease (GvHD) has been documented among Japanese allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) patients, as the Japanese are genetically more homogeneous than western populations. To clarify whether this ethnic difference affects the results of allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT), we conducted a nationwide survey to compare clinical outcomes of allogeneic PBSCT (n = 214) and BMT (n = 295) from a human leucocyte antigen-identical-related donor in Japanese patients. The cumulative incidence of grades II-IV acute GvHD was 37.4% for PBSCT and 32.0% for BMT. The cumulative incidence of extensive chronic GvHD at 1 year was significantly higher after PBSCT than BMT (42% vs. 27%; P < 0.01). The organ involvement patterns of GvHD were different between the two groups. By multivariate analyses, the incidence of chronic GvHD was significantly increased in PBSCT, whereas the stem cell source did not affect the incidence of acute GvHD, transplant-related mortality, relapse or survival. We concluded that Japanese PBSCT patients have an increased risk of chronic GvHD compared with BMT patients, but the incidence of acute GvHD was still lower than in western populations. Thus, the choice of haematopoietic stem cell source should be considered based on data for individual ethnic populations.     

Serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) levels after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), as MIF plays an important role to regulate the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), one of the inflammatory cytokines which induces and exacerbates aGVHD. We examined the association between serum MIF levels and aGVHD vs. chronic GVHD (cGVHD) in allo-SCT patients in this study. We found a significant increase in the peak serum MIF (14.46 ng +/- 1.47 ng/ml) at onset in patients that developed aGVHD (n = 23, P = 0.009). We also found that mean serum MIF levels in patients who developed extensive type cGVHD within 6 months (12.58 +/- 2.18 ng/ml, n = 13) were significantly higher than MIF levels before allo-HSCT (7.86 +/- 1.17 ng/ml, n = 19, P = 0.04). Therefore, we speculated that serum MIF levels increase during the active phase of both aGVHD and cGVHD.     

FABC预处理异基因造血干细胞移植治疗难治未缓解急性白血病临床研究

目的观察FABC预处理异基因造血干细胞移植治疗未缓解急性白血病(AL)患者的疗效及安全性。方法收集2005年11月至2010年8月广东省人民医院采用FABC预处理方案进行异基因造血干细胞移植治疗18例难治未缓解AL患者。观察造血恢复、植入率、急慢性移植物抗宿主病发生率、移植相关病死率、复发、总存活率和无病存活率及预后因素分析。结果所有患者均于移植后14～21 d获得完全供者植入,中性粒细胞>0.5×109/L和血小板>20×109/L中位时间分别为12(7～72)d和13(7～60)d;急性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)及慢性GVHD累积发生率分别为50%和73.3%。中位随访10.5(3.1～66.6)个月,移植相关病死率5.6%(1/18),复发率为36.8%(7/18)。1年的预期总生存(OS)率和无病生存(DFS)率分别是(58.9±13.2)%和(53.6±15.5%)。COX逐步回归模型分析显示,慢性GVHD是DFS独立有利因素。结论 FABC预处理异基因造血干细胞移植是治疗难治性未缓解AL安全有效的方法。     

Incidence and clinical profile of tuberculosis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation

Background

Patients post allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) are expected to be at high risk of tuberculosis (TB) owing to underlying immunosuppression. We conducted a retrospective study in patients post alloSCT for clinical features and factors associated with TB.

Methods

Records of all patients transplanted from January 1, 2012 until December 31, 2015 were reviewed. Diagnosis of TB was considered if Mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured from clinical samples or acid‐fast bacilli (AFB) were demonstrated on histopathology/smears. A presumptive TB diagnosis was considered in the presence of signs and symptoms suggestive of TB with epithelioid cell granulomas, without AFB.

Results

In 175 eligible patients, TB was detected in 5 patients (pulmonary = 4, lymph node = 1), with incidence of 2.84% at median of 258 (157‐639) days after transplantation. Cumulative incidence rate of TB among the patients undergoing alloSCT was calculated to be 1.9/100 person‐years. Median duration of symptoms was 20 days till diagnosis was confirmed. All patients were started on four‐drug anti‐tubercular therapy (ATT) with clinical/radiological response in all. Two patients developed hepatotoxicity (transaminitis, n = 1; hyperbilirubinemia, n = 1) following ATT. Presence of chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) (P = .008) and steroid‐refractory GVHD (P = .001) was found to be significantly associated with TB.

Conclusion

TB should be suspected in patients with unexplained fever post alloSCT. Active GVHD and ongoing immunosuppression/steroids are possible risk factors. Early diagnosis and treatment can salvage most patients. Hepatotoxicity following ATT is a potential concern.     

Natural killer cells – new understanding of basic biology may lead to more effective allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation

The natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system and are responsible for initial defences in the surveillance against malignant cells and virally infected cells. In addition to direct cytotoxicity, cytokines produced by NK cells amplify the immune response and help control the neoplasm/pathogen. Several activating and inhibitory receptors responsible for NK cell activation are recently characterized and play a crucial role in tumour eradication. These include, but are not limited to, the killer immunoglobulin-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors and natural cytotoxicity receptors. The downstream signalling of some of these receptors is also characterized. The net balance in the sum of the signals generated by ligation of activating and inhibitory receptors determines the final outcome, cytotoxicity versus tolerance. NK cell-based immunotherapy can be successfully exploited in the haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of haematological malignancies and has a potential to separate the beneficial graft versus leukaemia effect from, often dangerous, graft versus host disease. This article reviews the NK receptors important in NK-mediated cytotoxicity in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.     

Prognostic factors of chronic graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic blood stem-cell transplantation

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells in peripheral blood transplantation (alloPBSCT) or bone marrow transplantation (alloBMT) have different biological characteristics which may affect differently prognostic factors for incidence and severity of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). To determine the prognostic factors of cGVHD in patients receiving alloPBSCT, data on 87 patients who survived at least 100 days after matched related donor myeloablative transplantation were analyzed. Factors significantly associated with higher incidence of cGVHD after alloPBSCT included CMV-positive donor, acute skin GVHD, and diagnoses other than lymphoma. Factors predictive for poor survival following cGVHD diagnosis included platelet count < 100,000/mm3 and history of acute liver GVHD. Acute liver GVHD and etoposide in the preparative regimen significantly increased risk of death due to cGVHD after alloPBSCT. All alloPBSCT multivariate models were fit to an independent cohort of comparable matched related donor alloBMT patients (n=75). After alloBMT, only acute skin GVHD and diagnoses other than lymphoma retained prognostic significance for predicting cGVHD. Low platelet count was the only variable predictive for poor survival in cGVHD patients after alloBMT. Acute liver GVHD was the only factor that retained prognostic significance for risk of death due to cGVHD after alloBMT. These data suggest there are some cGVHD prognostic factors that may be unique to recipients of alloPBSCT. More studies are needed to determine whether cGVHD prognostic systems should be used interchangeably in patient populations receiving different stem-cell products.     

Roseomonas bacteremia in a recipient of an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Roseomonas are pink‐pigmented, oxidative, slowly growing, nonfermentative, gram‐negative coccobacilli whose identification may require extensive biochemical testing and molecular profiling. Roseomonas infections vary in severity and clinical presentation, and they predominantly occur in immunocompromised and chronically ill patients. The organism is generally susceptible to carbapenems and aminoglycosides, but resistant to most of the cephalosporins and broad‐spectrum penicillins. Reported here is a patient with lymphoblastic lymphoma who developed Roseomonas mucosa bacteremia after receiving her hematopoietic stem cell allograft. The bacteremic episode was successfully treated with imipenem and amikacin in addition to removal of the central venous catheter. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Roseomonas bacteremia in a stem cell transplantation recipient.