早产儿坏死性小肠结肠炎围产高危因素的病例对照研究

目的 分析胎龄小于33周早产儿坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）发病时间及围产高危因素。方法 回顾性分析2010年10月至2012年12月收治的49例胎龄小于33周早产儿NEC的发病时间,通过logistic 回归分析NEC的围产高危因素。以确诊NEC的49例患儿为NEC组,121例非NEC早产儿为对照组,进行病例对照研究。结果 49例NEC患儿发病日龄中位数为17.5 d（范围3~106 d）。性别、小于胎龄儿、出生方式、产前应用激素等对NEC发病无影响,而小胎龄、低出生体重和新生儿窒息可增加NEC发病风险,其中小胎龄是NEC发病的独立高危因素。结论 胎龄小于33周早产儿NEC发病主要与胎龄小有关;发病日龄中位数为17.5 d。     

母乳及配方奶喂养对NICU早产儿的影响

目的分析母乳喂养对不同出生胎龄早产儿的重要性。方法 639例出生胎龄28~(+3)~36~(+6)周的早产儿中单纯母乳喂养组(亲乳母乳喂养,未添加强化剂)237例,以及单纯配方奶(液态早产奶)喂养组402例。比较喂养方式对体重增长,白蛋白(ALB)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平,以及喂养不耐受发生率、坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)、早产儿视网膜病(ROP)等并发症发生率的影响。结果与配方奶喂养相比,母乳喂养的出生胎龄28~30周早产儿日体重增长较快,喂养不耐受、NEC患病率较低,碱性磷酸酶较高,白蛋白较低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);贫血、ROP、BPD、院内感染患病率及住院时间的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。出生胎龄31~33周的早产儿母乳喂养组较配方奶组日体重增长快,喂养不耐受率低,住院时间短,碱性磷酸酶高,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组间NEC、贫血、ROP、BPD、院内感染的发生率及白蛋白的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。出生胎龄34~36周早产儿不同喂养方式组的各项指标差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论母乳喂养对出生胎龄28~33周早产儿体重的增长,喂养不耐受率的降低,住院时间的缩短以及NEC发生率的减低有重要意义。     

胎龄小于34周早产儿坏死性小肠结肠炎危险因素的病例对照研究

目的探讨胎龄34周的早产儿发生坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)的危险因素。方法纳入2010年3月至2015年3月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院NICU住院的、胎龄34周的Bell分期≥Ⅱ期的NEC早产儿,以同期NICU住院的非NEC早产儿为对照组,样本量对照组与NEC组2∶1。截取母孕期肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)、生后窒息、家族过敏史、母乳喂养、胎粪吸入综合征、先天性心脏病、败血症、输血和口服益生菌等因素行单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析,考察发生NEC的危险因素。结果 NEC组纳入66例(Ⅱ期50例, Ⅲ期16例),非NEC组132例早产儿进入本文分析。两组早产儿性别、胎龄、出生体重、分娩方式和出生地点等基线资料差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。NEC病例在1月份发病最多(9例),8月份最少(2例)。66例NEC患儿发病在生后2~27 d,平均为15.5 d。单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析均显示母孕期ICP(OR=2.38,95%CI:1.74~5.49)、输血(OR=3.33,95%CI:1.76~5.78)、新生儿窒息(OR=2.49,95%CI:1.69~4.95)和败血症(OR=4.05,95%CI:2.01~6.87)可增加NEC的发病风险,口服益生菌为NEC发生的保护因素(OR=0.91,95%CI:0.48~0.94)。结论母孕期ICP、新生儿窒息、败血症和输血可增加胎龄34周早产儿NEC的患病风险,口服益生菌为NEC的保护因素。     

新生儿喂养方式与散发性坏死性小肠结肠炎发病的关系

肠道喂养是新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)的发病中三个重要因素之一。在发牛NEC之前,90％以上的新生儿有过肠道喂养史,并有喂养速度太快,24小时内奶量增加过多或总液量太多等因素。作者研究了19例相继发生NEC的早产儿,以X线片上有肠壁囊样积气为诊断依据。为散发性NEC,每个NEC患儿都有2例在出生体重和进入(一周内)NICU时间与病人一致的新生儿作对照。共38例。比较数包括乳类选择、肠道用药、肠道喂养量的的参增长迅度以及总液量。研究期间,作者的婴儿室只用标准婴儿配方,其渗透压浓度为360mOsm/L。     

82例新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎预后危险因素分析

目的 探讨影响新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）预后的相关危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2012年10月确诊为NEC的82例患儿的临床资料,对可能影响NEC患儿预后的相关因素进行多因素logistic回归分析。结果 82例NEC患儿的治愈率随患儿病情加重而逐渐降低（均P<0.05）;早产儿于生后3周及以上发生NEC的比率高于足月儿（P=0.004）。单因素分析显示NEC患儿的预后与败血症、先天性心脏病、硬肿症、腹膜炎、代谢性酸中毒、低钠血症、白细胞异常、血小板减少、C反应蛋白升高及腹部X片严重异常等因素有关（均P<0.05）;进一步logistic回归分析显示先天性心脏病、硬肿症及代谢性酸中毒是影响NEC临床结局的主要危险因素（均P<0.05）。结论 NEC的发病时间与新生儿胎龄有关;多种因素会影响到NEC患儿的预后,对同时合并先天性心脏病、硬肿症及代谢性酸中毒的患儿需特别注意,及早干预以减少死亡。     

新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎肠造瘘术后造口高流量腹泻的相关因素分析

目的 探讨新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(necrotizing enterocolitis, NEC)小肠造瘘术后造口高流量腹泻(high-output stoma, HOS)的相关因素。方法 以2017年7月1日至2021年6月30日广州市妇女儿童医疗中心新生儿外科监护室收治的NEC小肠造瘘术后患儿为研究对象,根据造瘘术后是否出现HOS分为腹泻组及非腹泻组。收集并比较两组患儿一般资料、手术及预后情况,采用单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析NEC患儿小肠造瘘术后发生HOS的相关因素。结果 76例NEC患儿中,有25例(32.9%)发生HOS。单因素分析结果显示：出生体重、出生胎龄、手术时矫正胎龄及体重、术前需呼吸支持、分期与分型以及造瘘近端小肠剩余长度是NEC患儿肠造瘘术后发生HOS的相关因素(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示：造瘘近端小肠剩余长度(OR=1.220,95%CI:1.108～1.343)是NEC患儿术后发生HOS的独立相关因素(P<0.05)。经造瘘近端小肠剩余长度绘制ROC曲线,曲线下面积为0.926(95%CI:0.849～1.000,...     

静脉营养在坏死性小肠结肠炎治疗中的应用

1 坏死性小肠结肠炎的发病机理及临床坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)多发于生后2周内的新生儿,尤以早产儿、低体重儿多见,小婴儿也常可发病。发病机理至今尚未完全阐明,它是由多种有害因素所造成的综合损害。多年研究发现,肠道缺氧缺血是NEC 的重要发病因素,如新生儿窒息,肺透明膜病、休克、低血压、动脉导管未闭等,均可导致肠粘膜缺血性坏死。人工喂养儿,奶液配制过浓,渗透压>460mmol/L,或应用     

新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎危险因素临床分析

目的探讨新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)发病的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2008—2011年3家医院新生儿重症监护病房收治的NEC患儿(观察组)及非NEC患儿(对照组)的临床资料,包括产科因素、产时情况、新生儿一般情况、NEC发病前疾病情况及有无应用益生菌等28个项目,应用SAS软件进行单因素和多因素分析。结果观察组92例,对照组130例,两组胎龄和出生体重差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。单因素分析显示,观察组产时窒息、肺炎、呼吸衰竭、生后吸氧、败血症、感染性休克、弥漫性血管内凝血、低钠血症和低钙血症的比例高于对照组,产前应用糖皮质激素、发病前喂养、高胆红素血症和口服益生菌的比例低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余各项两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);Logistic回归分析显示,高胆红素血症(OR=0.205)和口服益生菌(OR=0.056)为新生儿NEC的保护因素,肺炎(OR=3.645)和败血症(OR=7.826)为危险因素。NEC组患儿发病前喂养率明显低于对照组(OR=0.072,95%CI0.010～0.501,P<0.01)。结论肺炎、败血症是新生儿NEC发病的危险因素,高胆红素血症、口服益生菌是新生儿NEC发病的保护因素,发病前喂养率低与基础疾病致延迟开奶有关。     

新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎发病原因及预后研究进展

新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis,NEC)是一种常见的胃肠道急症,属于新生儿期严重危及生命的疾病之一.其发病原因尚不完全明确,主要有早产、喂养不当、肠道感染和菌群失调、缺氧缺血及再灌注损伤等.疾病的临床分期、呼吸衰竭等严重并发症、治疗方法等多种因素均会影响NEC患儿的预后.该文就近期相关研究展开综述,为NEC的早期诊断、临床观察及治疗提供线索.     

危重新生儿肠外营养支持技术

越来越多的流行病学资料显示，出生后早期营养和生长发育与成年后的疾病显著相关，尤其是早产儿和低出生体重儿群体。婴儿越小对营养的需求越迫切，理想的营养支持最好能使新生儿达到与宫内相同的生长速度，但由于出生时的营养状况、伴随疾病不同，营养需求可能各不相同。例如，一个胎龄为25周，出生体重600g的危重新生儿，需要机械通气、药物维持血压以及限制液体，不能耐受肠内喂养，并且具有坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）发生的极高风险，只有50％的生存机会；而另一个则是胎龄35周、出生体重2．5kg的新生儿，无需暖箱且情况良好，生后数天即可耐受肠内喂养，预后良好。     

Hyaline membrane disease and intraventricular haemorrhage in small for gestational age infants.

19 small for gestational age (SGA) infants with gestational ages less than or equal to 32 weeks were matched with 19 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) preterm neonates with similar risk factors for intraventricular haemorrhage and hyaline membrane disease. Gestational age, 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores, type of delivery, survival rate, use of corticosteroids before delivery, sex, twinning, presence of premature rupture of membranes, and birth date were comparable in the two groups. Gestational age of both groups was 30 (+/- 1.8) weeks, and birthweights were 919 (+/- 202) g (SGA group) and 1268 (+/- 212) g (AGA group). The incidences of hyaline membrane disease and intraventricular haemorrhage were different: 74 and 42% respectively for AGA neonates, 5 and 11% respectively for SGA infants. We suggest that a stressful environment in utero may enhance maturation and prevent hyaline membrane disease and intraventricular haemorrhage.     

Hyaline membrane disease and intraventricular haemorrhage in small for gestational age infants

19 small for gestational age (SGA) infants with gestational ages less than or equal to 32 weeks were matched with 19 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) preterm neonates with similar risk factors for intraventricular haemorrhage and hyaline membrane disease. Gestational age, 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores, type of delivery, survival rate, use of corticosteroids before delivery, sex, twinning, presence of premature rupture of membranes, and birth date were comparable in the two groups. Gestational age of both groups was 30 (+/- 1.8) weeks, and birthweights were 919 (+/- 202) g (SGA group) and 1268 (+/- 212) g (AGA group). The incidences of hyaline membrane disease and intraventricular haemorrhage were different: 74 and 42% respectively for AGA neonates, 5 and 11% respectively for SGA infants. We suggest that a stressful environment in utero may enhance maturation and prevent hyaline membrane disease and intraventricular haemorrhage.     

Epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis--Part II: Risks and susceptibility of premature infants during the surfactant era: a regional study

OBJECTIVES: We observed a reduced incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) despite increased survival of extremely premature infants over the last two decades. A different susceptibility pattern to NEC according to gestation has been proposed. We aim to examine the influence of perinatal risk factors for NEC in infants less than 32 weeks gestation, in our region, in the post-surfactant era. METHODS: NEC incidence, perinatal risk factors and neonatal outcomes were examined in a cohort of 4649 infants of 24-31 weeks gestation from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Study (NICUS) database, admitted during 1994-99. RESULTS: A total of 178 (3.8%) infants developed NEC. More 24-27 weeks infants than 28-31 weeks infants had NEC (6.6% vs 2.6%, P < 0.001). Although low gestation infants had higher mortality and surgery need, post-operative survival (60%) was comparable to the higher gestation infants. NEC in the higher gestation group tended to be associated with perinatal risk factors, while risk factors were equally common in low gestation infants who developed NEC or not. Overall, gestation (P < 0.001), small for gestational age (P= 0.008), hyaline membrane disease (P < 0.001), placental abruption (P = 0.002) and earlier year of birth (P = 0.03) were independently associated with increased odds of NEC. Maternal hypertensive disease of pregnancy was associated with reduced NEC risk (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of NEC continues to decrease in the surfactant era and the pattern of susceptibility to NEC is based on gestational age grouping and risk factors. The reduced risk associated with hypertensive disease of pregnancy is unexplained.     

新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的临床特点与结局分析

目的 分析新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）临床特点及结局的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析诊断为NEC的121例早产儿的临床资料,根据治疗方式分为非手术组（n=66）与手术组（n=55）,根据结局分为存活组（n=76）与死亡组（n=45）,比较各组新生儿的临床特征并分析结局相关危险因素。结果 手术组发生NEC时纠正胎龄、血小板最低值、血便发生率低于非手术组（P < 0.05）,发生NEC时C-反应蛋白最高值、病死率高于非手术组（P < 0.05）。死亡组出生胎龄、出生体重、小于胎龄儿比例及发生NEC时纠正胎龄、体重、血小板最低值低于存活组（P < 0.05）;死亡组动脉导管未闭发生率、布洛芬使用率、发生NEC时C-反应蛋白最高值及手术治疗率高于存活组（P < 0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,使用布洛芬是NEC死亡的危险因素（OR=9.149,P < 0.05）。结论 使用布洛芬是早产儿NEC死亡的危险因素。     

Longitudinal follow-up of height up to five years of age in infants born preterm small for gestational age; comparison to full-term small for gestational age infants

OBJECTIVE: This aims to conduct a comparative study of the height catch-up rate in preterm small for gestational age (SGA) infants during early childhood by gestational age and identify the factors affecting short stature in comparison to full-term SGA infants. METHODS: 449 SGA infants (214 full-term infants, 73 infants with gestation of less than 32 weeks, and 162 infants with gestation of more than 32 weeks but less than 37 weeks) from 25 institutions in Japan were assessed for catch-up (> or = -2SD) rate in growth by measuring for length/height at 1 year, 3 years and 5 years of age and the risk factors for no catch-up (< -2SD) at 5 years. RESULTS: The overall length/height catch-up rate was 68% at 1 year, 89% at 3 years and 88% at 5 years. The catch-up rate at 3 and 5 years of age in the group with gestation of less than 32 weeks had a rate of 74%, which was significantly less than the other two groups (approximately 90%). A significant factor associated with short stature at 5 years in the group with gestation of less than 32 weeks was the lower length SD score at time of birth, and for preterm infants born more than 32 weeks of gestation and full-term infants, significant factors were the lower maternal height and head circumference at birth. CONCLUSION: SGA infants born less than 32 weeks of gestation had a higher risk of no catch-up and different factors affecting catch-up compared to preterm SGA infants of gestation more than 32 weeks and full-term SGA infants.     

惠州地区不同胎龄早产儿甲状腺功能检测及影响因素分析

目的 探讨不同胎龄早产儿甲状腺功能特点及其影响因素。方法 选择本院新生儿科2012年1~12月收治的早产儿为研究对象。按胎龄分为28~31周组、32~34周组及35~36周组,选取同期本院产科出生的健康足月新生儿30名为对照组。分别在生后第1天和第14天检测新生儿静脉血血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）、游离甲状腺激素（FT4）以及促甲状腺激素（TSH）,并分析其影响因素。结果 各组新生儿生后14天血清FT3、FT4、TSH水平均显著低于生后第1天（P〈0.05）。35~36周组和对照组生后第1、14天血清FT3、FT4水平均高于28~31周组和32~34周组,32~34周组高于28~31周组（P〈0.05）。TSH水平生后第1天35~36周组和对照组高于28~31周组和32~34周组,生后第14天28~31周组和32~34周组高于35~36周组和对照组（P〈0.05）。早产儿生后第1天影响甲状腺功能的因素为胎龄、出生体重及窒息、缺氧缺血性脑病、呼吸窘迫征综合征、休克等严重疾病;生后第14天影响因素为胎龄和出生体重。结论 早产儿下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴发育不成熟,生后14天检测甲状腺功能具有重要临床意义。     

早产儿视网膜病发病情况及危险因素分析

目的探讨早产儿视网膜病(ROP)发病情况及影响ROP患病的危险因素。方法对2004-03—2005-12在北京大学第一医院新生儿监护室住院的胎龄≤34周和(或)出生体重≤2000g的早产儿在生后4~6周或校正胎龄至32周时进行眼底检查,并对相关危险因素进行分析。结果203例早产儿中有25例发生ROP,发生率为12.31%,7例出现阈值或阈值前病变需要治疗,占3.44%,Logistic回归分析表明小胎龄、低出生体重、母亲合并妊娠期糖尿病是发生ROP的危险因素,ROP组与正常眼底组在这三方面差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论小胎龄、低出生体重、母亲合并妊娠期糖尿病是发生ROP的危险因素。     

Age at onset of necrotizing enterocolitis. Risk factors in small infants

We compared the features of 45 infants with early-onset necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (in the first ten days of life) and 41 infants with late-onset NEC (after the tenth day of life); all weighed 1,500 g or less at birth. Infants with late-onset NEC were smaller at birth and had younger gestational ages than infants with early-onset illness. No significant differences between the two groups, however, were found in sex or race distribution, mean one- and five-minute Apgar scores, or in the relative frequency of occurrence of 30 maternal and neonatal risk factors. Intravenous alimentation was administered significantly more frequently to infants with late-onset NEC. Birth weight-specific weekly attack rates for NEC declined dramatically when infants reached the equivalent of 35 to 36 weeks' gestational age. We hypothesize that the timing of noxious events in relation to gut maturity may explain these observations.     

中国大陆早产儿视网膜病变临床特点和眼底病变的多中心调查

目的通过多中心筛查反映中国大陆早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)的发生率及相关流行病学特征。方法 2010年6月1日至2012年6月1日ROP调查协作组在中国大陆7个行政区域首先邀请有能力行ROP筛查的医院,从新生儿生后第4周或纠正胎龄32周行初次眼底检查,使用统一型号的间接眼底镜和电子眼底镜,依据ROP分期决定随访方案,经复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院培训、考核认证的ROP筛查医生,参照ROP国际分类法诊断和分期。结果中国7个行政区共22家医院6 091例出生体重2 000 g或胎龄34周的早产儿或因重大疾病进行了氧疗(≥5 d)的新生儿中,ROP924例,发生率为15.2%。轻度ROP(1和2期)92.3%(853/924),重度ROP(3期及以上)7.7%(71/924),急进型ROP患儿7例。行激光或手术治疗69例,均为ROP 3期以上病例。924例ROP患儿胎龄28~36+5(30.2±2.2)周,出生体重624~3 400(1 364±344)g。呈现出生体重越低和出生胎龄越小ROP发生率逐渐增高趋势,出生体重越低和出生胎龄越小轻度ROP的发生率未见逐渐增高的趋势。ROP 4~5期仅出现在出生胎龄30周和出生体重1 250 g的新生儿。妇幼保健院较儿童专科医院和综合性医院儿科ROP发生率低,但重度ROP发生率高。结论中国大陆ROP发生率为15.2%,出生胎龄30周ROP发生率为46.9%,出生体重1 500 g ROP发生率为30.6%。