四川省部份主肿霉菌及其毒素污染状况调查

报道了四川省部分地区玉米，小麦，大米３种主要粮食中霉菌侵染状况和伏马菌素Ｂ１（ＦＢ１）杂色曲霉素（ＳＴ），烟曲霉震颤素（ＦＴ）３种霉菌毒素的污染状况。结果显示３种粮食中毒菌侵染严重、其侵染率分别为９２．３％，８７２％，７２．４％，菌相以曲霉菌为主，同时检出了产生ＳＴ毒素的杂色曲霉菌。     

安徽省主粮中杂色曲霉素污染状况调查

报道了安徽省部分地区小麦、玉米、大米三种主要粮食中霉菌侵染状况。杂色曲霉素（ＳＴ）用化学方法提取，毒素含量测定用灵敏、快速的ＥＬＬＳＡ方法。结果表明三种粮食中霉菌侵染严重，侵染率分别为９６．２７％，８４．７９％和２６．８０％。霉菌菌相以曲霉为主。ＳＴ在粮食中污染较普遍，阳性率为６７．２％～１００％，平均含量为０．４９～２３１．５３μｇ／ｋｇ。尤其在小麦中阳性率高达１００％，平均含量达１６１．３μｇ／ｋｇ，１９９４年收获的小麦、玉米平均含毒量明显高于１９９５年收获的小麦、玉米，说明ＳＴ在粮食储藏过程中易产生     

象山县粮食中杂色曲霉及杂色曲霉素污染调查

杂色曲霉在自然界中广泛存在，并能产生致癌毒素—杂色曲霉素（ＳＴ），国内有报道和胃癌高发有关。本站通过对６０份大米、小麦、玉米样品进行杂色曲霉和杂色曲霉素的测定。结果表明：小麦中杂色曲霉污染严重，污染率达６０％，经产毒鉴定有６０％产毒。大米、玉米中未检出杂色曲霉。三种主粮中杂色曲霉素（ＳＴ）污染较普遍，总污染率为７８．３％，平均污染量２６１．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ，最高达１６２６．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，其中小麦污染最为严重，污染率依次为小麦１００％，玉米９５％，大米４０％，平均污染量分别为小麦５３４．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ，玉米２７．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，大米２．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

浙江省不同地区粮食中杂色曲霉素污染检测分析

目前，杂色曲霉素（ＳＴＥＲＩＧＭＡＴＯＣＹＳＴＩＮＳ，简称ＳＴ）在食品中的污染特性〔１〕，ＳＴ产生源在粮食中的产生关系〔２，３〕，及霉菌产生ＳＴ的生理生化〔４〕，分子生物学特征〔５，６〕等方面都在深入研究中。本文报道浙江省三个地区间粮食中杂色曲霉素污...     

四川省部分地区主粮中杂色曲霉菌及其毒素的污染调查

通过对四川省部分地区大米和小麦两种主粮中杂色曲霉菌（Ａ．ｖ）和杂色曲霉素（ＳＴ）污染调查，结果表明在大米和小麦中，Ａ．ｖ污染率分别为５．５％和１０．５％；ＳＴ污染率为５３．４％和６５．８％；ＳＴ平均含量为１５．５μｇ／ｋｇ和５８．６μｇ／ｋｇ。对不同地区和不同贮藏期粮食进行分析，Ａ．ｖ检出率越高，粮食中ＳＴ污染率和含量越高；贮藏期延长，Ａ．ｖ和ＳＴ检出率及ＳＴ含量增高。实验产毒表明所有Ａ．ｖ菌株均能产生ＳＴ，平均产毒量达７１９０．２μｇ／ｋｇ，证实Ａ．ｖ是ＳＴ形成的主要菌种     

粮食中霉菌数量与产毒量关系

对常见的几种粮食霉菌及其毒素两者之间关系进行了实验探讨,结果表明,不同的毒素含量与其产毒的霉力数量有关,并取决于该毒素适应的基质,小麦适合于产生伏马菌素（ＦＢ）,烟曲霉震颤素（ＳＴ）,杂色曲霉素（ＡＦＢ１）及黄曲霉毒素又适合于在多种粮食上产生,提示易产生毒素的粮食在贮存过程中应加强防霉措施,在制定粮食中的霉菌毒限量标准时,不同的粮食应有不同的要求。     

安徽省主粮中霉菌及其毒素生态学分布研究

霉菌广泛分布于自然界,种类多,同时也侵染田间谷物和贮藏的粮食。如遇到合适的气温、湿度可继续生长繁殖,引起粮食霉变。同时产生有毒的代谢产物—霉菌毒素,当人畜食入后可对健康造成危害。杂色曲霉素（ＳＴ）、烟曲霉震颤素（ＦＴ）可引起人、畜急慢性中毒或致癌,在...     

吉林省三种主粮中烟曲霉及其毒素污染状况的研究

烟曲霉震颤素（简称ＦＴ）主要是由烟曲霉产生的有毒代谢产物。该类毒素对大鼠、小鼠、家兔、猪、羊等中枢神经系统有较强毒性，可引起动物的强烈痉挛乃至死亡。虽然目前尚未见到对人体健康有直接危害的专门报告，但由于烟曲霉广泛分布在土壤中，尤以稻田，菜地土样中检出率高，因此极有可能污染粮食、蔬菜和饲料，对人畜的健康造成潜在威胁。为了解吉林省主粮中烟曲霉和ＦＴ的污染状况，对吉林省产三种主粮（玉米，小麦，水稻）１７０分样品，蔬菜和粮地内土样２０份，进行了烟曲霉分离。结果粮食和土样中烟曲霉的污染较严重，粮样中烟曲霉的侵染率为６．１％～９．０％，平均菌落数为１．７～４．６个；土样中检出率分别为８０％，５０％；用高效液相色谱法对１７０份样品和从中分离的１０株典型菌株的产毒培养物的毒素提取液进行烟曲霉震颤素的检测，结果只有２份玉米样品的ＦＴ阳性，含毒量分别为９２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，１２６．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ；１０株烟曲霉均未检出ＦＴ，说明吉林省主粮中ＦＴ的污染较轻。从粮食中分离的菌株产ＦＴ的能力不强     

薄层荧光色谱扫描测定食品中黄曲霉毒素B1

本实验在薄层色谱定性半定量测量黄曲霉毒素Ｂ１（ＡＦＴＢ１）的基础上，用岛津ＣＳ－９３０薄层扫描仪进行了荧光色谱扫描定量测量ＡＦＴＢ１。省去了预展步骤，做了最佳仪器使用条件、最大吸收峰、最低检出量和回收率实验，并做了标准曲线和实际样品测量。最低检出量为０．０５ｎｇ，回收率分别做了高、中、低浓度的回收实验，回收率为８１．２％￣８７．９％，ＲＳＤ值２．６％￣３．３％。     

杂色曲霉素单克隆抗体的研制与特性鉴定

杂色曲霉素（ＳＴ）衍生后偶联到牛血清白蛋白（ＢＳＡ）或血蓝蛋白（Ｈ）上，制得复合抗原ＢＳＡ－ＳＴ和Ｈ－ＳＴ。将ＢＳＡ－ＳＴ免疫Ｂａｌｂ／ｃ小鼠，取脾细胞与ＳＰ２／０骨髓瘤细胞融合。筛选到一株稳定分泌抗ＳＴ抗体的单克隆杂交瘤细胞株，该株细胞诱导的小鼠腹水及血清中均富含抗ＳＴ单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ－ＳＴ）。经鉴定，ＭｃＡｂ－ＳＴ属于ＩｇＧ＿１，与Ｈ－ＳＴ反应之亲和力常数为１．２９ｘ１０￣９Ｌ／ｍｏｌ，其分子量为１６８０００（重链５３０００，轻链３１０００）。ＭｃＡｂ－ＳＴ的结构类似物的相对交叉反应下超过２％。应用ＭｃＡｂ－ＳＴ及Ｈ－ＳＴ建立的ＩＣ一ＥＬＩＳＡ法测定ＳＴ的线性范围是０．１～１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ，最低检测量是０．５ｐｇ／　２５μｌ，为快速检测粮食中ＳＴ提供厂重要手段。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.