心脏MRI在诊断肥厚型心肌病中的应用价值

目的：分析肥厚型心肌病的MRI与超声心动图征象，探讨MRI对肥厚型心肌病的诊断价值。方法：对31例拟诊为肥厚型心肌病患者行心脏MRI、超声心动图检查，对比2种检查方法对心肌肥厚程度的测量结果。结果：31例中，均发现心室壁不同程度肥厚。其中，非对称性室间隔肥厚17例（54.8%），左心室普遍肥厚3例（9.7%），室间隔增厚并累及右心室心尖部2例（6.5%），左心室游离壁局限性肥厚3例（9.7%），心尖肥厚型6例（19.4%），可见典型"黑桃尖"表现。梗阻型肥厚型心肌病2例，收缩期二尖瓣前叶向前运动；伴感染性心内膜炎1例；伴左心室心尖部室壁瘤1例。全部患者均行心肌对比增强扫描，20例（64.5%）肥厚心肌内可见点状、片状心肌中层延迟强化，5例非肥厚心肌内亦可见延迟强化。1例累及右心室心尖部及3例心尖肥厚型心肌病超声心动图诊断为阴性，室壁厚度测量结果低于MRI（P<0.05）。结论：MRI诊断肥厚型心肌病具有很高的准确性，超声心动图诊断心尖肥厚型心肌病敏感性低；对于临床怀疑肥厚型心肌病，特别是心尖肥厚型心肌病的患者可采用心脏MRI明确诊断。     

MRI在儿童心肌病诊断中的价值

目的：探讨MRI在儿童心肌病诊断中的价值。方法：搜集心肌病患儿33例，其中肥厚型心肌病13例，扩张型心肌病10例，限制型心肌病7例，致心律不齐性右心室发育不良型心肌病3例。MR采用不同序列不屏气扫描，13例肥厚型心肌病中9例选取左心室8个节段进行室壁厚度测量及心肌增厚率计算，并测定左心室收缩功能。对10例扩张型心肌病中7例测定左心室收缩功能。上述2组左心室收缩功能结果与心脏超声（ECHO）结果比较。7例限制型心肌病对其右心室流人道、流出道、心尖、右心房及下腔静脉的MRI表现与心血管造影进行比较。对3例致心律不齐性右心室发育不良型心肌病结合解剖特点、临床特点综合评估，并测量左右心室收缩功能。结果：13例肥厚型心肌病中9例MRI显示基底部游离壁前外侧段心肌增厚率（16％）及心尖部前段心肌增厚率（16％）下降明显，左心室收缩功能略下降，射血分数为57％，心肌质量有所增高（114g／m^2），与ECHO相比，左心室舒张末容量及每搏量上差异有统计学意义（P值分别为0．0255和0．0341）。10例扩张型心肌病中7例左心室收缩功能下降，射血分数为20．7％，与ECHO比较在每搏量测定上差异有统计学意义（P=0．0106）。7例限制型心肌病MRI显示右心房明显扩大，上下腔静脉、肝静脉扩张，右心室腔变形，流人道缩短，心尖闭塞，流出道扩张。3例致心律不齐性右心室发育不良型心肌病中显示右心室球形扩张，右心室室壁局部变薄，1例见脂肪浸润，3例左右心室收缩功能均下降。结论：MRI是目前诊断儿童心肌病中较好的非创伤性检查方法，其高分辨率可提供儿童心肌病解剖上的信息并能较ECHO提供更为准确的左右心室功能评估。     

心脏磁共振成像在左心室肥厚病变鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨对比增强心血管磁共振成像(CE-CMR)在肥厚型心肌病、高血压及主动脉瓣狭窄性心脏病、心肌淀粉样变性及扩张型心肌病失代偿期鉴别诊断中的作用。方法回顾性分析2010年1月～2016年5月收治56例左室肥厚患者的MRI表现,所有病例均行CE-CMR检查,定量测量各节段舒张末期室壁厚度,观察心肌延迟强化的部位、程度及范围。结果 36例肥厚型心肌病,其中27例表现为非对称性左室肥厚,9例表现为对称性左室肥厚;20例高血压及主动脉瓣狭窄性心脏病、心肌淀粉样变性及扩张型心肌病失代偿期均表现为左室壁弥漫性增厚。延迟增强MRI 36例肥厚性心肌病组共有28例患者可见左心室壁延迟强化,其中25例为局限右心室游离壁与室间隔的连接处、或心室最厚处的斑片状强化;13例高血压及主动脉瓣狭窄组有6例可见左心室壁斑片状延迟强化;6例心脏淀粉样变性组均有左心室壁弥漫延迟强化;1例扩张性心肌病失代偿期表现为室壁间条片状强化。结论对比增强心血管磁共振成像能够为左室肥厚病变提供有价值的资料,钆对比剂延迟强化能够为病变提供有效的鉴别诊断信息。     

合并左心室受累的致心律不齐性右室型心肌病的组织学和MRI表现

目的：探讨终末期致心律不齐性右室型心肌病（ARVC）组织学特点和MRI特征。方法9例患者接受心脏移植，移植后离体心脏行组织病理学检查。7例移植前行MR扫描。结果：病理学检查显示所有心脏双室受累，右心室腔显著扩张7例，大致正常2例。右心室壁均显示严重透壁性肌肉丧失，其中3例几乎完全被脂肪组织替代，6例几乎完全被纤维脂肪组织替代。左心室中重度扩张8例、轻度扩张1例。左心室游离壁受累者7例，室间隔和左心室游离壁同时受累者2例。5例以脂肪细胞浸润为主伴小灶性纤维化；4例以弥漫性纤维化为主，伴灶性脂肪细胞浸润。7例MRI显示左心室射血分数平均（21．66±7．05）％，左心室轻度扩张3例，中度扩张2例，高度扩张2例。右心室腔明显扩大、壁薄者5例，其中3例可见线状高信号脂肪浸润；其余2例右心室形态、大小及信号均无明显异常，仅突出地表现为左心室受累。2例显示心外膜下脂肪信号浸润，选择性累及左心室，心尖和侧、后壁；3例左心室节段性变薄伴运动功能丧失分别累及室间隔、心尖和侧后壁；4例左心室游离壁变薄，厚度不足5mm。5例心肌灌注延迟显像均表现为不同程度的增强，左心室侧后壁强化者4例，其中透壁性和心外膜下各2例；室间隔肌壁间强化者2例；左心室心尖部强化者2例，灶性和透壁性各1例。4例患者右心室壁亦可见透壁性增强，其中累及右心室游离壁者2例，累及右心室心尖和后壁各1例。结论：ARVC合并左心室受累是该组患者的特点，MRI不仅能够准确地反映ARVC继发性的心室扩张及室壁运动的节段性变化，而且能检出心室壁的脂肪浸润以及纤维化等，因此能够在一定程度上反映生理状态下心脏组织学特征。     

左心室及冠状动脉造影诊断心尖肥厚型心肌病

目的:探讨左心室及冠状动脉造影诊断心尖肥厚型心肌病的价值.材料和方法:147例心电图异常患者,行UCG,冠状动脉及左心室造影,21患者进一步行MRI检查确诊为心尖肥厚型心肌病.结果:147例中, UCG发现67例心尖部肥厚.左心室造影示126例左心室舒张期形态均呈"黑桃"样改变,诊断阳性率85.7%.冠状动脉造影示19例冠状动脉有狭窄.结论:左心室及冠状动脉造影是诊断心尖肥厚型心肌病较好的方法,并能了解冠状动脉病变情况.     

肥厚型心肌病的心电图与MRI表现分析

目的 探讨肥厚型心肌病(hpertrophic crdiomyopathy,HCM)的心电图和MRI表现.方法 搜集17例经临床确诊的HCM患者资料,对其心电图、MRI表现进行总结分析.结果 17例患者心电图均异常,主要表现为ST-T异常、左束支传导阻滞、左心室高电压、异常Q波、T波倒置.MRI以左心室壁非对称性肥厚、室间隔肥厚居多,其次是心尖肥厚;心腔缩小,心肌信号正常;心脏功能异常(7例).ST段压低深度与心尖部室壁厚度呈正相关,Q波深度与室间隔厚度呈正相关,T波深度与心尖部和室间隔的室壁厚度差呈正相关.结论 HCM的心电图、MRI均有一定的特征性,两者结合、相互补充,可为临床诊断该病提供重要的依据.     

冠状动脉造影诊断心尖肥厚型心肌病临床分析

心尖肥厚型心肌病属原发性肥厚型心肌病中的特殊类型,其肥厚的心肌主要局限于心尖部，症状不典型,常合并心电图异常,容易误诊、漏诊。目前心尖肥厚型心肌病诊断尚无金标准，通过左心室造影及超声心动图检查,以探讨其对心尖肥厚型心肌病的诊断。     

~(111)In-抗肌球蛋白Fab的心肌显像对扩张期的肥厚性心肌病心肌损伤的评价

~(111)In-抗肌球蛋白单克隆抗体(~(111)In-AmAb)已用于诊断急性心肌梗塞、急性心肌炎和移植心脏的急性排斥.报道了扩张期肥厚性心肌病~(111)In-AmAb显像的意义.一、方法:对照组(C组)包括劳累性心绞痛和心肌病可疑者各3例,陈旧心梗2例,34～62岁.A组为扩张期肥厚性心肌病7例,49±8岁.B组为扩张型心肌病10例,52±11岁.患者均做超声心动图、~(201)心肌显像和心导管检查.超声测量左室腔舒张期(ED)的大小,左室造影分析LVEF和局部室壁运动(WM).A、B两组患者均做右室腔内心肌活检.~(111)In-AmAb0.5mg(74MBg~(111)In)静注     

肥厚型心肌病的MRI诊断

目的：探讨磁共振成像(MRl)对肥厚型心肌病(HCM)的诊断价值，并与超声心动图的结果相对比；同时通过磁共振电影观察心脏功能的改变及心室壁厚度于心动周期内的变化情况。材料和方法：15例肥厚型心肌病患者，MRI扫描时应用心电门控，分别进行自旋回波(SE)序列和梯度回波(GE)序列(电影)检查观察心室壁和心内血流动力学的改变；同时进行超声心动图检查。结果：于舒张末期在左心室中部水平(短轴位)分别测得心室前壁、侧壁、后壁和室间隔的室壁厚度，在心脏长轴位测得心尖部的室壁厚度，并与二维超声结果相比较，并根据心脏电影MRI计算出室间隔和心室侧壁的室壁增厚率。结论：(1)肥厚型心肌病以心室壁的异常肥厚为特点，MRI表现既有左室壁对称性普遍肥厚；亦有非对称性局部心肌肥厚的各类亚型。根据血流动力学的改变MRI可区分梗阻型和非梗阻型。(2)对于心室(前)侧壁、心尖部和室间隔局限性增厚的HCM，MRI能准确定位和分段，对室壁厚度的测量较二维超声心动图亦更准确。(3)电影MRI可反映心动周期内心腔内的血流动力学改变；同时更清楚地显示出心肌于舒张期和收缩期不同时相的动态变化情况。     

原发性扩张型心肌病的MRI诊断(初步报告)

本文分析4例原发性扩张型心肌病(DCM)MRI所见,并讨论有关诊断和鉴别诊断问题。心脏尤其左心室普遍扩张,容积显著增加,肌壁不厚为其主要征象。因左室横径增加大于长径,心腔多呈球形。室壁运动普遍减弱或消失,射血分数及短轴缩短率明显下降。上述MRI所见可反映DCM的主要病理及病理生理改变,对本病的诊断具有重要意义。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.