率的等效性检验方法的比较

目的 :对 10种率的等效性检验方法的Ⅰ型误差和检验效能进行比较 ,并据此选择较好的方法估计样本含量 ,以便实际工作者应用。方法 :采用MonteCarlo模拟试验。结果 :10种方法中 ,以Dun nett Gent方法为最佳 ,并按该方法估计了样本含量。模拟试验表明 ,率的等效性检验所需要的样本含量非常大 ,当试验组和参考组各只有 10 0例时 ,任何等效性检验方法的检验效能均较低。结论 :按目前国家食品药品监督管理局规定的最低样本含量 10 0对 ,相应的检验效能很低 ,建议用统计学方法进行估计。     

群体生物等效性和个体生物等效性检验的统计评价方法及其比较分析

目的:对群体生物等效性(PBE)和个体生物等效性(IBE)检验进行评价,并通过模拟分析和实例分析证明评价方法的可行性。方法:建立混合效应模型,采用小样本置信区间法、自助法和广义P-值法评价PBE和IBE检验,通过模拟分析考察了三种统计评价方法的检验功效以及Ⅰ型误差率,最后进行实例分析,用统计软件R编程实现。结果:三种统计评价方法是可行的,自助法和广义P-值法的检验功效优于小样本置信区间法,广义P-值法的Ⅰ型误差率较大,但可以通过增加样本量的方法来减小Ⅰ型误差率。结论:在样本量较大时,采用广义P-值法进行PBE和IBE检验的评价最为合适。     

非劣性/等效性试验的样本含量估计及统计推断

就近年应用逐渐增多的非劣性/等效性试验中涉及的一些关键统计学问题进行详细介绍，其中包括设计过程中的非劣性/等效性界值的确定、样本含量的估计方法和统计推断过程中的检验假设建立、检验统计量计算以及可信区间计算方法。结合7个有针对性的应用实例有助于对相关事项的理解和在非劣性/等效性试验时进行参照。     

生物等效性研究现状概述

本文从试验设计、样本含量的估计、受试者的选择以及生物等效性评价方面综述了目前国内外生物等效性研究的现状,总结了生物等效性评价的各种统计分析方法,并提出了一些存在问题.     

高变异药物的生物等效性研究进展

高变异药物的生物等效性研究困扰着众多药学工作者。为此本文阐述了高变异药物等效性研究的难点,并总结了目前对高变异药物进行生物等效性研究的可行性方法:对Cmax进行特殊处理;合理界定生物等效;更改试验设计;更改统计方法;更改均值生物等效性方法的接受标准;在稳态下,研究药物及其生物代谢产物的生物等效性。本文比较了这些方法各自的优缺点,希望能对高变异药物的生物等效性研究起到启发作用。     

3种左氧氟沙星的药动学及相对生物利用度

目的 :以左氧氟沙星片为标准参比制剂 ,研究盐酸左氧氟沙星片和甲磺酸左氧氟沙星胶囊健康人体药物动力学及相对生物利用度。方法 :按 3制剂、3周期的 3× 3拉丁方试验设计 ,9名健康男性受试者 ,分别口服 3种左氧氟沙星 2 0 0mg ,采用微生物法测定血药浓度 ,用 3P87软件经微机处理药 时数据。结果 :3种左氧氟沙星的体内过程均符合一房室模型 ,与标准参比制剂相比 ,两种被试制剂的相对生物利用度分别为 (98.4± 7.8) %与 (99.5± 9.8) %。结论 :对AUC、Cmax进行方差分析和双向单侧t检验证明 ,两种左氧氟沙星盐与左氧氟沙星片均具有生物等效性。     

临床随访研究中样本含量的估计

目的:介绍临床随访研究中生存分析资料的log-rank检验所需样本含量的估计法.方法:以离散性Markov链拟合生存过程,据此计算log-rank统计量的数学期望和方差,导出样本含量估计公式.结果:实例分析表明,该法能较好反映实际情况,应用灵活.结论:本法是一种有效、可行的样本含量估计法,值得推荐.     

复方碳酸钙颗粒剂人体相对生物利用度

目的 :探讨评价钙制剂体内吸收程度和生物等效性的方法。方法 :18名健康受试者按 3× 3拉丁方随机交叉进行试验。在研究的 3个周期中 ,两周期分别口服 60 0mg复方碳酸钙颗粒剂和钙尔奇D片。每一周期于服药后采集 0～ 1,1～ 2 ,2～ 3 ,3～ 4,4～ 5 ,5～ 6,6～ 8,8～ 10 ,10～ 12 ,12～ 2 4h尿液 ,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定尿钙浓度。以给药后 0～2 4h尿钙累积排泄量增量计算相对生物利用度 ,并对主要药动学参数进行方差分析和t检验 ,评价制剂生物等效性。结果 :18名受试者口服复方碳酸钙颗粒剂和钙尔奇D片后 ,相对于空白对照组 ,尿钙累积排泄量增量分别为 ( 3 5 .0± 12 .5 )mg和 ( 3 5 .3± 13 .0 )mg。复方碳酸钙颗粒剂的相对生物利用度为 ( 10 0 .9± 16.2 ) %。结论 :复方碳酸钙颗粒剂和钙尔奇D片体内生物作用等效。     

伊贝沙坦片在中国健康受试者体内的生物等效性

目的:评价单剂量口服国产和进口伊贝沙坦片的人体药动学特性和生物等效性。方法:采用随机、开放、交叉的试验设计,20名健康受试者随机口服单剂量的国产和进口伊贝沙坦片150 mg,采用HPLC-荧光检测法测定受试者血浆中的伊贝沙坦浓度。c_(max),t_(max)采用实测值,梯形法计算AUC,双单侧t检验及置信区间法进行生物等效性检验。结果:国产和进口伊贝沙坦片的AUC_(0→t)分别为(6534.69±1448.77),(6430.47±1384.13)mg·h·mL~(-1);c_(max)为(1284.16±420.68),(1294.50±466.71)ng·mL~(-1);t_(max)分别为(1.60±0.35),(1.53±0.47)h;T_(1/2)为(13.62±1.19),(13.33±1.26)h。经统计学处理,上述各项主要药动学参数间差别均无显著性意义(P>0.05)。国产伊贝沙坦的相对生物利用度为(101.98±5.32)%,生物等效性检验表明伊贝沙坦国产品与进口品具有生物等效性。结论:国产和进口伊贝沙坦片具有生物等效性。     

比索洛尔胶囊与片剂的生物等效性研究

本研究对比观察比索洛尔胶囊（A）和片剂（B）在10名中国男性健康志愿者体内的相对生物利用度及其有关主要参数均值,以判定两者是否生物等效。采用二期交叉设计,血药浓度用HPLC法测定。结果表明A／B的平均相对生物利用度为100．1±18．7％,采用方差及双单侧t检验进行统计学分析,两者的AUC,Tmax;Cmax均无显著性差异（P＞0．05）,故上述两种制剂具有生物等效性。结果也提示不同个体对比索洛尔的吸收存在较大的个体差异。关键词##4比索洛尔;;高效液相色谱法;;生物等效性;;相对生物利用度     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.