Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance in urban population in India.

AIMS: To study prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in urban Indians and their demographic and anthropometric characteristics. METHODS: Data on capillary blood glucose (OGTT), anthropometric and demography details were available in 10 025 subjects (M : F 4711 : 5314) aged > or = 20 years. Glucose tolerance was categorized as normal, isolated IFG, isolated IGT, IFG + IGT and diabetes using the fasting and 2-h blood glucose (2hBG; 75-g glucose load) values. Subjects with known diabetes were excluded. RESULTS: Age-standardized prevalences of IFG, IGT and newly detected diabetes were 8.7%, 8.1% and 13.9%, respectively. IFG was more prevalent in women (9.8%) than in men (7.4%) (chi2 = 13.62, P = 0.0002), while the gender differences in IGT (men 8.4%, women 7.9%) and diabetes (men 13.3%, women 14.3%) were not significant. Body mass index and waist circumference were higher in glucose-intolerant groups than in normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Prevalence of diabetes, IGT and IFG + IGT increased with age. Among the IFG, 4% had diabetes and 27.1% had IGT using 2hBG criteria. In IFG, the fasting and 2hBG values were not correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalences of IFG and IGT were similar in urban Indians and an overlap occurred in only less than half of these subjects. IFG was more common in women. Subjects with IFG were older and had more adverse anthropometric characteristics in comparison with NGT. IFG did not show an increasing trend with age.     

空腹血糖受损并糖耐量受损患者血管内皮功能及代谢功能观察

目的：观察空腹血糖受损并糖耐量受损（ IFG＋IGT）患者血管内皮功能及代谢功能情况。方法选择IFG＋IGT者72例（ E组）,其中非肥胖30例（ E1组）,肥胖42例（ E2组）;另选择糖耐量正常的健康人群142例（ N组）,其中非肥胖75例（ N1组）、肥胖67例（ N2组）。做口服葡萄糖耐量试验及胰岛素释放试验检测血糖、免疫活性胰岛素,同时检测空腹血脂、游离脂肪酸、脂联素。采用免疫比浊法检测超敏C反应蛋白（ hs-CRP）,RIA法检测血清内皮素（ SET）。留取晨尿,采用未抽提法测定内皮素（ UET）,散射比浊法检测尿微量白蛋白（ MUA）。观察血压和腰围。彩超测定肱动脉休息时、加压及服用硝酸甘油后的内径变化,计算内皮依赖性血管舒张功能（ EDD）及内皮非依赖性血管舒张功能（ EID）指标（ΔD％、ΔD1％）。结果校正性别、年龄后,E和N组比较、E2与N2组比较及E1与N1组比较,MUA、hs-CRP、UET、SET、ΔD％、ΔD1％差异有统计学意义（P均＜0．05）;N2与N1组比较hs-CRP、UET和SET差异有统计学意义（P均＜0．05）;E2与E1组比较MUA、hs-CRP、UET和SET差异有统计学意义（P均＜0．05）。结论 IFG＋IGT患者大血管和微血管内皮功能均出现异常,尤以肥胖者为著;患者的代谢功能亦出现异常,主要表现为高血压、高血糖、脂代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗及胰岛分泌功能下降。     

红细胞体积分布宽度与糖代谢异常/糖耐量异常和糖尿病相关

目的探讨红细胞体积分布宽度（RDW）与2型糖尿病（T2DM）、空腹血糖受损／葡萄糖耐量异常（IFG／IGT）的相互关系。方法对152例在我院定期进行健康体检或治疗的患者,依据血糖情况分为3组,其中T2DM组42例,IFG／IGT组38例,正常对照（NGT）组72例,采取空腹血,采用全自动血液分析仪测定RDW、血红蛋白,多功能血生化自动分析仪测定血总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血肌酐、血尿素氮和空腹血糖,同时统计高血压、冠心病的发病率并分析其关系。结果RDW在T2DM组、IFG／IGT组和NGT组之间比较具有统计学差异,其中T2DM组和NGT组、IFG／IGT组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,IFG／IGT组与NGT组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。多因素直线回归分析显示空腹血糖（P〈0．01）和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（P〈0．05）是RDW的独立危险因子。结论T2DM患者RDW升高,RDW的变化与空腹血糖水平相关。     

The role of obesity and cardiovascular fitness in the impaired glucose tolerance of aging

The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) increases with aging. Although some data suggest that age is independently associated with IGT, other studies suggest that age-associated changes in body composition and reduced cardiovascular fitness are responsible for the development of IGT. We, therefore, examined the relationship of age, total and regional adiposity, and level of fitness (VO₂max) to the presence of IGT in 155 healthy, nondiabetic, nonsmoking, older community dwelling men. Sixty-two of 155 men (40%) had IGT, while 93 men (60%) had normal glucose tolerance (WHO criteria). The subjects with IGT were of similar age (61.0 ± 1.0 vs. 59.0 ± 0.7 years, p = 0.49) and had the same maximal aerobic capacity, (VO₂max) (42 0 ± 1.0 vs. 44.0 ± 0.8 mL/kg ffm/min, p = 0.42), but had a higher waist to hip ratio (WHR) (0.98 ± 0.01) vs. 0.96 ± 0.01, p = 0.005) and percent body fat (30.0 ± 0.4 vs. 26.0 ± 0.6, p = 0.004) than the men with normal glucose tolerance. In univariate analysis, the 2-h glucose level correlated positively with percent body fat (r = 0.30, P = 0.0002), WHR (0.24, p = 0.002), and age (r = 0.17, P = 0.03) and negatively with VO₂max (r = −0.23, P = 0.005). In both multiple logistic and linear regression analyses, percent body fat was the only independent predictor of IGT (p = 0.002). These results suggest that the age-associated increase in total adiposity is a major contributor to the development of IGT in middle-aged and older men. Thus, lifestyle modifications that reduce body fat should reduce the risk for IGT and the development of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the elderly.     

Distinguishing between persistent and transient impaired glucose tolerance using a prediction model.

Screening for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes was carried out in 777 people and those with high blood glucose levels completed three 2-h oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT). Blood lipid levels, fasting and 2-h insulin levels, body mass index, and blood pressure were also measured and family history of Type 2 diabetes recorded. Fifty people were identified with IGT and of these 21 were found to have persistent IGT and 29 transient IGT. A model including the variables body mass index, fasting and 2-h insulin levels, fasting triglycerides and family history of Type 2 diabetes was developed using the Speigelhalter-Knill-Jones weighting method to predict subjects with persistent IGT. This model could be useful in identifying people with persistent IGT and therefore eliminate the need for repeat OGTTs which are time consuming and expensive.     

中心性肥胖的糖耐量低减患者的临床特点分析

目的探讨中心性肥胖的糖耐量低减（IGT）患者的临床特点及防治策略。方法将IGT患者69例分为中心性肥胖组（试验组）31例，非中心性肥胖组（对照组）38例，比较其体重指数、收缩压和脉压、血脂异常和心血管病发病率、饮食和运动习惯等的差异。结果合并中心性肥胖的IGT患者超重和肥胖率、非HDL-C性高脂血症的发生率、饮食和运动习惯的良好率与对照组相比差异有显著性。收缩压和脉压、心血管病的发生率与对照组相比差异无显著性。结论合并中心性肥胖的IGT患者肥胖、高脂血症的发病率更高，胰岛素抵抗更严重，应从饮食和运动习惯人手积极干预，预防糖尿病及其血管病变的发生。     

空腹血糖受损患者糖耐量异常及影响因素分析

目的了解空腹血糖受损(IFG)患者糖耐量异常(IGT)情况及其影响因素。方法纳入空腹血糖为5.6~6.1 mmol/L的IFG患者337例,检测患者口服75克葡萄糖后2小时血糖等资料,分析患者IGT情况及其影响因素。结果纳入的337例IFG患者中46.6%(157/337)伴有IGT。口服葡萄糖耐量异常和正常组超重和肥胖率分别为75.0%和63.1%(P0.05);口服葡萄糖耐量异常组甘油三酯水平显著高于正常组,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平低于正常组,均有统计学差异(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、体重指数、甘油三酯水平是IFG患者葡萄糖耐量异常的影响因素,相对危险分别为:1.06(95%CI:1.03~1.08);1.11(95%CI:1.05~119);1.58(95%CI:1.23~2.09)。进一步对体重正常者发生糖耐量异常的影响因素进行分析,除年龄外,甘油三酯水平是空腹血糖受损患者糖耐量异常的影响因素,相对危险为2.10(95%CI:1.29~3.43)。结论空腹血糖受损患者约半数伴有糖耐量异常,体重指数和甘油三酯水平是空腹血糖受损患者糖耐量异常的影响因素。     

Unrecognized glucose intolerance is not associated with depression. Screening for Impaired Glucose Tolerance study 3 (SIGT 3)

Aims To understand the metabolic and temporal links in the relationship between diabetes and depression, we determined the association between depressive symptoms and unrecognized glucose intolerance. Methods In a cross‐sectional study, 1047 subjects without known diabetes were screened for diabetes or pre‐diabetes using the oral glucose tolerance test and for depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). Results Mean age was 48 years, body mass index 30 kg/m²; 63% were female, 54% black, 11% previously treated for depression and 10% currently treated; 5% had diabetes and 34% pre‐diabetes. Median PHQ score was 2 (interquartile range 0–5). Depressive symptoms did not increase with worsening glucose tolerance, after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, family history, exercise, education and depression treatment. Conclusions There is no association between depressive symptoms and unrecognized glucose intolerance. However, it remains possible that diagnosed diabetes, with its attendant health concerns, management issues, and/or biological changes, may be a risk for subsequent development of depression. Thus, patients with newly diagnosed diabetes should be counselled appropriately and monitored for the development of depression.     

Rosiglitazone improves insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and ambulatory blood pressure in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.

AIMS: To determine the effects of rosiglitazone on insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and ambulatory blood pressure when administered to subjects with persistent impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). METHODS: Eighteen subjects with persistent IGT were randomized to receive rosiglitazone 4 mg twice daily or matching placebo for 12 weeks. Evaluation at baseline and at the end of treatment included measurement of whole body insulin sensitivity during a euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp and deriving an insulin sensitivity index. Changes in glucose and insulin concentration were determined after oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and mixed meal tolerance tests, and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure was monitored. RESULTS: Rosiglitazone significantly improved the insulin sensitivity index by 2.26 micro g/kg per min per pmol/l relative to placebo (P = 0.0003). Four of nine subjects receiving rosiglitazone reverted to normal glucose tolerance and 5/9 remained IGT, although four of these had improved 2-h glucose values. In the placebo group, 1/9 subjects progressed to Type 2 diabetes and 8/9 remained IGT. Following OGTT and meal tolerance test, glucose and insulin area under curve were reduced over 3 and 4 h, respectively. Compared with placebo, ambulatory blood pressure decreased significantly in the rosiglitazone group by 10 mmHg systolic (P = 0.0066) and 8 mmHg diastolic (P = 0.0126). CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with its effects in patients with Type 2 diabetes, rosiglitazone substantially improved whole body insulin sensitivity and the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to an OGTT and meal tolerance test in subjects with persistent IGT. Furthermore, rosiglitazone reduced systolic and diastolic ambulatory blood pressure in these subjects.     

Study on lifestyle-intervention and impaired glucose tolerance Maastricht (SLIM): design and screening results

The study on lifestyle-intervention and impaired glucose tolerance Maastricht (SLIM) is a 3 years randomised clinical trial designed to evaluate the effect of a combined diet and physical activity intervention program on glucose tolerance in a Dutch population at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Here the design of the lifestyle-intervention study is described and results are presented from the preliminary population screening, conducted between March 1999 and June 2000. In total, 2,820 subjects with an increased risk of having disturbances in glucose homeostasis (i.e. age >40 years and BMI>25 kg/m(2) or a family history of diabetes) underwent a first oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Abnormal glucose homeostasis was detected in 826 subjects (30.4%): 226 type 2 diabetes (type 2DM, 8.3%), 215 impaired fasting glucose (IFG, 7.9%) and 385 impaired glucose tolerance (IGT, 14.2%). Both increasing age and BMI were strongly related to the prevalence of IGT and diabetes. After a second OGTT, 114 subjects with glucose intolerance and in otherwise good health were eligible for participation in the intervention study (SLIM). The high prevalence of disturbances in glucose homeostasis observed in the preliminary screening underscore the importance of early (lifestyle) interventions in those at risk for developing diabetes. SLIM will address this topic in the Dutch population.     

Body fat distribution and coronary heart disease mortality in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus: the Paris Prospective Study, 15-year follow-up

Summary The Paris Prospective Study is a long-term, large-scale study of the factors predicting coronary heart disease in healthy middle-aged men. Subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes (not treated by insulin) at the first follow-up examination (n = 973) were selected from the total cohort for a separate analysis of the predictors of death from coronary heart disease. An index of body fat distribution, the iliac to thigh ratio, was entered into the list of potentially predictive variables, despite the fact that it had been measured one year before the first follow-up examination. After 15 years of mean follow-up, 41 of the selected subjects had died from coronary heart disease. Univariate analysis showed that these subjects differed from the subjects who died of another cause or who were alive at 15 years on the following variables: iliac to thigh ratio (p < 0.0005), plasma tri glyeride level (p < 0.006), systolic blood pressure (p < 0.01), and body mass index (p < 0.04). In multivariate regression analysis using the Cox model, only iliac to thigh ratio and triglyceride plasma level achieved statistical significance as independent predictors. This result supports the current hypothesis that upper-body fat distribution, a characteristic trait of subjects with diabetes of glucose intolerance, plays an important role towards their high cardiovascular risk. However, it is unlikely that this role would be mediated through the lipid abnormalities that have been described as associated with upper-body fat deposition.     

空腹血糖受损与糖耐量受损患者血管内皮功能的对比研究

目的:应用多普勒超声技术检测空腹血糖受损(IFG)与糖耐量受损(IGT)患者的血管内皮功能,探讨其对动脉粥样硬化的影响。方法:根据口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)结果,选择血糖正常(NGT)组25例,IFG组24例,IGT组22例,检测TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)及血管性血友病因子(vWF),OGTT后2h血糖(2hPG)及2h胰岛素(2hINS),以及肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能(EDD)。结果:IGT组vWF较IFG组、NGT组明显升高[(170.25±21.76)%∶(155.16±17.19)%、(135.46±15.52)%,P<0.05～0.01],肱动脉EDD较IFG组、NGT组明显降低[(4.86±0.94)%∶(5.47±0.90)%、(6.24±0.97)%,P<0.05～0.01];IFG组vWF较NGT组明显升高[(155.16±17.19)%∶(135.46±15.52)%,P<0.05],肱动脉EDD较NGT组明显降低[(5.47±0.90)%∶(6.24±0.97)%,P<0.05]。多因素逐步回归分析显示,EDD与2hPG、LDL-C明显负相关(r分别为-0.73、-0.59,P<0.05)。结论:IGT较IFG对血管内皮功能危害更大,加强IGT防治对延缓动脉粥样硬化更为重要。     

Study on Lifestyle Intervention and Impaired Glucose Tolerance Maastricht (SLIM): preliminary results after one year

AIMS: Important risk factors for the progression from impaired glucose tolerance to type II diabetes mellitus are obesity, diet and physical inactivity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of a lifestyle-intervention programme on glucose tolerance in Dutch subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). METHODS: A total of 102 subjects were studied, randomised into two groups. Subjects in the intervention group received regular dietary advice, and were stimulated to lose weight and to increase their physical activity. The control group received only brief information about the beneficial effects of a healthy diet and increased physical activity. Before and after the first year, glucose tolerance was measured and several other measurements were done. RESULTS: Body weight loss after 1 y was higher in the intervention group. The 2-h blood glucose concentration decreased 0.8+/-0.3 mmol/l in the intervention group and increased 0.2+/-0.3 mmol/l in the control group (P<0.05). Body weight loss and increased physical fitness were the most important determinants of improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSION: A lifestyle-intervention programme according to general recommendations is effective and induces beneficial changes in lifestyle, which improve glucose tolerance in subjects with IGT. Body weight loss and increased physical fitness were the most important determinants of improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity.     

冠心病患者糖耐量减低与冠状动脉Gensini评分的关系

目的:探讨冠心病患者糖耐量减低与冠状动脉造影Gensini评分的关系。方法:对由冠状动脉造影确诊冠心病而无糖尿病的患者行口服糖耐量试验,从中入选糖耐量减低患者63例(糖耐量减低组)和糖耐量正常患者60例(对照组),确诊糖尿病的患者除外,并通过Gensini评分系统对其冠状动脉病变进行评分。结果:糖耐量减低组患者的Gensini评分显著高于对照组[(60.94±40.256)∶(44.08±29.575),P<0.05];冠状动脉造影Gensini评分与冠心病患者口服糖耐量试验2h后血糖呈正相关(r=0.268,P<0.01)。结论:糖耐量减低可作为预测冠状动脉病变严重程度的指标之一。     

Impaired glucose tolerance in a middle-aged male urban population: a new approach for identifying high-risk cases

Summary From an urban population (n=9,033) of 47–49-year-old males, 6,956 participated in a multiphase screening programme, of whom 1.5% were already registered as diabetic patients, 1.7% were then found to be diabetic; of 6,325 subjects given oral glucose tolerance tests, 6.6% were found to have impaired glucose tolerance (WHO criteria, 1985). In 889 asymptomatic cases with initial capillary whole blood glucose values 6.6 mmol/l fasting and/or 2 h postload, fluctuation in oral glucose tolerance was studied at repeat tests within one month; the mean differences in glucose values between the first and second test were <–1% (fasting) and –15% (2 h post-load); there were no differences in body weight, and 62% of those with initially impaired glucose tolerance had normalised by the repeat test. Only in 109 cases (1.7%) were 2 h post-load values in the 7.8–11.0 mmol/l range both at the first and the repeat test; these cases were comparable vis-à-vis body mass index, triceps skin fold, blood pressure and initial glucose and insulin values, but had significantly lower oxygen uptake (2.34±0.54 l/min vs 2.63±0.681/min; p<0.003), as compared with subjects with initially impaired glucose tolerance but normal repeat test outcome. However, subjects with high normal first test results (2 h value in the 7.0–7.7 mmol/l range) and second test results in the 7.0–11.0 mmol/l range, resembled those with persistent impairment of glucose tolerance in all respects (including oxygen uptake). The repeat test procedure (including ergometry), is therefore to be recommended in selecting true risk cases.     

个体化营养治疗对交界性糖耐量异常孕妇糖脂代谢及妊娠结局的影响分析

目的探讨个体化营养治疗对交界性糖耐量异常孕妇糖脂代谢及妊娠结局的影响。方法选取2018年1—12月医院收治的80例交界性糖耐量异常孕妇作为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组各40例。比较两组孕妇的糖脂代谢情况、妊娠结局。结果观察组治疗后的糖脂代谢指标、妊娠结局均明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论个体化营养治疗能明显改善交界性糖耐量异常孕妇的妊娠结局及糖脂代谢水平。     

Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance among Turkish immigrants in Sweden

Aim

To investigate whether the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was higher among Turkish immigrants in Sweden, than in their area of origin in Turkey.

Methods

238 Turkish immigrants aged 20 years and older living in Flemingsberg, Sweden, were compared with 1549 participants of the same age living in the Konya area of Turkey. Data collection included anthropometric measurements, blood pressure (BP) measurements, and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

Results

Prevalence of laboratory-verified diabetes was 11.8% among participants in Sweden compared to 7.1% among participants in Turkey (p 0.018). Turkish women in Sweden had a higher prevalence of diabetes than Turkish women in Turkey, 12.8% vs. 7.6% (p = 0.037). Similarly, IGT was 17.8% among Turkish men in Sweden compared to 4.9% among men in Turkey (p < 0.001) and 2-h blood glucose was higher among the immigrants (p < 0.001). Systolic BP was also higher among the immigrants, especially in men (p < 0.001) who also had a higher BMI (p = 0.003).

Conclusions

The higher prevalence of diabetes and IGT among Turkish immigrants in Flemingsberg, Sweden, suggests that migration is associated with diabetes and that there are important implications for public health in Sweden.     

Prevention of Type II diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: the Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS) in Finland Study design and 1-year interim report on the feasibility of the lifestyle intervention programme

Aims/hypothesis. The aim of the Diabetes Prevention Study is to assess the efficacy of an intensive diet-exercise programme in preventing or delaying Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, to evaluate the effects of the intervention programme on cardiovascular risk factors and to assess the determinants for the progression to diabetes in persons with impaired glucose tolerance. Methods. A total of 523 overweight subjects with impaired glucose tolerance ascertained by two oral glucose tolerance tests were randomised to either a control or intervention group. The control subjects received general information at the start of the trial about the lifestyle changes necessary to prevent diabetes and about annual follow-up visits. The intervention subjects had seven sessions with a nutritionist during the first year and a visit every 3 months thereafter aimed at reducing weight, the intake of saturated fat and increasing the intake of dietary fibre. Intervention subjects were also guided individually to increase their physical activity. Results. During the first year, weight loss in the first 212 study subjects was 4.7 ± 5.5 vs 0.9 ± 4.1 kg in the intervention and control group, respectively (p < 0.001). The plasma glucose concentrations (fasting: 5.9 ± 0.7 vs 6.4 ± 0.8 mmol/l, p < 0.001; and 2-h 7.8 ± 1.8 vs 8.5 ± 2.3 mmol/l, p < 0.05) were significantly lower in the intervention group after the first year of intervention. Favourable changes were also found in blood pressure, serum lipids and anthropometric indices in the intervention group. Conclusion/interpretation. The interim results show the efficacy and feasibility of the lifestyle intervention programme. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 793–801] Received: 7 December 1998 and in revised form: 23 February 1999     

Impaired fasting glycaemia resembles impaired glucose tolerance with regard to cardiovascular risk factors: population-based, cross-sectional study of risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

AIMS: To compare subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose in relation to risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease. METHODS: A total of 1374 patients (678 female, 696 male) listed with a general practice clinic in Denmark were given an oral glucose tolerance test, a physical examination, and a self-administered questionnaire. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease were assessed for 90 participants (48 female, 42 male) with impaired glucose tolerance (including 12 subjects (1 female and 11 male), who also fulfilled criteria for impaired fasting glycaemia) and 51 subjects (20 female, 31 male) with impaired fasting glycaemia (World Health Organization 1999 criteria). RESULTS: There were no statistical differences with regard to known risk factors for cardiovascular disease between participants with isolated impaired fasting glycaemia and those with impaired glucose tolerance. CONCLUSIONS: We found noticeable similarities in the cardiovascular risk factor profile in subjects with impaired fasting glycaemia and in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance in our population. When planning screening initiatives, it seems relevant to take into account people with impaired fasting glycaemia as well as those with impaired glucose tolerance.