红细胞体积分布宽度与糖代谢异常/糖耐量异常和糖尿病相关

目的探讨红细胞体积分布宽度（RDW）与2型糖尿病（T2DM）、空腹血糖受损／葡萄糖耐量异常（IFG／IGT）的相互关系。方法对152例在我院定期进行健康体检或治疗的患者,依据血糖情况分为3组,其中T2DM组42例,IFG／IGT组38例,正常对照（NGT）组72例,采取空腹血,采用全自动血液分析仪测定RDW、血红蛋白,多功能血生化自动分析仪测定血总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血肌酐、血尿素氮和空腹血糖,同时统计高血压、冠心病的发病率并分析其关系。结果RDW在T2DM组、IFG／IGT组和NGT组之间比较具有统计学差异,其中T2DM组和NGT组、IFG／IGT组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,IFG／IGT组与NGT组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。多因素直线回归分析显示空腹血糖（P〈0．01）和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（P〈0．05）是RDW的独立危险因子。结论T2DM患者RDW升高,RDW的变化与空腹血糖水平相关。     

Metformin treatment leads to an increase in basal, but not insulin-stimulated, glucose disposal in obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance.

AIMS: This study was initiated to test the hypothesis that metformin treatment leads to enhanced glucose disposal at ambient insulin concentrations. METHODS: Nineteen obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were treated with either metformin or placebo in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Insulin secretion and insulin resistance were quantified using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and insulin-stimulated glucose disposal were measured by determining the steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG). RESULTS: The average benefit of metformin was 0.6 mmol/l for glucose (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2-0.9 P = 0.002), 2.8 pmol/l for insulin (95% CI 0.2-5.4, P = 0.019). Insulin resistance, as quantified by HOMA, was improved by 1.1 (95% CI 0.2-2.0, P = 0.004), without any change in insulin secretion. Basal and insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation were comparable in the placebo and metformin-treated groups at the end of each treatment period, as was the SSPG concentration. However, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures fell significantly following metformin administration as compared to treatment with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that metformin administration to patients with IGT is associated with enhanced glucose disposal at baseline insulin concentrations and a fall in blood pressure. In contrast, neither glucose oxidation nor glucose disposal were increased in association with metformin treatment under conditions of physiological hyperinsulinaemia.     

空腹血糖受损并糖耐量受损患者血管内皮功能及代谢功能观察

目的：观察空腹血糖受损并糖耐量受损（ IFG＋IGT）患者血管内皮功能及代谢功能情况。方法选择IFG＋IGT者72例（ E组）,其中非肥胖30例（ E1组）,肥胖42例（ E2组）;另选择糖耐量正常的健康人群142例（ N组）,其中非肥胖75例（ N1组）、肥胖67例（ N2组）。做口服葡萄糖耐量试验及胰岛素释放试验检测血糖、免疫活性胰岛素,同时检测空腹血脂、游离脂肪酸、脂联素。采用免疫比浊法检测超敏C反应蛋白（ hs-CRP）,RIA法检测血清内皮素（ SET）。留取晨尿,采用未抽提法测定内皮素（ UET）,散射比浊法检测尿微量白蛋白（ MUA）。观察血压和腰围。彩超测定肱动脉休息时、加压及服用硝酸甘油后的内径变化,计算内皮依赖性血管舒张功能（ EDD）及内皮非依赖性血管舒张功能（ EID）指标（ΔD％、ΔD1％）。结果校正性别、年龄后,E和N组比较、E2与N2组比较及E1与N1组比较,MUA、hs-CRP、UET、SET、ΔD％、ΔD1％差异有统计学意义（P均＜0．05）;N2与N1组比较hs-CRP、UET和SET差异有统计学意义（P均＜0．05）;E2与E1组比较MUA、hs-CRP、UET和SET差异有统计学意义（P均＜0．05）。结论 IFG＋IGT患者大血管和微血管内皮功能均出现异常,尤以肥胖者为著;患者的代谢功能亦出现异常,主要表现为高血压、高血糖、脂代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗及胰岛分泌功能下降。     

中心性肥胖的糖耐量低减患者的临床特点分析

目的探讨中心性肥胖的糖耐量低减（IGT）患者的临床特点及防治策略。方法将IGT患者69例分为中心性肥胖组（试验组）31例,非中心性肥胖组（对照组）38例,比较其体重指数、收缩压和脉压、血脂异常和心血管病发病率、饮食和运动习惯等的差异。结果合并中心性肥胖的IGT患者超重和肥胖率、非HDL-C性高脂血症的发生率、饮食和运动习惯的良好率与对照组相比差异有显著性。收缩压和脉压、心血管病的发生率与对照组相比差异无显著性。结论合并中心性肥胖的IGT患者肥胖、高脂血症的发病率更高,胰岛素抵抗更严重,应从饮食和运动习惯人手积极干预,预防糖尿病及其血管病变的发生。     

Prevalence and determinants of diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance in a Canarian Caucasian population - comparison of the 1997 ADA and the 1985 WHO criteria. The Guía Study.

AIMS: To estimate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance in a Canarian population according to the 1997 ADA and the 1985 WHO criteria; and to study the cardiovascular risk factors associated with these categories. METHODS: A total of 691 subjects over 30 years old were chosen in a random sampling of the population (stratified by age and sex). An oral glucose tolerance test was performed (excluding known diabetic patients) and lipids were determined in the fasting state. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were performed, and history of smoking habits and medications was recorded. RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetes was 15.9% (1997 ADA) and 18.7% (1985 WHO); the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance was 8.8 and 17.1%, respectively. The age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes (Segi's standard world population) for the population aged 30-64 years was 12.4% (1985 WHO). The risk factors significantly associated with diabetes (1997 ADA and 1985 WHO) were age, body mass index; waist-to-hip ratio, systolic and mean blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol and low HDL-cholesterol. Age, body mass index and systolic blood pressure were associated with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance; triglycerides were also associated with impaired fasting glucose. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance in Guía is one of the highest among studied Caucasian populations. The new 1997 ADA criteria estimate a lower prevalence of diabetes. Impaired fasting glucose also had a lower prevalence than impaired glucose intolerance and the overlap of these categories was modest.     

糖调节受损的危害与干预

糖调节受损是糖尿病重要的前期阶段,可能发展为糖尿病并形成大血管病变,也可能逆转为正常葡萄糖状态.因此,积极的干预治疗是十分重要的.生活方式的干预与药物治疗可以延缓或避免糖尿病的发生,而且生活方式的改变比药物更为有效.     

Dietary fat and gestational hyperglycaemia

Aims/hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between life-style habits and glucose abnormalities in Caucasian women with and without conventional risk factors for gestational diabetes. Methods: A total of 126 pregnant women with gestational diabetes, 84 with impaired glucose tolerance and 294 with normal glucose tolerance, identified by sequential screening, were interviewed to determine their usual weekly food pattern, amount of exercise, smoking habits and alcohol intake. Results: Patients with glucose abnormalities were older and shorter in height and had significantly higher BMI before pregnancy, percentage of diabetic first-degree relatives and higher intake of saturated fat. Patients without known risk factors for gestational diabetes (i. e. younger than 35 years of age, BMI < 25 kg/m², no first-degree diabetic relatives) included 40 with impaired glucose tolerance or gestational diabetes. In a multiple logistic regression model age, short stature, familial diabetes, BMI and percentages of saturated fat were associated with impaired glucose tolerance or gestational diabetes in all patients, after adjustment for gestational age. In patients without conventional risk factors only percentages of saturated fat (OR = 2.0; 95 %-CI = 1.2–3.2) and polyunsaturated fat (OR = 0.85; 95 %-CI = 0.77–0.92) were associated with gestational hyperglycaemia, after adjustment for age, gestational age and BMI. Conclusion/interpretation: Saturated fat has an independent role in the development of gestational glucose abnormalities. This role is more important in the absence of conventional risk factors suggesting that glucose abnormalities could be prevented during pregnancy, at least in some groups of women. [Diabetologia (2001) 44: 972–978] Received: 16 January 2001 and in revised form: 23 April 2001     

Glucose tolerance of offspring of mother with gestational diabetes mellitus in a low-risk population.

AIMS: To describe the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and obesity in offspring of mothers whose pregnancies were complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a low-risk population and to investigate the effect on these outcomes of minimal intervention compared with tight control for management of GDM. METHODS: Eighty-nine children (mean age 9.1 years, 93% Caucasian) were recruited through a follow-up study of women previously involved in a randomized controlled trial of minimal intervention (control group) vs. tight glycaemic control (treatment group) for GDM. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and 2-h glucose tolerance tests (2hGTT) were performed on offspring and body mass index (BMI) calculated. Glucose tolerance and BMI of treatment groups were compared using non-inferiority tests (non-inferiority margin -15%). RESULTS: Of those offspring, 6.9% (5/72) had abnormal glucose metabolism [four children had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and one had Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (all Caucasian)]. Of the four children with IGT, three were male, three had normal BMI, and three had a family history of Type 2 diabetes. Of the 71 offspring who underwent 2hGTT, 25/25 (100%) of the control offspring and 46/46 (100%) of the treatment offspring had normal FBG (FBG < 5.7 mmol/l). Twenty-five of 25 (100%) of control and 42/46 (91.3%) of the treatment offspring had normal glucose tolerance (2hGTT < 7.8 mmol/l) (% difference 8.7, 95% CI -5.6, 20.3). BMI < 85th percentile was found in 25/33 (75.8%) of the treatment group and 44/52 (84.6%) of the control group (difference in percentage -8.9, 95% CI -27.2, 7.8). CONCLUSIONS: School-age children of mothers with GDM are at risk of IGT and overweight, even if from a low-risk ethnic population. FBG was not adequate for screening this population. Minimal intervention for glycaemic control in GDM pregnancies appears to be as effective as tight control for preventing IGT in childhood but not for preventing obesity.     

Body fat distribution and coronary heart disease mortality in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus: the Paris Prospective Study, 15-year follow-up

Summary The Paris Prospective Study is a long-term, large-scale study of the factors predicting coronary heart disease in healthy middle-aged men. Subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes (not treated by insulin) at the first follow-up examination (n = 973) were selected from the total cohort for a separate analysis of the predictors of death from coronary heart disease. An index of body fat distribution, the iliac to thigh ratio, was entered into the list of potentially predictive variables, despite the fact that it had been measured one year before the first follow-up examination. After 15 years of mean follow-up, 41 of the selected subjects had died from coronary heart disease. Univariate analysis showed that these subjects differed from the subjects who died of another cause or who were alive at 15 years on the following variables: iliac to thigh ratio (p < 0.0005), plasma tri glyeride level (p < 0.006), systolic blood pressure (p < 0.01), and body mass index (p < 0.04). In multivariate regression analysis using the Cox model, only iliac to thigh ratio and triglyceride plasma level achieved statistical significance as independent predictors. This result supports the current hypothesis that upper-body fat distribution, a characteristic trait of subjects with diabetes of glucose intolerance, plays an important role towards their high cardiovascular risk. However, it is unlikely that this role would be mediated through the lipid abnormalities that have been described as associated with upper-body fat deposition.     

Heterogeneous glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to oral glucose in non-diabetic men: interactions between duration of obesity,body fat distribution and family history of diabetes mellitus

Summary The interaction between environmental and genetic factors in the alterations of glucose-insulin homeostasis was studied in 104 non-diabetic men. Family history of diabetes mellitus was used as an index of genetic predisposition to diabetes. Body composition was measured by under-water weighing whereas subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue areas were measured at the abdominal and femoral levels by computed tomography. The sample was first divided into two groups. The first group included subjects with normal glycaemic and insulinaemic responses during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. The second group was composed of subjects either with a high glucose response or high insulin response or both. Men included in the second group were different from the normal subjects for almost all body fatness variables. They also presented a prevalence of a positive family history of diabetes which was significantly higher than normal subjects. The second group was then divided into three distinct subgroups based on insulin and glucose responses of the subjects during the oral glucose tolerance test. Subjects with high insulin but normal glucose responses were characterized by significantly higher levels of total body fat and deep abdominal adipose tissue when compared to the normal group (p<0.05). Men with both high insulinaemic and glycaemic responses displayed higher body fatness values and higher deep and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue areas (p<0.05) in comparison with normal subjects. They also had a higher body mass index at age 20 years than control subjects and subjects with high insulin but normal glucose responses. In contrast, subjects with normal insulin but with high glucose responses were not different from the normal group with regard to body fat and adipose tissue areas. These results show the heterogeneous origin of altered glucose-insulin homeostasis in non-diabetic men. Finally, subjects in the altered glucose-insulin homeostasis group with no family history of diabetes displayed a higher body mass index at age 20 years (p<0.05) in comparison with subjects who had a positive family history of the disease. They also presented a greater abdominal-to-thigh fat ratio measured by computed tomography. These results suggest that in men with alterations of glucose-insulin homeostasis, the relationship of body fat distribution to glucose tolerance and plasma insulin levels is different in those with no family history of diabetes than in subjects with a positive family history of diabetes.     

The Relationship of Blood Pressure to Blood Glucose and Physical Leisure Time Activity

ABSTRACT. Hypertension was detected in 56 of 436 women and 34 of 371 men in an urban population sample of 47–54-year-old individuals. The prevalence of glucose intolerance according to WHO criteria was 22.2% in the hypertensive group and 4.3% among the normotensives, with mean 2-hour blood glucose values of 5.8 and 4.4 mmol 1^-1, respectively. The difference in mean 2-hour blood glucose was independent of body mass index, physical activity during leisure time or at work, age and smoking in covariance analysis. Subjects with high physical leisure time activity (n = 125) had a lower mean blood pressure and a lower prevalence of hypertension, 4.8%, than those with low activity (n = 682), 12.3%. The increase in diastolic blood pressure in the latter group and the male subgroup appeared to be independent of body mass index, physical job activity, age and smoking. Multiple regression analyses with blood pressure as dependent variable and six metabolic and clinical characteristics as predictors identified 2-hour blood glucose and body mass index as the most important predictors. Physical leisure time activity was associated with diastolic blood pressure, however only when 2-hour blood glucose was not included as predictor. Thus, physical activity may exert an influence on the blood pressure level mainly through changes in glucose tolerance and/or body weight, although alternative mechanisms cannot be excluded.     

Comparison of ADA and WHO screening methods for diabetes mellitus in obese patients. American Diabetes Association.

AIMS: To compare the performance of fasting glycaemia (FG) and oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) in screening for diabetes mellitus in obese patients. METHODS: A consecutive series of 528 (445 female, 83 male) obese (body mass index > 30 kg/m2) outpatients, aged 45.2 +/- 14.3 years, was studied with FG and OGTT. The association of categories of glucose tolerance (diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)) and fasting glycaemia (diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG)) with hypertension and hyperlipidaemia were also assessed. RESULTS: Prevalence of diabetes and IGT were 20.1 and 22.9%, respectively. FG (> 7 mmol/l) had a sensitivity of 56.7%. Using FG > 6.1 mmol/l, and OGTT in those above the threshold, the sensitivity for diabetes would have been 89.6%, with a positive predictive value of 59.0%, but 68.8% of cases of IGT would not have been detected. Patients with impaired fasting glucose (FG of 6.1-7.0 mmol/l) showed lower insulin sensitivity and impaired beta cell function, and a weaker association to hypertriglyceridaemia, when compared to IGT. CONCLUSION: FG > 7.0 mmol/l does not show a sufficient sensitivity for the screening of diabetes in obese patients. FG > 6. mmol/l has a satisfactory sensitivity for diabetes, but not for IGT. IFG has different pathophysiological features than IGT and cannot be assumed to have the same prognostic value of IGT.     

Pancreatic B-cell function is altered by oxidative stress induced by acute hyperglycaemia.

AIMS: Type 2 diabetes is preceded by a symptom-free period of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Pancreatic B-cell function decreases as glucose intolerance develops. In many patients with IGT, fasting blood glucose is within normal limits and hyperglycaemia occurs only postprandially. We examined whether pancreatic B-cell function changes during acute hyperglycaemia induced by oral glucose loading. METHODS: We calculated the insulinogenic index (I.I.) as an indicator of pancreatic B-cell function and measured serum levels of thioredoxin, a marker of cellular redox state, and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of oxidative stress, during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 45 subjects [24 patients with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 14 with IGT and seven with Type 2 diabetes]. RESULTS: Thioredoxin levels decreased after glucose loading [66.1 +/- 23.7, *59.3 +/- 22.4, *49.3 +/- 21.2 and *37.7 +/- 18.0 ng/ml, fasting (0 min) and at 30, 60 and 120 min, respectively; *P < 0.001 vs. fasting]. In contrast, concentrations of 8-OHdG peaked at 30 min and then gradually decreased (0.402 +/- 0.123, *0.440 +/- 0.120, 0.362 +/- 0.119 and 0.355 +/- 0.131 ng/ml, *P < 0.05 vs. fasting, P < 0.01 vs. 30 min). The insulinogenic index correlated with the change in thioredoxin levels (r = 0.34, P < 0.05). However, there was no relationship with the change in 8-OHdG levels from 0 to 30 min. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperglycaemia in response to oral glucose impairs pancreatic B-cell function with decreasing thioredoxin levels. The augmented oxidative stress induced by hyperglycaemia may affect the cellular redox state. These findings strongly suggest that repeated postprandial hyperglycaemia may play an important role in the development and progression of diabetes mellitus.     

The ten-year follow-up of the Bedford Survey (1962–1972): Glucose tolerance and diabetes

Summary In a 10-year prospective study of 241 people with borderline diabetes (impaired glucose tolerance) identified by screening of the Bedford adult population, 36 (15%) worsened to diabetes and 128 (53%) substantially improved their glucose tolerance. The major predictor of worsening to diabetes was the level of blood glucose at baseline. This was statistically significant (p < 0.05), independent of other factors, both for deterioration in the first and in the second five years of observation. Body mass index, a measure of adiposity, did not predict worsening to diabetes during the first five years, but was an independent and significant predictor of worsening during the second five years (p < 0.05). The apparent effect of adiposity was complex, for it was also significantly related to improvement in glucose tolerance during the 10-year follow-up. Persons with impaired glucose tolerance are a heterogeneous group and with present knowledge the ability to predict metabolic deterioration is limited.     

体重指数、腰围／臀围比与血压、血脂的相关性

本研究于１９９３年在北京地区抽取２５～６４岁的男女两性１２８２人，分析了体重指数（ＢＭＩ）、腰围／臀围比（ＷＨＲ）与血压、血脂的相关性。结果显示：男女两性的ＢＭＩ和ＷＨＲ均随年龄的增加而增加；男性ＷＨＲ显著高于女性（Ｐ＜０．００１），而ＢＭＩ无性别差异（Ｐ＝０．０６）。控制其它危险因素后，ＢＭＩ与男女两性的舒张压正相关；ＷＨＲ与血压的相关无显著性。ＢＭＩ、ＷＨＲ均与血脂独立相关，ＷＨＲ与血脂的相关性强于ＢＭＩ与血脂的相关性。本研究结果提示：ＢＭＩ反映的是调整身高后的体重值，它与血压的相关性较强；ＷＨＲ反映的是脂肪分布，它与血脂的相关性较强。此结果对高血压、高脂血症的防治具有重要的指导意义。