动态监测妊娠期糖尿病患者餐后血糖的变化规律

目的:利用动态血糖监测系统探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者餐后血糖变化规律。方法:对我院门诊产检孕妇进行GDM筛查,采用两步法进行诊断,选取15例GDM患者利用动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)进行连续72小时血糖监测。取餐后03、0、60、90、120、150、180分钟数据进行分析。结果:15例GDM孕妇早餐后血糖升幅较午餐及晚餐明显,进餐前血糖为最低时段(5.15±0.01)mmol/L。餐后3小时内平均血糖值5.96±1.63 mmol/L,餐后血糖峰、谷值分别为9.58±1.38 mmol/L、3.36±0.47 mmol/L;血糖波动最大幅度10.3 mmol/L。餐后2小时血糖≥7.2mmol/L者占47%(7例),餐后2小时血糖≥11.1 mmol/L者占6%(1例),餐后2小时、3小时血糖≤3.9 mmol/L者占27%(4例)。结论:CGMS系统有助于动态观察GDM患者餐后血糖水平,可为临床GDM患者饮食、运动、药物治疗的选择提供依据。     

妊娠合并糖代谢异常孕妇产程中血糖监测的前瞻性研究

目的　探讨妊娠合并糖代谢异常孕妇在产程中行血糖监测和处理后对新生儿血糖变化的影响。方法　选择妊娠合并糖代谢异常孕妇 4 0例 ,其中妊娠期糖尿病孕妇 30例 ,糖耐量低减孕妇8例 ,糖尿病合并妊娠孕妇 2例。产程中对其进行血糖动态监测 ,血糖异常者及时使用低剂量短效胰岛素静脉滴注 ,观察分娩后新生儿的血糖水平变化。结果　产程中糖代谢异常孕妇的血糖波动范围为 3 8～ 11 2mmol/L。其中 ,17例进行了胰岛素静脉滴注 (胰岛素用量范围为 1 5～ 3 0U) ,占糖代谢异常孕妇总数的 4 2 5 % (17/40 ) ,分娩后新生儿即刻血糖水平平均为 (4 0± 1 5 )mmol/L ,分娩后 2 4h的新生儿血糖水平为 (3 9± 1 0 )mmol/L ,发生新生儿低血糖 2例 ;2 3例未用胰岛素孕妇的新生儿生后即刻血糖水平平均为 (4 2± 1 5 )mmol/L ,分娩后 2 4h的新生儿血糖水平为 (3 9± 1 0 )mmol/L ,发生新生儿低血糖 1例。结论　妊娠合并糖代谢异常孕妇 ,在产程中行血糖监测和控制 ,可避免新生儿低血糖的发生。     

重组人生长激素治疗青春中后期特发性矮小症临床观察

目的探讨重组人生长激素(rhGH)对青春中、后期特发性矮小症(ISS)患儿的促生长效应。 方法于2003-10—2005-03在天津市南开医院就诊的19例青春中、后期ISS患者按骨龄被分为3组，A组骨龄130~139岁，10例(男7，女3)；B组骨龄140~149岁，6例(男4，女2)；C组骨龄150~160岁，3例(男2，女1)。每晚睡前皮下注射rhGH018~020IU/kg，共6个月。 结果3组ISS患者的身高分别由治疗前(1384±12)cm、(1442±18)cm和(1528±44)cm增至(1444±16)cm、(1487±12)cm和(1553±65)cm。3组患儿于治疗的前3个月促生长效果较明显，后3个月A组的促生长效果明显高于B组、C组，且依次递减，组间生长速度差异有显著性意义(P<005)；3组患儿用药前、后的体重、骨龄变化差异无显著性意义(P>005)；所有患者用药前后的甲状腺功能、血糖、血尿常规均正常。 结论rhGH治疗对青春中后期特发性矮小症有促生长效应，但应密切随访。     

小于胎龄儿血糖的系统监测

目的　探讨小于胎龄儿 (small for gestational age infant,SGA儿 )血糖监测的重点对象及持续时间 ,减少血糖异常造成的损伤。　方法　对 37例出生 (2 .6± 2 .4) h (0 .2 5～ 10 .0 h,中位数 2 .0 h)、非 NICU收治、入院时无输液且未开始喂养的 SGA儿进行为时 (133± 115 ) h (16～ 5 2 4h,中位数 93h)的血糖监测。　结果　监测过程中 2 4例 (6 4% )出现血糖异常 ,其中低血糖 19例(5 1% ) ,高血糖 2例 (5 % ) ,高血糖及低血糖均有发生 3例 (8% )。血糖异常最后发生时间的中位数为10 h,其 95 %可信限为 5～ 5 5 h。 3例反复低血糖发生时间超过 2 40 h。逐步回归分析显示分娩方式与早期血糖水平有关 (P=0 .0 13) ,自然分娩者早期血糖水平高 ;出生体重越低 ,血糖异常最后发生时间越晚 (P<0 .0 1)。另外 ,分析结果显示男婴血糖异常最后发生时间较晚 (P=0 .0 8)。监测期间 ,所有SGA儿未出现血糖异常的相应症状 ,13例予以部分或全静脉营养。　结论　 SGA儿为血糖异常 ,特别是低血糖高危人群 ;对非自然分娩出生的 SGA儿 ,尤应注意早期血糖监测 ;对所有 SGA儿 ,尤其是出生体重及其百分位数低者、男婴应行动态血糖监测 ,并持续至出生后 5 5 h     

丰富环境暴露对大鼠惊厥性脑损伤保护作用的探讨

目的探讨丰富环境对大鼠惊厥性脑损伤是否具有保护作用。 方法2004 08西安交通大学医学院对30只21日龄雄性SD大鼠经水浴法诱导反复惊厥10次后随机均分为长程丰富环境暴露组(LG)、短程丰富环境暴露组(SG)和对照组(CG)。LG、SG组分别暴露于丰富环境中10d和5d，CG组不给予干预措施。观察各组大鼠在避暗试验(passive avoidance test,PAT)、Morris水迷宫(Morris water maze,MWM)及旷场试验(open field test,OFT)中学习记忆和情感行为的变化。 结果丰富环境暴露可使反复惊厥大鼠在PAT中的记忆潜伏期延长\[LG组为(32342±9838)s，SG组为(27652±9264)s，CG组为(19713±9511)s，P<001\]，错误反应次数减少(LG组为175±101，SG组为214±113，CG组为537±126，P<001)；在OFT中，丰富环境暴露可增强反复惊厥大鼠的兴奋性(LG组得分为6235±781，SG组为5367±766，CG组为4548±734，P<001)，提高大鼠对陌生环境的适应能力(LG组后肢性站立的次数为3337±474，SG组为2618±423，CG组为1719±431，P<001)，改善大鼠的紧张情绪(LG组粪便粒数为385±201，SG组为614±198，CG组为1162±212，P<001)；在MWM中，丰富环境暴露可使反复惊厥大鼠逃逸潜伏期缩短，搜寻策略改善(LG、SG及CG组直线式搜寻策略所占百分比依次为378%、336%及272%,χ2=4102,P<0005)。 结论丰富环境暴露可以改善反复惊厥大鼠的学习记忆和情感行为，对惊厥性脑功能损伤具有保护作用。     

妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇血清瘦素水平及其与胰岛素和血糖关系的研究

目的　探讨妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇血清瘦素水平及其与胰岛素和血糖的关系。方法　采用放射免疫法 ,测定 36例妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇 (糖代谢异常组 )和 2 4例正常孕妇 (正常妊娠组 )的空腹及口服 50g葡萄糖后 3h的血清瘦素水平 ;采用电化学发光法测定两组孕妇的空腹血清胰岛素水平 ;采用低压液相色谱分析法测定两组孕妇的糖化血红蛋白 ;采用葡萄糖氧化酶法测定两组孕妇的口服 50g葡萄糖后 1h的血糖水平。结果　 (1 )糖代谢异常组孕妇血清瘦素水平为 (1 4 9± 4 3) μg/L ,正常妊娠组为 (1 0 0± 1 8) μg/L ,两组比较 ,差异有极显著性 (P <0 0 1 ) ;(2 )糖代谢异常组孕妇空腹血清胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、服糖后 1h血糖水平分别为 (1 2 9± 4 3)mU/L、 (6 1± 1 1 ) %、(1 1 0±1 4)mmol/L ;正常妊娠组孕妇分别为 (8 6± 3 2 )mU/L、(4 5± 1 0 ) %、(7 8± 1 2 )mmol/L。糖代谢异常组孕妇血清瘦素水平与空腹血清胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、服糖后 1h的血糖水平呈明显的正相关关系 ,相关系数 (r)分别为 0 835、0 758、0 561。结论　妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇空腹血清瘦素水平升高 ,其瘦素水平的高低与空腹血清胰岛素及血糖水平相关     

不同初治年龄对先天性肾上腺皮质增生症患儿发育的影响

目的了解不同初治年龄对先天性肾上腺皮质增生症(CAH)患儿身高、骨龄、性早熟等方面的影响。 方法将1982~2004年在上海新华医院和上海市儿科医学研究所内分泌、遗传代谢病专科诊治的32例CAH患儿(年龄：女≥8岁，男≥9岁)，按初治年龄分为≤3岁组(14例)和>3岁组(18例)，观察两组间末次复诊时骨龄与身高龄之差、性早熟例数及男女患儿发生性早熟的不同。 结果14例初治年龄≤3岁患儿末次复诊时骨龄与身高龄之差\[(30±20)岁\]与18例>3岁组\[(46±16)岁\]比较差异有显著性(P<005)，初治年龄>3岁组发生真性性早熟(9例)与≤3岁组(2例)比较差异有显著性(χ2=4453，P<005)。男性患儿发生真性性早熟(9例)与女性患儿(2例)比较差异有显著性(χ2=4794，P<005)。 结论CAH患儿≤3岁得到诊治者其预测终身高较>3岁方诊治者明显改善，其性早熟发生率明显减少，男性CAH患儿较女性CAH患儿更易发生性早熟。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白及血糖指标异常与妊娠结局的相关性

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者孕中期不同糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)和不同血糖指标异常与妊娠结局的相关性。方法:回顾性选择2014年1月至2016年9月在广州市妇女儿童医疗中心进行产检和分娩的2224例诊断为GDM的孕妇为研究对象。根据HbA1c水平将其分为4组:A组为6.0%(1375例),B组为6.0%～6.5%(619例),C组为6.6%～7.0%(170例),D组为7.0%(60例);对75 g OGTT检测结果中仅其中1项时间点血糖异常为GDMⅠ组(1328例)、两项时间点血糖异常为GDMⅡ组(638例)、3项时间点血糖异常为GDMⅢ组(258例)。采用多因素Logistic回归分析不同HbA1c水平和血糖异常项数对妊娠结局的影响。结果:①C组和D组孕妇孕前体质量指数(BMI)为超重及以上和经产妇的占比明显高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);GDMⅢ组孕妇年龄在36～40岁和40岁、孕前BMI为超重及以上、经产妇、有不良孕产史、有糖尿病家族史以及HbA1c水平为6.6%～7.0%和7.0%的占比都高于GDMⅠ组,但孕妇孕期体质量增长低于GDMⅠ组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。②HbA1c水平在6.6%～7.0%和7.0%时是导致发生不良妊娠结局的危险因素,OR值分别为1.75(95%CI 1.12～2.75)和3.03(95%CI 1.45～6.32);3项血糖值均异常时是导致发生不良妊娠结局的危险因素,OR值为2.13(95%CI 1.40～3.22)。结论:糖化血红蛋白水平越高,血糖异常项数越多,不良妊娠结局的发生率也越高,临床上应对HbA1c6.6%和(或)OGTT 3项血糖值异常的孕妇给予高度关注,及时采取应对措施,减少不良妊娠结局的发生。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童威斯康星卡片分类测验的临床价值

目的探讨中国文化背景下汉族注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童在威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)中的反应特征。 方法对2003-04—2004-03在中山大学附属三院儿童发育行为中心确诊的汉族ADHD儿童57例和63例正常儿童，采用修订版WCST进行了测试分析。 结果WCST的13个指标中ADHD组儿童有7个指标成绩都显著比正常对照组儿童差(P<005，P<001)。ADHD儿童与正常儿童在WCST中持续性错误数(RPE)分别为(2684±1087)与(2283±1035),P<005，总错误数(RE)分别为(5758±1806)与(4933±1855),P<005，持续性反应数(RP)分别为(3039±1388)与(2549±1268),P<005，完成总应答数(RA)分别为(12760±177)与(12286±1104)，P<001，完成分类数(CC)分别为(286±146)与(378±181),P<001，正确应答数百分比(RCP)分别为(5496±1400)与(6050±1338),P<005，概念化水平(RFP)分别为(4080±1761)与(4777±1772),P<005。控制年龄的偏相关分析显示症状、诊断都分别与WCST的多个指标相关，其中完成分类数(CC)与症状、诊断均相关。 结论汉族ADHD儿童的认知功能、认知转移能力、抽象概括能力、概念形成的洞察力不足。推测汉族ADHD儿童可能存在额叶功能缺陷。WCST可以考虑作为ADHD临床诊断的参考测验，其中较稳定的指标是完成分类数。     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇分娩后血糖异常的相关因素分析

目的　探讨妊娠期糖尿病 (GDM)孕妇分娩后 2个月的 75g葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT)结果 ,及其与血糖异常的相关因素。方法　对 2 94例GDM孕妇于分娩后 2个月行OGTT ,按世界卫生组织标准进行再分类 ,即 2型糖尿病 (2型DM)、糖耐量低减 (IGT)和血糖正常。并对其相关因素进行分析。结果　 (1) 2 94例孕妇中 160例 (5 4 4% )血糖正常 (血糖正常组 ) ,75例 (2 5 5 % )IGT (IGT组 ) ,5 9例 (2 0 1% ) 2型DM(2型DM组 )。 (2 ) 2型DM组的诊断孕周早于其他两组 (P <0 0 1) ;5 0g葡萄糖负荷试验 (GCT)的血糖、OGTT中的空腹血糖、以及诊断时的糖化血红蛋白 (HbA1c)均明显高于其他两组(P <0 0 1) ;胰岛素治疗的孕周最早 ,胰岛素使用率高于血糖正常组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,胰岛素的剂量也明显大于其他两组 ;分娩后 1周内的空腹和餐后 2h血糖仍明显高于其他两组 (P <0 0 1)。 (3 ) 3组孕妇间体重、年龄、家族史等比较 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　GDM孕妇中约有 1/ 4为IGT ,1/ 5为 2型DM ;后者在孕期表现为发病早 ,空腹血糖高 ,使用胰岛素机会多     

Insulin resistance and β-cell function influence postprandial blood glucose levels in Japanese patients with gestational diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Aims/introduction: The aim of this study in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was to evaluate the relationship of insulin resistance and secretion to area-under-the-sensor glucose concentration–time curve from before to 120?min postmeal (CGM-AUC_0–120?min) as determined with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).

Materials and methods: Immunoreactive insulin and HbA1c were determined in 22 Japanese patients with GDM undergoing a 75?g oral glucose tolerance test. Patients underwent CGM within 3 weeks of receiving a diagnosis of GDM.

Results: HbA1c (NGSP) was 5.5?±?0.4%, BMI was 24.8?±?5.3?kg/m², mean sensor glucose by CGM was 94.2?±?10.3?mg/dL, standard deviation was 17.5?±?4.4?mg/dL, and CGM-AUC_0–120?min was 204.2?±?23.8?h?mg/dL. The insulin resistance indices the homeostasis model assessment ratio (HOMA-R), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), and the Matsuda Index were correlated with CGM-AUC_0–120?min. The disposition index (DI), which was used to evaluate insulin secretion, was negatively correlated with CGM-AUC_0–120?min.

Conclusions: Not only insulin resistance but also beta cell dysfunction contributes to postprandial hyperglycemia in Japanese patients with GDM.     

Continuous glucose monitoring for the evaluation and improved control of gestational diabetes mellitus

Objectives: To compare the daily glycemic profile reflected by continuous versus self-monitoring of blood glucose in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and to evaluate possible differences in treatment strategy based on the two monitoring methods. Materials and methods: The study sample consisted of 57 women with gestational diabetes, 47 in Israel and ten in California. Gestational age ranged from 24 to 32 weeks in the Israeli women, and 32 to 36 weeks in the American women. Data derived from the Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) System (MiniMed) for 72 h were compared to fingerstick glucose measurements (6-8 times a day). During continuous monitoring, patients documented the timing of food intake, insulin injections and hypoglycemic events. Results: In the Israeli group, 23 women were treated by diet alone, and 24 by diet plus insulin. An average of 763 ± 62 glucose measurements was recorded for each patient with continuous glucose monitoring. The mean total time of hyperglycemia (glucose level > 140 mg/dl) undetected by the fingerstick method was 132 ± 31 min/day in the insulin-treated group and 94 ± 23 min/day in the diet-treated group. Nocturnal hypoglycemic events (glucose levels < 50 mg/dl) were recorded in 14 patients, all insulin-treated. On the basis of the additional information provided by continuous monitoring, the therapeutic regimen (insulin therapy, diet adjustment, or both) was changed in 36 of the 47 patients. All ten American women were treated with insulin. The mean time of undetected hyperglycemia for a total group monitoring time of 30 days was 78 ± 13 min/day. Eight women had nocturnal hypoglycemia on at least one of the three nights of monitoring for a total of 12 nights. A change in insulin dosage was made in all women on the basis of the data provided by continuous glucose monitoring. Conclusion: Continuous glucose monitoring is helpful for monitoring women with GDM and for adjusting diabetes therapy. It can accurately detect high postprandial blood glucose levels and nocturnal hypoglycemic events that may go unrecognized by intermittent blood glucose monitoring. A large prospective study on maternal and neonatal outcome is needed to determine the clinical implications of this new monitoring technique.     

Forty-eight-hour first-trimester glucose profiles in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a report of three cases of congenital malformation

OBJECTIVE: Despite modern methods of treatment and near-normal HbA(1c) levels, women with type 1 diabetes mellitus are still at risk of having an infant with a congenital malformation (CM). We hypothesised that HbA(1c) levels are too gross a measure of glycaemic control and used a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) to determine the diurnal glucose profiles during the first trimester of pregnancy. We present three cases of infants with a CM. METHODS: Fifty-three women with type 1 diabetes used the CGMS for 48 h in the first trimester of pregnancy. Three of them gave birth to infants with a CM. HbA(1c) levels were determined at the time of the CGMS measurement and 6 to 8 weeks later. RESULTS: The HbA(1c) levels at the time of the CGMS measurement were 6.0, 6.5 and 7.8% (normal range 4.0-6.0%) in the three women. The 48-h diurnal glucose profiles of these women showed a large variability with frequent hyperglycaemic episodes. CONCLUSIONS: HbA(1c) levels are too gross a measure of glycaemic control to identify women at risk of giving birth to an infant with a CM. Even in women with normal or near-normal HbA(1c) levels, the diurnal glucose profiles reveal intermittent hyperglycaemic episodes that may cause the CM.     

Day-to-day glucose variability during pregnancy in women with Type 1 diabetes mellitus: glucose profiles measured with the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System

OBJECTIVE: To observe day-to-day variability in glucose levels in pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes using the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS) and to assess the usefulness of continuous glucose measurements for adjustment of insulin treatment. DESIGN: A prospective observational study. SETTING: The obstetrical outpatient clinic of the University Medical Centre Utrecht. POPULATION: Pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Thirty-one pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes used the CGMS for two consecutive days. Patients were classified in two groups (high vs low day-to-day variability) based on visual inspection of the glucose excursions. The relationship between day-to-day variability and the variables HbA(1c), maternal age and body mass index (BMI), duration of diabetes, number of self-monitored blood glucose levels, number of insulin injections, gestational age, nutrition, physical activity, White classification, living with children and method of insulin administration was determined. The two days of the first 20 CGMS measurements were separated and four physicians were asked to give recommendations on treatment adjustment for each separate day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean absolute difference (MAD) was calculated for each patient as measure of day-to-day variability. RESULTS: Seventeen patients (55%) were classified as having low (MAD 0.92-2.33 mmol/L) and 14 (45%) as having high day-to-day variability (MAD 2.41-6.12 mmol/L). Of the variables measured, only the relation between MAD and HbA(1c) was significant (r= 0.58, P= 0.001). The difference in recommendation on treatment adjustment between the days of the CGMS measurement ranged from 29% to 48%. This percentage was significantly higher in the high day-to-day variability group (48 vs 33%, P= 0.01). CONCLUSION: Day-to-day glucose variability is high and the treatment of pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes is a problem. Fine-tuning of insulin regimens based on two-day measurements with the CGMS is not advisable.     

Insulin-meal interval and short-term glucose fluctuation in tightly controlled gestational diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of two insulin-meal intervals on short-term glucose fluctuations in tightly controlled gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS: We performed a prospective and paired study in 11 Japanese GDM women requiring insulin for good glycemic control during the third trimester. The women were subjected to test two insulin-meal intervals: 15 min and 30 min. Both regimens were examined in each patient in random order, 2 days apart. Blood glucose was measured by an automated glucose monitor every 2 min. Short-term glucose fluctuations of the two observations were analyzed by two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements with a post hoc t test (p < 0.05). Data were expressed as mean +/- SD. RESULTS: Daily glucose profiles of the two groups showed that their glycemic controls on the days of observation were good and that the two glucose profile curves were superimposable. A transient decrease in glucose (nadir 62 +/- 6 mg/dl) was observed at 6-10 min of meal ingestion in the 30-min regimen, which was significantly different from the glucose fluctuations during the 15-min regimen. The 2-h postprandial glucose levels were similar in both experiments. CONCLUSIONS: In women with tightly controlled GDM during the third trimester, insulin-meal intervals of 15 min are beneficial when compared with 30-min intervals, in that they avoid preprandial hypoglycemia without increasing 2-h postprandial hyperglycemia.     

Insulin-meal interval and short-term glucose fluctuation in tightly controlled gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective: To study the effect of two insulin-meal intervals on short-term glucose fluctuations in tightly controlled gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: We performed a prospective and paired study in 11 Japanese GDM women requiring insulin for good glycemic control during the third trimester. The women were subjected to test two insulin-meal intervals: 15 min and 30 min. Both regimens were examined in each patient in random order, 2 days apart. Blood glucose was measured by an automated glucose monitor every 2 min. Short-term glucose fluctuations of the two observations were analyzed by two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements with a post hoc t test ( p < 0.05). Data were expressed as mean &#45 SD. Results: Daily glucose profiles of the two groups showed that their glycemic controls on the days of observation were good and that the two glucose profile curves were superimposable. A transient decrease in glucose (nadir 62 &#45 6 mg/dl) was observed at 6-10 min of meal ingestion in the 30-min regimen, which was significantly different from the glucose fluctuations during the 15-min regimen. The 2-h postprandial glucose levels were similar in both experiments. Conclusions: In women with tightly controlled GDM during the third trimester, insulin-meal intervals of 15 min are beneficial when compared with 30-min intervals, in that they avoid preprandial hypoglycemia without increasing 2-h postprandial hyperglycemia.     

Optimal timing for postprandial glucose measurement in pregnant women with diabetes and a non-diabetic pregnant population evaluated by the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS)

OBJECTIVE: Using the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS; Medtronic Minimed) for a group of pregnant women with and without glucose intolerance, we attempted to answer the following questions: (1) when does the physiological peak of postprandial glucose occur?; (2) do non-diabetic pregnant women and pregnant women with diabetes have different postprandial glucose profiles?; and (3) what is the optimal time for postprandial glucose measurement rated according to clinical outcome? METHODS: We included 53 pregnant women in our study. Based on the criteria of the German Diabetes Association (fasting, 5.0 mmol/L; 1-h, 10.0 mmol/L; 2-h, 8.6 mmol/L) we included 13 women with gestational diabetes, four with type 1 diabetes and 36 non-diabetic pregnant (NDP) women. Gestational and type 1 diabetics were classed as one group: pregnancy complicated by diabetes (PCD). Patients with carbohydrate intolerance underwent dietary counseling in accordance with the recommendations of the American Diabetes Association. Patients received a CGMS for use over 72 h. This was calibrated seven times a day with an Accu-Check. The pre- and postprandial glucose levels were documented at 15-min intervals for 3 h from the beginning of each meal. The postprandial data from the three meals were added. The group was divided according to three clinical outcome parameters: mode of delivery, birth weight percentile, and diabetes-associated complications. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences between groups were found for body mass index, fetal birth weight and oral glucose tolerance test. No significant differences were found for age, parity and gestational age, mode of delivery, and diabetes-associated complications. The sensor provided similar numbers of measurements in both groups (278+/-43 vs. 298+/-73, P = 0.507). The postprandial glucose peak was reached after 82+/-18 min in the non-diabetics vs. 74+/-23 min in the PCD group (not significant). Postprandial glucose values were normally slightly higher in PCD (not significant). We added the postprandial glucose values at each time interval for the three meals for each day. For the sum, there was a significant difference between the measurements at 120 min and at 135 min postprandial (P < 0.05). Dividing the group by clinical outcome showed a significant difference between the postprandial time intervals of 75 min and 105 min (P < 0.05). In addition, the time interval was different from 60 min to 135 min for the mode of delivery and birth weight percentile (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The 120-min interval is too long and has a lower correlation to clinical outcome parameters than earlier measurements. Our findings show that the optimal time for testing is between 45 and 120 min postprandial. Based on our practical experience and dietary recommendations, we would prefer a 60-min interval, because patients can calculate this more easily and can have more freedom to eat the recommended number of snacks.     

The postprandial glucose profile in the diabetic pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: A controversy exists regarding the time to monitor blood glucose in the diabetic pregnancy (60 or 120 minutes after meals). Using a novel approach that provides continuous measurement of blood glucose, we sought to determine postprandial glucose profile in the diabetic pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: Subjects were connected to a continuous glucose monitoring system for 72 consecutive hours. A continuous glucose monitoring system measures the interstitial glucose levels in subcutaneous tissue every 5 minutes. Women were instructed to record the time of each meal during the study period. For each meal, the first 240 minutes were analyzed. RESULTS: Sixty-five women participated in the study: 26 women were treated by diet alone; 19 women received insulin therapy, and 20 women had type 1 diabetes mellitus. The time interval from meal to peak postprandial glucose levels was similar in all the evaluated types of diabetic pregnancies and in good and poor control insulin-treated patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (approximately 90 minutes). Failure to return to preprandial glucose values within a 3-hour observation period was identified in approximately 50% of the patients. A similar postprandial glucose peak time was obtained for breakfast, lunch, and dinner in all study groups. Postprandial hypoglycemia events were noted in approximately 10% of the meals and occurred about 160 minutes after mealtime. CONCLUSION: The time interval for postprandial glucose peak in diabetic pregnancies is approximately 90 minutes after meals throughout the day and is not affected by the level of glycemic control. This information should be considered in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy.     

儿童1型糖尿病不同病期胰岛素用量相关调节参数的探讨

目的观察儿童1型糖尿病(1型DM)不同病期的胰岛素用量及其与代谢和胰岛β 细胞功能之间的相关关系。 方法山东省立医院儿科于1998年10月至2004年12月，连续观察就诊的35例1型DM患儿急性代谢紊乱期(急性期)、暂时缓解期(蜜月期)及强化期空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹C肽/FBG(C肽/FBG)及胰岛素(INS)用量，并计算各期胰岛素敏感指数(ISF)。比较上述指标在三期间的差异并与33例健康儿童(对照组)对比前4项指标的差异；观察急性期患儿进入蜜月期的百分率。观察胰岛素用量与C肽/FBG之间的直线相关关系。 结果(1)FBG、2hPBG、HbA1c在不同病期之间差异均有显著性意义，从高到低依次为急性期、强化期、蜜月期;蜜月期FBG、2hPBG与对照组比较差异无显著性意义；C肽/FBG在急性期与强化期比较及蜜月期与对照组比较时差异均无显著性意义，其余各组之间比较差异均有显著性意义；INS用量在不同病期之间比较差异均有显著性意义，从高到低依次为急性期、强化期及蜜月期；ISF在急性期与强化期比较差异无显著性意义，二者与蜜月期比较差异均有显著性意义。急性期患儿657%进入蜜月期。(2)INS用量与C肽/FBG之间呈现显著性直线负相关(r=-091,P<0001)，回归方程:每天INS用量=106-177×(C肽/FBG)。 结论对1型DM儿童可依据糖代谢指标的变化调整胰岛素的用量，其中，C肽/FBG作为INS用量调整的参考依据最准确，可根据二者之间的回归方程由C肽/FBG粗略计算胰岛素用量，并根据餐前血糖及胰岛素敏感指数对胰岛素用量进行调整。     

Assessment of self monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in diabetic pregnant women

We instructed pregnant women with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) how to monitor their own blood glucose concentrations and evaluated the efficiency and feasibility of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy. Self-monitored glucose concentrations with a reflectance meter correlated with those of hospital laboratory measurements (hexokinase method) with a coefficient of more than 0.9. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) levels of the patients were normalized with insulin treatment based on the self-monitored glucose concentrations. In pregnant women with NIDDM who monitored their blood glucose concentrations before breakfast, the fasting glucose concentrations could be lowered by insulin administration and the duration of hospitalization could be shortened compared to non-monitored patients. Although diurnal variations were prominent in pregnant women with IDDM and precise control of their blood glucose concentrations was difficult with conventional insulin administration, even if the patients had monitored their glucose concentrations 7 times a day, the mean glucose concentrations and M values could be kept in the optimum range in patients treated with CSII. These methods have contributed to the improvement in maternal and infant complications.