注意缺陷多动障碍与多巴胺转运体基因的关联分析

目的 分析多巴胺转运体基因3′端40bp可变数串联重复多态性与注意缺陷多动障碍之间的关系.方法 运用聚合酶连反应和可变数串联重复多态性分析技术对西安地区汉族人群中54例符合美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册第4版诊断标准的注意缺陷多动障碍儿童(n=54)及其父母(n=108)和正常对照组(n=66)进行多巴胺转运体基因3′端40bp可变数串联重复多态性检测,采用病例对照研究和核心家系关联分析(HRR和TDT)等统计方法进行注意缺陷多动障碍与多巴胺转运体基因多态性的关联分析.结果 所测人群中多巴胺转运体的40bp可变数串联重复多态性表现出7～11倍重复的5种等位基因,其中最常见的等位基因为10倍重复的480bp片段,占90.6%.共检出6种基因型,其中最常见的基因型为480bp/480bp,占82.1%.各基因型频率和等位基因频率在注意缺陷多动障碍组与对照组和核心家系中的分布均无显著性差异(均P>0.05).基因型为非480bp/480bp型在Conners-T教师问卷品行、多动、注意分散、多动指数和行为总分均高于基因型480bp/480bp,但无显著性差异(P>0.05).对54个注意缺陷多动障碍核心家系进行HRR和TDT关联分析,未显示注意缺陷多动障碍和多巴胺转运体基因存在关联.结论 在西安地区汉族人群中多巴胺转运体基因与注意缺陷多动障碍之间无显著性关联,多巴胺转运体基因多态性中的10倍重复等位基因可能不是注意缺陷多动障碍的遗传危险因素.     

多巴胺转运体基因多态性与注意缺陷多动障碍的关联性研究

【目的】探讨多巴胺转运体(DAT1)基因3^ 端40bp可变数串联重复(variable number of tandem repeat，VNTR)多态性与注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity dimmer，ADHD)之间的关系。【方法】运用聚合酶连反应(PCR)和VNTR多态性分析技术对西安地区汉族人群中54例符合DSM-Ⅳ诊断标准的ADHD儿童和其父母进行DAT1基因3^ 端40bpVNTR多态性检测，采用基于单体型的单体型相对风险(haplotype-based haplotype relative risk，HHRR)和传递不平衡检验(trarksmission disequilibrium test，TDT)等统计方法进行ADHD与DAT1基因多态性的关联分析。【结果】①所测人群中DAT1的40bpVNTR多态性表现出7～11倍重复的5种等位基因，其中最常见的等位基因为10倍重复的480bp片段，占90．7％。共检出6种基因型，其中最常见的基因型为480bp／480bp，占82．1％。②对54个ADHD核心家系进行HHRR和TDT关联分析，未显示出ADHD和DAT1基因存在关联。【结论】在西安地区汉族人群中DAT1基因与ADHD之间无显著性关联，DAT1基因多态性中的10倍重复等位基因可能不是ADHD的遗传危险因素。     

单胺氧化酶A基因与暴力攻击行为关系

目的 探讨单胺氧化酶A(MAOA)基因与暴力攻击行为的关联性.方法 采用聚合酶链式反应-序列特异性引物(PCR-SSP)方法,检测91名某监狱暴力犯罪服刑人员(攻击组)和101名正常对照者(对照组)MAOA基因家族中rs6323位点的基因型,并常规电泳检测基因型.应用SPSS 13.0软件分析攻击组和对照组的等位基因和基因型分布规律.结果 在MAOA基因rs6323位点攻击组、对照组GG基因型频率分别为50.5%,58.4%,TT基因型频率分别为49.5%,41.6%;攻击组、对照组G等位基因频率分别为50.5%,58.4%,T等位基因频率分别为49.5%,41.6%;基因型与等位基因在攻击组和对照组的频数分布差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 MAOA基因rs6323位点基因多态性与暴力攻击行为可能无关联,但不排除MAOA基因其他SNPs与暴力攻击行为相关联.     

DAT13’端VNTR区多态性与异常体液型癌症的相关性研究

目的探讨多巴胺转运体基因1(DAT1)3’端40bp VNTR多态性与新疆省维吾尔族异常体液型癌症的相关性。方法按维吾尔医将癌症患者分为4种体液型,采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和VNTR多态性分析技术对新疆省维吾尔族47例异常黑胆质型癌症患者、26例其它异常体液型癌症患者和57例正常对照组DAT1多态性进行检测,比较各组间等位基因和基因型频率分布的差异。结果(1)所测人群中,DAT1 VNTR多态性表现出6～11倍重复的6种等位基因,其中最为常见的等位基因为10倍重复的480bp片段,其基因频率为90.4%。共检出6种基因型,其中最常见的基因型为480bp/480bp,占80.7%。(2)DAT1 VNTR10倍重复等位基因及10/10基因型个体患异常黑胆质型癌症的发病风险与非10倍重复等位基因和非10/10基因型个体差异无统计学意义(P=0.158,OR=1.994,95%CI为0.754～5.275;P=0.138,OR=2.143,95%CI为0.772～5.947);异常黑胆质型癌症患者和其它异常体液型癌症患者的DAT1 VNTR等位基因及基因型频率的差异均无显著性(P=0.729;P=0.782)。结论DAT13’端40bp可变串联重复多态性可能与维吾尔医异常体液型癌症易感性无关。     

BDNF基因二核苷酸多态性与儿童孤独症的关系

目的:探讨BDNF基因二核苷酸多态性的等位基因及基因型与儿童孤独症的关系。方法:按照ICD-10及CCMD-3的儿童孤独症诊断标准,以儿童孤独症评定量表、孤独症行为检查量表、儿童适应行为评定量表及儿童生长发育调查记录表作为评估、调查工具,在华西医院心理卫生中心门诊收集75例儿童孤独症患者的临床资料。根据儿童孤独症的神经发育障碍假说,以儿童孤独症为研究对象,进行神经发育相关的BDNF基因的二核苷酸重复多态性位点的检测,用SPSS11.0进行统计分析。结果:含二核苷酸重复多态性的A1(174bp)等位基因与儿童孤独症的社会交往因子呈负相关,而含A3(170bp)等位基因与之呈正相关,患者的适应水平也受到相应影响。结论:二核苷酸重复多态性的A1等位基因可能对孤独症的症状表达具有抑制作用,而A3等位基因对孤独症的症状表达有促发作用,并且影响儿童孤独症患者的社会适应水平。     

5-羟色胺转运体基因多态性与女性围绝经期及绝经后期首发抑郁障碍的关联研究

目的:研究5-羟色胺(5-HT)转运体基因多态性与女性围绝经期及绝经后期首发抑郁障碍的关联,以探索此时期抑郁障碍发生的遗传易感基因。方法:通过病例-对照研究设计,纳入63例围绝经期及绝经后期首发抑郁障碍汉族女性患者为病例组,131例围绝经期及绝经后期健康汉族女性为对照组,应用聚合酶链反应—限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法,进行5-HT转运体基因启动子区域(5-HTTLPR)功能三等位多态位点及其第2内含子上的可变数目串联重复序列多态位点Stin2的基因分型。结果:5-HTTLPR功能三等位多态各基因型和等位基因频率分布在病例组及对照组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),LA等位基因和LALA基因型为此时期抑郁障碍患病的危险等位基因和基因型。Stin2位点各基因型和等位基因频率分布在病例组及对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。5-HTTLPR与Stin2位点构建的单体型中L12单体型与患病存在关联。结论:5-HTT基因多态性与围绝经期及绝经后期抑郁障碍的发生存在关联。     

5-羟色胺转运体基因启动子区和多巴胺D4受体基因多态性与驾驶员事故倾向性的关系

目的 研究5-羟色胺转运体基因启动子区(5-HTTLPR)、多巴胺D4受体(DRD4)基因上游调控区的-521 C/T多态是否与驾驶员事故倾向性及其A型行为和个性特征存在关联.方法 采用病例对照研究,选取事故倾向性驾驶员和正常对照驾驶员各46例.用A型行为量表和EPQ量表进行A型行为及心理评定.采用限制性片段长度多态性分析(PCR- RFLP)技术对5-HTTLPR、DRD4基因-521 C/T多态进行基因型和等位基因频率检测.结果 病例组A型行为问卷中时间紧迫感(TH)及TH+无端敌意(CH)分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),EPQ问卷中精神质(P)、神经质(N)分量表得分明显高于对照组,真实性(L)分量表分低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义( P＜0.05,P＜0.01).病例组与对照组间5-HTTLPR基因的基因型及等位基因频率分布的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),DRD4基因的基因型及等位基因频率分布的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).事故倾向性驾驶员5-HTTLPR基因中S(S)基因型的P分量表分高于S/L+L/L基因型,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);DRD4基因中TT基因型的E分量表分高于T/C+C/C基因型,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 5-HTTLPR基因与驾驶员事故倾向性有关联,而DRD4基因可能与其无关联;这2个基因与事故倾向性驾驶员的A型行为及个性特征有关联;但对这些行为及个性,5-HTTLPR与DRD4基因可能不存在相互协同作用.     

eNOS基因多态性与原发性高血压及其脑梗塞易感性的关系

[目的]探讨内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)基因27 bp数目可变的串联重复序列(VNTR)多态性与原发性高血压(EH)及其脑梗塞易感性的关系.[方法]①采用PCR-琼脂糖凝胶电泳法检测227例EH患者(其中123例无脑梗塞EH(-),104例并发脑梗塞EH( )和145例对照者27 bp VNTR基因型;②硝酸还原酶法测定对照组空腹血清-氧化氮代谢物(NOx)水平.[结果]①EH组aa ab基因型及a等位基因频率高于对照组(基因型0.220/0.083;等位基因0.121/0.041,P值均＜0.01);EH( )组与EH(-)组间基因频率分布类似.以65岁进行年龄分层,EH＜65组aa ab基因型及a等位基因频率高于对照组＜65组(基因型0.256/0.073;等位基因0.140/0.036,P值均＜0.01);EH( )＜65组aa ab基因型及a等位基因频率高于EH(-)＜65组(基因型0.347/0.194;等位基因0.194/0.104,P值均＜0.05).②多因素分析表明,27 bp VNTR多态性是EH发生的独立危险因素,也是65岁以下EH患者发生脑梗塞的独立危险因素.③对照组aa ab基因型空腹血清NOx低于bb基因型(P＜0.05).[结论]①eNOS基因27 bp VNTR多态性可能与原发性高血压及其早发脑梗塞有关;②a等位基因可能通过减少内皮基础NO释放参与上述病变的发生.     

创造酶切位点PCR-RFLP检测MTHFR(rs2274976)基因多态性

目的建立简便易用的MTHFR基因单核苷酸多态(rs2274976)的检测方法。方法应用创造酶切位点原理设计引物,通过PCR-RFLP技术判断MTHFR基因SNP位点多态性。结果设计一对特异引物,其中正向引物3’末端与多态相邻,倒数第二位碱基为错配碱基C可在PCR扩增后与多态G等位基因及相邻片段形成CCGG结构,使用限制性内切酶MspI进行RFLP检测可判断MTHFR多态性。结论应用创造酶切位点PCR-RFLP原理建立的MTHFR多态位点的检测方法具备简便、经济、快速的特点。     

内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因多态性与2型糖尿病并发冠心病的相关性研究

目的探讨汉族人内皮固有型一氧化氮合酶(ecNOS)基因外显子7单核苷酸多态性(G894T)和内含子4可变数目串联重复序列插入/缺失多态性(4b/a)与2型糖尿病(T2DM)并发冠心病的关联性。方法提取80例T2DM患者、92例T2DM并发冠心病患者及119例健康人的基因组DNA,用聚合酶链反应—限制片段长度多态性法测定G894T多态性,用聚合酶链反应-可变数目串联重复序列法测定4b/a多态性。结果3组间G894T多态性基因型(χ2=11.112,P=0.004)和等位基因(χ2=12.262,P=0.002)频率分布存在统计学差异;3组间4b/a多态性基因分布无差别;携带T等位基因的T2DM患者较之GG基因型者发生冠心病的危险性升高(OR=3.293,P=0.005)。结论ecNOS基因894位点T等位基因是T2DM并发冠心病的独立危险因素。4b/a多态性与T2DM或T2DM并发冠心病无关。     

交通事故与驾驶员因素的关系

目的　探讨驾驶员的生活事件、驾驶紧张、寻衅性驾驶等因素对交通事故的影响。方法　采用生活事件量表、驾驶紧张问卷、寻衅性驾驶行为问卷等测试了 90 5名汽车驾驶员 ,并调查了交通事故经历和影响事故的因素。结果　事故驾驶员的生活事件、驾驶紧张和寻衅驾驶得分分别为 2 1.79± 14 .10、2 3.81± 11.86、9.4 2± 8.2 5 ,明显高于无事故组 (分别为 16 .82± 8.4 5、2 0 .0 9± 10 .6 3、5 .6 6± 7.5 4 ) ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;且交通事故次数与生活事件、驾驶紧张、寻衅性驾驶、疲劳驾驶、每周驾车时间、饮酒指数有明显的相关 (P <0 .0 5 )。Logistic回归 (Forward :LR法 )分析表明 ,交通事故与每周驾驶时间、疲劳驾驶、寻衅性驾驶、饮酒指数的关系密切。结论　驾驶员的生活事件、驾驶紧张、寻衅性驾驶是影响交通事故的重要因素。     

No association between a polymorphism in the promoter region of the MAOA gene with antisocial personality traits in alcoholics

AIMS: We analysed the MAOAuVNTR functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the X-chromosomal monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene. Genotypes with three-repeat alleles were reported to be associated with antisocial as well as impulsive traits. METHODS: The repeat number (3-5) of the MAOA polymorphism was determined in 169 male alcoholic subjects and 72 controls of German descent. Behavioural and personality traits were evaluated using the Brown-Goodwin Assessment for History of Lifetime Aggression, the Buss Durkee Hostility Inventory, as well as the Barrat Impulsiveness Score. A median split in Brown-Goodwin, Buss Durkee Irritability, Buss Durkee Assault and Barrat Impulsiveness Score was conducted. RESULTS: High scores were found, i.e. 47.9% in Brown-Goodwin, 65.7% in Buss Durkee Irritability, 63.3% in Buss Durkee Assault and 59.8% in Barrat Impulsiveness Scale, indicating high impulsiveness, irritability and antisocial behaviour. Based on the results of these questionnaires, we detected no significant differences between the frequency of the three-repeat allele and high or low scores in alcoholics and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these findings suggest that the three-repeat allele of the MAOAuVNTR 30-bp polymorphism is not associated with impulsive and aggressive personality traits.     

驾驶人员路怒情绪与驾驶风格及攻击行为相关分析

目的 了解驾驶人员的路怒情绪与驾驶风格及攻击性驾驶行为之间的相关性。方法 2015年6-8月,采用方便抽样法抽取河北省沧州、唐山等市313名驾驶人员,使用多维度驾驶风格量表、驾驶人愤怒表达量表及驾驶风格量表进行调查。结果 在驾驶风格因子中的冒险型、愤怒型和焦虑型方面,女性驾驶人员得分分别为（18.89±6.08）、（14.27±4.58）和（30.01±9.78）分,均低于男性驾驶员的（20.57±4.94）、（16.88±4.66）、（32.78±7.23）分,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）;<2年驾龄的驾驶人员攻击行为的驾驶空间占用、获得领先和人际攻击维度的得分高于驾龄>5年的驾驶人员;2～5年驾龄的驾驶人员攻击行为的无视他人和驾驶空间占用、获得领先、人际攻击维度的得分均高于驾龄>5年的驾驶人员（P<0.05）;职业与非职业驾驶人员在愤怒情绪的操作强度、操作频率、言语攻击、对车发泄、自我调节维度得分差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.01）;私家小汽车驾驶人员在愤怒情绪的操作强度、操作频率、言语攻击和对车发泄因子上的得分显著低于其他车型驾驶人员的得分（均P<0.01）;驾驶风格的冒险型和焦虑型因子与驾驶愤怒情绪各因子（P<0.01）及攻击性驾驶行为各因子（P<0.05）呈显著正相关;驾驶风格的愤怒型因子与驾驶愤怒情绪的操作强度、操作频率、言语攻击和自我调节呈显著正相关（P<0.01）,同时和攻击行为的无视他人、驾驶空间占用、快速前进和获得领先因子呈正相关（P<0.05）;焦虑型驾驶风格对攻击性驾驶行为有预测作用（β=1.830,P<0.001）。结论 驾驶人员的愤怒情绪与驾驶风格受性别、驾龄、驾驶车型及是否为职业驾驶员等因素的影响;驾驶人员在驾驶风格量表中得分越高,驾驶人员的愤怒情绪表现越强烈,在驾驶中越易出现攻击性驾驶行为。     

Peer Passengers: How Do They Affect Teen Crashes?

PurposeThe specific mechanisms by which peer passengers increase teen drivers' crash risk are not completely understood. We aimed to provide insight on the two primary hypothesized mechanisms, distraction and promotion of risk-taking behavior, for male and female teen drivers and further for select driver–passenger gender combinations.MethodsFrom the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey (2005–2007), we analyzed a nationally representative sample of 677 drivers aged 16–18 years (weighted n = 277,484) involved in serious crashes, to compare the risk of specific distraction-related and risk-taking–related precrash factors (documented via on-scene crash investigation) for teens driving with peer passengers and teens driving alone.ResultsCompared with males driving alone, those with peer passengers were more likely to perform an aggressive act (risk ratio, RR [95% confidence interval] = 2.36 [1.29–4.32]) and perform an illegal maneuver (RR = 5.88 [1.81–19.10]) just before crashing; risk taking increased regardless of passenger gender. Crash-involved males with passengers were also more likely to be distracted by an exterior factor (RR = 1.70 [1.15–2.51]). Conversely, females with passengers were more often engaged in at least one interior nondriving activity (other than conversing with passengers) (RR = 3.87 [1.36–11.06]), particularly when driving with opposite-gender passengers. Female drivers, both with and without passengers, rarely drove aggressively or performed an illegal maneuver before crashing.ConclusionsPassengers may affect male teen driver crashes through both distraction and risk-promoting pathways, and female involvement primarily through internal distraction. Results of this and future studies investigating peer–driver interactions may guide development of passenger-related crash prevention efforts to complement already existing Graduated Driver Licensing passenger restrictions.     

A comparison of driver- and passenger-based estimates of alcohol-impaired driving

INTRODUCTION: Persons who drive after drinking or ride with drinking drivers are at increased risk of motor vehicle crash. Although alcohol is involved in 40% of fatal motor vehicle crashes yearly, there exist few systems to monitor alcohol-impaired driving. In this study we compare driver- and passenger-based estimates of the prevalence of alcohol-impaired driving. DESIGN: A random-digit-dialing telephone survey of the United States. Participants were adults aged 18 or older who were English- or Spanish-speaking from 5238 households (response rate = 56.1%). RESULTS: From the 4603 respondents who reported driving in the preceding 30 days, we estimate that there were 126 million drinking-driving episodes in the United States in 1994. From the 4380 passengers in the preceding 30 days, we estimate 191 million episodes. Three percent of respondents self-reported as drinking drivers (4.8% of males and 1.3% of females) and 4.9% as passengers of drinking drivers. Drinking drivers were more likely to be passengers of drinking drivers (44% versus 4% of nondrinking drivers). Drinking drivers were also more than twice as likely to report drinking daily, and only one half as likely to report always wearing their safety belts. CONCLUSION: Passengers who report riding with a drinking driver may provide an important estimate of the prevalence of drinking driving. Passengers of drinking drivers represent a high-risk group that is not considered in most prevention efforts. Because being a passenger of a drinking driver is not illegal, it may be an easier topic for clinicians to broach than drinking and driving.     

The role of physicians in assessing older drivers: barriers, opportunities, and strategies

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of the older driver is a difficult task for primary care physicians. We investigated the physician-perceived barriers to assessing older drivers in primary care practice. METHODS: Twenty family physicians whose patients had completed a clinical questionnaire and neuropsychological tests participated in one of 2 focus groups. Physicians were asked about barriers to assessing older drivers in primary care and the usefulness of neuropsychological tests for assessing driving ability. RESULTS: A number of themes emerged related to barriers in the assessment of the older driver. Major themes included concerns about being liable for the results of driving related screening and about patients reacting unfavorably to a driving assessment including cognitive tests. Physicians uniformly agreed that a protocol to guide driving assessment would be useful. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians encounter a number of barriers to assessing older drivers but recognize the importance of driving within the context of geriatric functional assessment.     

Behavioural factors as predictors of motor vehicle crashes: differentials between young urban and rural drivers

OBJECTIVE: To describe the driver and behavioural factors that predispose young drivers to crash in the first 12 months of driving and to compare whether these factors differ between young urban and rural drivers. METHODS: A cohort comprising 1,796 newly licensed urban and rural drivers from Western Australia was recruited and followed over the first 12 months of driving. Using Cox proportional hazard analysis, driver and behavioural factors were assessed to determine whether they predicted the likelihood of a crash. RESULTS: The incidence rate for a motor vehicle crash was marginally higher for urban drivers compared with rural drivers (Urban: IR=4.2/10,000 driving days; Rural: IR=3.7/10,000 driving days). There was no significant difference in the time to crash between urban and rural drivers. Two factors, namely the frequency of driving before obtaining a learner-driver permit and the driver's level of risk taking, were significantly associated with a motor vehicle crash in the first year of driving. CONCLUSION: Irrespective of whether the driver is licensed in a rural or urban area, high risk-taking drivers are at an elevated risk of a motor vehicle crash in the first 12 months of driving. IMPLICATIONS: Aspects of Graduated Driver Training and Licensing Programs (GDTLP) could be effective in targeting this at-risk group.     

Smoking and mortality in 81,344 drivers in Guangzhou, China

Objectives: Previous studies on drivers focused on the effect of their exposure to vehicle exhaust and there is little evidence of the effect of smoking. This cohort analytical study aimed to examine the mortality of drivers relative to smoking and professional driving in Guangzhou, China.

Methods: Information on demographic characteristics, type of driver (professional and non-professional), smoking, and drinking were retrieved from medical records of drivers who applied for driving licences from March to December 1992. Vital status and causes of death of 81 344 men aged 30 or above were ascertained to the end of September 1999 (follow up, mean=7.14 years, median=7.17 years).

Results: At baseline, the mean (SD) age was 40.8 (5.6) years. One third were professional drivers; 49.0% were daily smokers. 858 Deaths were identified. The relative risk of overall mortality for ever smoking was 1.24 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.07 to 1.44) after adjusting for age, alcohol drinking, education, and type of drivers. Compared with non-professional drivers, professional drivers had similar risks of death, and their relative risk of overall mortality for ever smoking was 1.35 (1.06 to 1.71).

Conclusions: Smoking is a more important cause of death than professional driving itself. The results show serious public health problems in the early stage of the tobacco epidemic and support urgent measures to help drivers stop smoking.

     

DRD4 polymorphism and the association with mental disorders

The dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) is the most important gene in psychiatric genetics since its involvement in the physiology of behavior, pharmacology response and psychopathology. DRD4's sequence gene present some polymorphism such as in the exon 3 constituted from 2 to 10 copies of repetitive sequences of 48 base pair (bp), from class variable number tandem repeats (VNTR). An additional genetic variant in the exon 1 presents polymorphisms to 12 bp VNTR, and the variation -521 C by T of the promoter region. The -521 T allele can reduce the efficiency of the gene expression in comparison with the C allele. The DRD4 gene codes a protein transmembranal of 7 domains, distributed in front cortex, striatum, hypothalamus and hippocampus. This review discusses the biological significance of DRD4 gene and its perspective with emphasis on the impact of association studies in some illness mental and behavioral traits. The DRD4 polymorphism has been studied in association with illnesses like schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive with tics, bipolar manic-depressive disorder, in addition behavioral traits such as novelty seeking. The DRD4 gene is a genetic marker that could play a role in etiology of different mental illness, and behavioral traits, and its polymorphism can be used in association studies, epigenetic and pharmacogenomic analysis for help to understand the genetics basis of both mental disorders and traits.