情绪对工作记忆广度的影响:行动控制风格的调节作用

目的:探讨行动控制风格在情绪与工作记忆广度之间的调节作用.方法:从长春市某高校选取120名大一学生,采用2*3被试间实验设计,通过影片进行情绪诱导(积极情绪、中性情绪、消极情绪),研究在不同情绪条件下,行动控制风格对情绪与工作记忆广度之间的影响.结果:行动取向行动控制风格的大学生工作记忆广度在三种情绪(积极、中性、消极)条件下无显著差异(P＞0.05);状态取向行动控制风格的大学生在三种情绪条件下工作记忆广度具有显著差异(P＜0.001);在消极情绪下,行动取向行动控制风格的大学生工作记忆广度显著高于状态取向行动控制风格.结论:行动控制风格在情绪与工作记忆广度之间起调节作用.     

青年人情绪启动差异性与注意偏向的实验研究

目的:探究在恐惧情绪、厌恶情绪和愉悦情绪唤醒条件下是否存在注意偏向及其程度的差异。方法:按照学校人数10%的比例从某军校各医学相关专业中选取大学生96名(男生60人,女生36人;年龄18~22岁),采用情绪唤醒影片启动被试的情绪(恐惧、厌恶、愉悦),利用E-prime编程程序让被试执行情绪词汇颜色命名任务(包括积极、中性、消极情绪词汇),记录被试命名情绪词汇所需反应时。结果:相比于对中性情绪词汇的颜色命名任务反应时,恐惧情绪唤醒被试对消极情绪词汇颜色命名反应时、积极情绪词汇颜色命名反应时均缩短[(648±118)ms vs.(743±124)ms,(683±123)ms vs.(743±124)ms;均P0.05];厌恶情绪唤醒被试对消极情绪词汇颜色命名反应时缩短[(579±86)ms vs.(720±101)ms,P0.01];愉悦情绪唤醒被试对积极情绪词汇颜色命名反应时缩短[(634±122)ms vs.(716±141)ms,P0.01]。厌恶情绪唤醒被试对消极情绪词汇颜色命名反应时短于恐惧情绪唤醒被试[(579±86)ms vs.(648±118)ms,P0.05]。结论:青年人在恐惧情绪、厌恶情绪和愉悦情绪唤醒条件下均出现了注意偏向,在恐惧情绪条件下,对积极情绪信息也表现出注意偏向。厌恶情绪唤醒条件下对消极情绪信息产生注意偏向的程度更深。     

情绪状态对语词记忆和生理影响的相关研究

目的:考察不同情绪状态对记忆影响的生理表现。方法:被试记忆中性词语后,分别给其呈现正性、中性、负性3类不同情绪效价的图片,再次进行新的中性词语记忆,同时记录其生理指标。结果:13种不同情绪状态下皮温(F=3.788,P=0.030)、皮电(F=5.579,P=0.007)、肌电(F=9.581,P=0.000)指标存在显著差异,呼吸频率没有显著差异;2积极情绪与消极情绪对记忆的影响存在显著差异(P=0.010),积极情绪状态下的记忆水平高于消极状态下的记忆水平;3积极情绪状态下记忆前后测有差异(P=0.002),情绪调节之后的记忆成绩高于调节之前的成绩,消极情绪状态和中性情绪状态没有差异。结论:积极情绪对词语记忆有影响,并在皮电、皮温、肌电生理指标上有差异。     

群体情绪和个体情绪对疼痛加工的影响:一项事件相关电位(ERP)研究

目的:探讨不同情绪状态对疼痛加工的影响,以及群体情绪和个体情绪对疼痛加工的影响是否存在差异。方法:通过视频来诱发被试的个体情绪和群体情绪(积极、中性和消极),让被试观看疼痛图片和中性图片,并完成疼痛判断任务和计数任务,记录事件相关电位(ERPs)。结果:消极情绪下反应时显著短于中性情绪(F=8.07,η_p~2=0.298,P0.05)。消极情绪比中性情绪在顶区诱发了更大的P3(360～800ms)(F=4.8,η_p~2=0.2047,P0.05)。消极情绪下疼痛图片与中性图片在颞-枕区诱发的LPC(440～540ms)波幅差异显著大于中性情绪(F=5.11,η_p~2=0.212,P0.05)。但是个体情绪和群体情绪对疼痛加工的影响差异不显著。结论:个体情绪和群体情绪对疼痛加工的影响程度相同。消极情绪促进疼痛加工。     

消极情绪对任务切换的作用及其性别差异

目的:考察消极情绪对任务切换的作用,并比较不同性别大学生完成任务切换时正确反应时的差异.方法:由广告招募的31名非心理系大学生参与实验.通过前期评定,将从中国情绪图片系统筛选出的40张图片(包括中性和消极图片)作为中性情绪和消极情绪的诱导图片;按照任务线索范式(包括重复任务和切换任务)编写任务切换实验程序,来分析消极情绪、性别因素对任务切换的作用(由正确反应时衡量).结果:最终有效样本30个.方差分析表明,情绪状态对任务切换中正确反应时的主效应显著[F(1,27) =2.40,P=0.011],在消极情绪下正确反应时长于中性情绪下正确反应时[(660.1±118.0) msvs.(595.0±79.0) ms];性别对正确反应时的主效应显著[F(1,27) =2.56,P=0.002],男生正确反应时短于女生[(565.0±46.0) ms vs.(663.9±89.0) ms].结论:消极情绪延缓了任务切换;男性在任务切换中正确反应时更短,表现更优异.     

多通道局部场电位θ分量与锋电位的互信息对大鼠工作记忆的协同编码

目的 研究大鼠在Y迷宫工作记忆过程中,责任脑区前额叶皮层记录的2类不同模态的神经信号:局部场电位(LFPs)和锋电位(Spikes)的协同编码,为研究工作记忆的神经编码机制提供计算支持.方法 实验数据:4只SD大鼠在Y迷宫工作记忆过程和静息状态下前额叶皮层的多通道LFPs及Spikes数据由天津医科大学神经工程实验室提供;LFPs的数据预处理:对场电位去除工频干扰和基线漂移;Spikes的连续化:选取生理窗口为500ms,窗口移动步长为125 ms,把Spikes通过发放频率的方式转换为连续信号;场电位的时频分析与特征频段的提取:通过短时傅里叶变换,获取能量分布的主要频段,并通过带通滤波提取特征频段信号,从而得到2种不同模态信号的数据对;特征频段的场电位与锋电位的互信息编码:对单通道的LFPs-Spikes数据序列加窗,计算每个滑动窗口内的互信息值,进而得到多通道的互信息值的分布.结果 场电位的时频分布表明工作记忆期间其能量主要集中在θ频段(4～12 Hz);4只大鼠θ频段LFPs与Spikes在10次工作记忆实验中平均值为0.49±0.04、0.39±-0.03、0.41±0.03、0.48±-0.02,显著大于各自静息状态的值,其差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 θ频段(4～12 Hz)是工作记忆的特征频段,θ频段的LFPs与Spikes的互信息有效编码了工作记忆事件.     

大学生情绪及其表达方式调查研究

探讨大学生被试2周内体验到的情绪(积极、消极)及情绪表达方式。采用问卷法对36名大学生进行调查,分析统计情绪计数、情绪表达。积极情绪与消极情绪出现次数差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.903,P=0.004);积极情绪表达、消极情绪表达数量上差异无统计学意义;积极情绪不表达与消极情绪不表达间差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.68,P=0.007);消极情绪采取消极表达的方式显著多于积极情绪(Z=-3.245,P=0.001)。结论:①大学生消极情绪显著多于积极情绪;②在情绪表达量上差异无统计学意义;③积极情绪不表达与消极情绪不表达差异有统计学意义,对消极情绪采取消极表达的方式也显著多于积极情绪;④需引导大学生更多采用认知重评等积极的情绪调节策略。     

情绪对变化盲视的影响

目的:探讨情绪对变化盲视现象的影响。方法:采用3(情绪:积极/中性/消极)×3(刺激类型:出现消失类/颜色改变类/完全替换类)的混合设计,以"图片+故事"作为情绪诱发材料,选取76名被试完成经典闪烁范式的变化探测任务。结果:①情绪主效应边缘显著,F=2.96,P=0.059;②刺激类型主效应显著,F=22.00,P<0.001;③刺激类型和情绪的交互作用显著,F=6.759,P<0.001。结论:①积极情绪促进个体对变化的觉察,消极情绪阻碍个体对变化的觉察;②情绪对变化盲视的影响受到任务难度的调节。在任务难度较大时,积极情绪促进变化觉察,消极情绪阻碍变化觉察,任务难度较小时,积极情绪和消极情绪对变化觉察的影响没有显著差异。     

积极情绪对言语和空间工作记忆的选择性影响

目的:探究积极情绪对言语和空间工作记忆的选择性影响。方法:采用修正的延迟样本匹配任务,以国际情绪图片系统中的积极和中性图片为情绪刺激,考察积极情绪对两种不同工作记忆系统的影响。结果:积极情绪条件下,高、低负荷的言语工作记忆任务上的反应时都加快,而低负荷空间工作记忆任务上的反应时变慢,且这种分离不是由积极情绪的唤醒度差异造成。结论:积极情绪促进言语工作记忆,但损害了低负荷的空间工作记忆。     

警察的特质性焦虑与注意偏差

目的:探讨不同特质焦虑水平的警察对情绪面孔的注意偏向特点。方法:通过特质焦虑量表(STAI)选取特质焦虑水平较高的警察44人(男23人,女21人),特质焦虑水平较低的警察44人(男25人,女19人)。采用2 (特质焦虑类型:高特质焦虑水平、低特质焦虑水平)×2 (情绪类型:积极、消极)×2 (线索提示类型:一致、不一致)的实验设计,运用点探测实验范式通过比较被试对不同情绪类型、不同线索提示类型的按键反应的反应时差异来考察两组警察的注意偏向特点。结果:高特质焦虑水平警察的积极情绪面孔反应时小于消极情绪面孔反应时[(638. 0±12. 4) ms vs.(651. 7±13. 1) ms,P 0. 01],而低特质焦虑水平警察对积极情绪面孔和消极情绪面孔的反应时差异无统计学意义(均P 0. 05);高特质焦虑水平组的线索提示类型一致反应时小于不一致性反应时[(640. 3±12. 6) ms vs.(649. 5±13. 0) ms,P 0. 05],低特质焦虑水平组的一致反应时与不一致反应时无统计学意义(P 0. 05);线索提示类型一致条件下,两组警察对积极情绪面孔和消极情绪面孔的反应时差异无统计学意义(均P 0. 05),线索提示类型不一致条件下,高特质焦虑水平警察对消极情绪面孔的反应时高于积极情绪面孔的反应时[(663. 1±9. 8) ms vs.(651. 4±8. 9) ms,P 0. 01]。结论:高特质焦虑水平警察对消极情绪面孔存有注意偏向,存在注意解除困难现象。     

视觉情绪刺激诱导的神经磁场研究

目的 使用脑磁图探讨健康右利手受试者给予视觉情绪图片刺激早期情绪相关脑区磁场激活特征.方法 12例健康右利手受试者,给予国际情绪图片库(IAPS)正性、中性、负性情绪图片刺激同时记录脑磁图信号,使用SPM8b软件进行数据分析,两样本t检验,设P＜0.02,K＞10体素阈值的脑区激活有意义.结果 正常人在给予正性情绪图片刺激时与给予中性情绪图片刺激时比较发现右侧的岛叶激活增强(0～100ms,t=2.87,P=0.004;100～200ms,t=2.97,P=0.004;200～300ms,t=2.67,P=0.008;300～400ms,t=2.65,P=0.007);给予负性情绪图片刺激时与给予中性情绪图片时比较发现右侧的额下回激活增强(0～100ms,t=2.27,P=0.016;100～200ms t=2.28,P=0.016;200～300ms,t=2.30,P=0.015;300～400ms,t=2.29,P=0.016);给予正性情绪图片与负性情绪图片刺激时比较未发现激活有差异的脑区.结论 正常人右侧岛叶、右侧额下回脑区在情绪唤醒度评价、趋向及回避行为评价中起作用.     

联合脑电信号与虚拟技术的大脑情绪状态的半球不对称性研究

为区分大脑的情绪状态以及研究在不同情绪状态下的大脑半球不对称性,征选20名健康视听无障碍的受试作为实验对象,联合虚拟现实(VR)技术和脑电(EEG)监测,在不同的VR影片刺激下,采集受试脑电信号,提取各频段的平均功率谱密度,并计算大脑半球不对称性的参考指数,对比在不同情绪状态下各频段与各脑区下的参考指数.结果 显示,相...     

病理性互联网使用青少年的情感信息选择特征

目的:考察病理性互联网使用青少年对情感信息的注意选择特征。方法:通过临床诊断和心理测验选取接受住院治疗的病理性互联网使用组和中学生对照组被试各25人,采用空间Stroop任务的变式进行研究。结果:病理性互联网使用组对组成消极词的反应时长于积极词和中性词的反应时[(557.6±93.3)ms vs.(533.9±85.3)ms,(532.1±88.9)ms,P0.001],对照组对组成中性词的反应时长于消极词[(509.5±80.3)ms vs.(496.1±72.3)ms,P0.05]。病理性互联网使用组对组成消极词的反应时长于对照组(P0.05),而对组成积极词和中性词的反应时两组差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:病理性互联网使用青少年表现出对消极情感信息的注意选择偏向。     

Visual emotional context modulates brain potentials elicited by unattended tones.

To examine whether brain electrical responses to environmental stimuli were influenced by emotional contexts, event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by nonstartle probe tones were recorded from 13 student volunteers while they were viewing emotionally positive, neutral, and negative slides of the International Affective Picture System. The auditory stimuli consisted of high-deviant (2000 Hz, p=.08), low-deviant (1050 Hz, p=.08), and standard (1000 Hz, p=.84) tones with a mean onset-to-onset interval of 600 ms. Participants were told to ignore the tones. High-deviant tones elicited a larger N1 (peaking around 100 ms) when participants were viewing negative slides than when viewing positive slides. The amplitude of the P2 elicited by standard tones (peaking around 170 ms) was smaller when participants were viewing positive slides than when viewing negative and neutral slides. The amplitude of the mismatch negativity (150-200 ms) tended to reduce during positive slide presentation, but this difference appeared to be due to reduction of the P2 elicited by standard tones. These findings suggest that visually induced emotional states have a sequential effect on auditory information processing, in that the influence of negative emotion appears at an earlier stage than that of positive emotion.     

大学生对不同情绪词内隐记忆与外显记忆的差异

目的:考察大学生对正性、负性和中性词在内隐记忆和外显记忆上的差异。方法:分别使用真假词判断任务和学习-再认范式考察被试对不同情绪词的内隐和外显记忆。结果:在内隐记忆中,大学生对不同情绪词的反应时存在显著差异(F=6.360,P0.05)。进一步分析发现,对积极词的反应时(573.0±57.9ms)和消极词的反应时(650.3±109.12ms)显著短于对中性词的反应时(671.8±101.0ms),但积极词与消极词的反应时之间差异不显著。在外显记忆中,大学生对不同情绪词的正确率和反应时均存在显著差异(F=7.353,15.000,P0.05)。进一步分析发现,被试对积极词记忆的正确率(67.0%±17.9%)明显高于消极词(46.3%±15.9%)和中性词(50.3%±20.4%),但中性词与消极词的正确率差异不显著。积极词(688.2±129.3 ms)和消极词的反应时(814.5±140.3ms)均低于中性词的反应时(951.8±182.0ms),且积极词的反应时明显低于消极词的反应时。结论:刺激本身所具有的情绪信息会影响个体的记忆,个体对不同情绪词的内隐记忆与外显记忆存在差异。     

Effect of sleep deprivation on emotional working memory

The emotional dysregulation and impaired working memory found after sleep loss can have severe implications for our daily functioning. Considering the intertwined relationship between emotion and cognition in stimuli processing, there could be further implications of sleep deprivation in high‐complex emotional situations. Although studied separately, this interaction between emotion and cognitive processes has been neglected in sleep research. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 1 night of sleep deprivation on emotional working memory. Sixty‐one healthy participants (mean age: 23.4 years) were either sleep deprived for 1 night (n = 30) or had a normal night’s sleep (n = 31). They performed an N‐back task with two levels of working memory load (1‐back and 3‐back) using positive, neutral and negative picture scenes. Sleep deprivation, compared with full night sleep, impaired emotional working memory accuracy, but not reaction times. The sleep‐deprived participants, but not the controls, responded faster to positive than to negative and neutral pictures. The effect of sleep deprivation was similar for both high and low working memory loads. The results showed that although detrimental in terms of accuracy, sleep deprivation did not impair working memory speed. In fact, our findings indicate that positive stimuli may facilitate working memory processing speed after sleep deprivation.     

Disruption of early event-related theta synchronization of human EEG in alexithymics viewing affective pictures

The 62-channel EEG was recorded while control non-alexithymic (n=21) and alexithymic (n=20) participants viewed sequentially presented neutral, pleasant and unpleasant pictures and subjectively rated them after each presentation. The event-related synchronization (ERS) to these stimuli was assessed in the theta-1 (4-6 Hz) and theta-2 (6-8 Hz) frequency bands. The obtained findings indicate that alexithymia influences perception of only emotional stimuli. Over anterior cortical regions alexithymia vs. control individuals in response to both pleasant and unpleasant stimuli manifested decreased left hemisphere ERS in the early test period of 0-200 ms along with enhanced ERS in response to negative vs. positive and neutral stimuli in the right hemisphere at 200-600 ms after stimulus onset. The findings provide the first EEG evidence that alexithymia construct, associated with a cognitive deficit in initial evaluation of emotion, is indexed by disrupted early frontal synchronization in the upper theta band that can be best interpreted to reflect disregulation during appraisal of emotional stimuli.     

Gamma band activity and its synchronization reflect the dysfunctional emotional processing in alexithymic persons

In the present study, we investigated the gamma band response and its phase synchrony between electrodes in alexithymia, which is characterized by a disability in identifying and describing feelings. Individuals with high and low alexithymia scores were selected according to the scores on the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. EEG was recorded from alexithymic and nonalexithymic persons viewing emotionally negative or neutral stimuli. Nonalexithymic persons exhibited increased gamma band power and phase synchronization at the 400-450-ms time window when processing emotionally negative stimuli. Neither enhanced gamma band power nor phase synchronization was observed in alexithymic persons in the negative emotion condition. These results suggest that gamma band activity reflects emotional processing, and alexithymic persons may have a deficit in communication between brain regions or in the utilization of memory or emotional information during the processing of emotional stimuli.     

Lateralized effects of prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on emotional working memory

Little is known about the neural correlates underlying the integration of working memory and emotion processing. We investigated the effects of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied over the left or right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on emotional working memory. In a sham-controlled crossover design, participants performed an emotional 3-back task (EMOBACK) at baseline and after stimulation (1 Hz, 15 min, 110 % of the resting motor threshold) in two subsequent sessions. Stimuli were words assigned to the distinct emotion categories fear and anger as well as neutral words. We found lateralized rTMS effects in the EMOBACK task accuracy for fear-related words, with enhanced performance after rTMS applied over the right DLPFC and impaired performance after rTMS applied over the left DLPFC. No significant stimulation effect could be found for anger-related and neutral words. Our findings are the first to demonstrate a causal role of the right DLPFC in working memory for negative, withdrawal-related words and provide further support for a hemispheric lateralization of emotion processing.     

The effect of selective attention to emotional stimuli on recognition memory in anxiety

It has been argued that the selective attention characteristic of trait anxiety does not significantly influence on memory. However, attention to stimuli is considered to accelerate memory performance of the stimuli in general. The present study examined whether the selective attention due to emotional valences could reflect on recognition memory in individuals with high anxiety. In the encoding phase, a set of pairs of emotional and neutral words was presented. The duration of presentation of stimuli was manipulated in two conditions (1,300 ms vs. 2,000 ms). There was no difference in responses for stimuli between with positive and with negative valences. In the short-presentation condition, compared to the control group, the high-anxious group demonstrated greater discrimination for emotional (positive and negative) stimuli relative than for neutral ones. Their false alarm rate, on the other hand, was consistently higher than the subjects in the low-anxious group. Results in the present study suggested that selective attention that the high-anxious subjects allocated to emotional stimuli could influence performance of recognition of those stimuli.