Efficacy and safety of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation combined with conventional rehabilitation training in acute stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial conducted for 1 year involving 60 patients

Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation(ta-VNS)is a novel noninvasive treat-ment for stroke that directly stimulates the peripheral auricular branch of the vagus nerve.There have been recent reports that ta-VNS combined with conventional rehabilitation training promotes the recovery of neurological function of patients with acute stroke.However,these were small-sample-sized studies on the recovery of neurological function in patients after percutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in the subacute and chronic phases after stroke.This double-blinded randomized controlled trial involved 60 acute ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke patients aged 18-80 years who received treatment in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.The subjects were randomly assigned to receive ta-VNS or sham ta-VNS combined with conventional rehabilitation training.The follow-up results over 1 year revealed that ta-VNS combined with conventional rehabilitation training greatly improved the recovery of motor and sensory functions and emotional responses compared with sham ta-VNS combined with conventional rehabilitation training.There were no obvious side effects.These findings suggest that ta-VNS combined with conventional rehabilitation training for the treatment of acute ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke patients is safe and effective.     

Skeletal muscle-derived cells repair peripheral nerve defects in mice

Skeletal muscle-derived cells have strong secretory function,while skeletal muscle-derived stem cells,which are included in muscle-derived cells,can differentiate into Schwann cell-like cells and other cell types.However,the effect of muscle-derived cells on peripheral nerve defects has not been reported.In this study,5-mm-long nerve defects were created in the right sciatic nerves of mice to construct a peripheral nerve defect model.Adult female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups.For the muscle-derived cell group,muscle-derived cells were injected into the catheter after the cut nerve ends were bridged with a polyurethane catheter.For external oblique muscle-fabricated nerve conduit and polyurethane groups,an external oblique muscle-fabricated nerve conduit or polyurethane catheter was used to bridge the cut nerve ends,respectively.For the sham group,the sciatic nerves on the right side were separated but not excised.At 8 and 12 weeks post-surgery,distributions of axons and myelin sheaths were observed,and the nerve diameter was calculated using immunofluorescence staining.The number,diameter,and thickness of myelinated nerve fibers were detected by toluidine blue staining and transmission electron microscopy.Muscle fiber area ratios were calculated by Masson’s trichrome staining of gastrocnemius muscle sections.Sciatic functional index was recorded using walking footprint analysis at 4,8,and 12 weeks after operation.The results showed that,at 8 and 12 weeks after surgery,myelin sheaths and axons of regenerating nerves were evenly distributed in the muscle-derived cell group.The number,diameter,and myelin sheath thickness of myelinated nerve fibers,as well as gastrocnemius muscle wet weight and muscle area ratio,were significantly higher in the muscle-derived cell group compared with the polyurethane group.At 4,8,and 12 weeks post-surgery,sciatic functional index was notably increased in the muscle-derived cell group compared with the polyurethane group.These criteria of the muscle-derived cell group were not significantly different from the external oblique muscle-fabricated nerve conduit group.Collectively,these data suggest that muscle-derived cells effectively accelerated peripheral nerve regeneration.This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Plastic Surgery Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(approval No.040)on September 28,2016.     

Magnet-targeted delivery of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells improves therapeutic efficacy following hypoxic-ischemic brain injury

hypoxicischemic brain injury;however,the therapeutic efficacy of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells largely depends on the number of cells that are successfully transferred to the target.Magnet-targeted drug delivery systems can use a specific magnetic field to attract the drug to the target site,increasing the drug concentration.In this study,we found that the double-labeling using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle and poly-L-lysine(SPIO-PLL)of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells had no effect on cell survival but decreased cell proliferation 48 hours after labeling.Rat models of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury were established by ligating the left common carotid artery.One day after modeling,intraventricular and caudal vein injections of 1×105 SPIO-PLL-labeled bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were performed.Twenty-four hours after the intraventricular injection,magnets were fixed to the left side of the rats’heads for 2 hours.Intravoxel incoherent motion magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the perfusion fraction and the diffusion coefficient of rat brain tissue were significantly increased in rats treated with SPIO-PLL-labeled cells through intraventricular injection combined with magnetic guidance,compared with those treated with SPIO-PLL-labeled cells through intraventricular or tail vein injections without magnetic guidance.Hematoxylin-eosin and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling(TUNEL)staining revealed that in rats treated with SPIO-PLL-labeled cells through intraventricular injection under magnetic guidance,cerebral edema was alleviated,and apoptosis was decreased.These findings suggest that targeted magnetic guidance can be used to improve the therapeutic efficacy of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.This study was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University,China(approval No.2016-060)on March 2,2016.     

Baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis protein repeat-containing protein 3 delays early Wallerian degeneration after sciatic nerve injury

Wallerian degeneration is a complex biological process that occurs after nerve injury,and involves nerve degeneration and regeneration.Schwann cells play a crucial role in the cellular and molecular events of Wallerian degeneration of the peripheral nervous system.However,Wallerian degeneration regulating nerve injury and repair remains largely unknown,especially the early response.We have previously reported some key regulators of Wallerian degeneration after sciatic nerve injury.Baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis protein repeat-containing protein 3(BIRC3)is an important factor that regulates apoptosis-inhibiting protein.In this study,we established rat models of right sciatic nerve injury.In vitro Schwann cell models were also established and subjected to gene transfection to inhibit and overexpress BIRC3.The data indicated that BIRC3 expression was significantly up-regulated after sciatic nerve injury.Both BIRC3 upregulation and downregulation affected the migration,proliferation and apoptosis of Schwan cells and affected the expression of related factors through activating c-fos and ERK signal pathway.Inhibition of BIRC3 delayed early Wallerian degeneration through inhibiting the apoptosis of Schwann cells after sciatic nerve injury.These findings suggest that BIRC3 plays an important role in peripheral nerve injury repair and regeneration.The study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Nantong University,China(approval No.2019-nsfc004)on March 1,2019.     

Micro-computed tomography utility for estimation of intraparenchymal spinal cord cystic lesions in small animals

Precise assessment of spinal cord cystic lesions is crucial to formulate effective therapeutic strategies,yet histological assessment of the lesion remains the primary method despite numerous studies showing inconsistent results regarding estimation of lesion size via histology.On the other hand,despite numerous advances in micro-computed tomography(micro-CT)imaging and analysis that have allowed precise measurements of lesion size,there is not enough published data on its application to estimate intraspinal lesion size in laboratory animal models.This work attempts to show that micro-CT can be valuable for spinal cord injury research by demonstrating accurate estimation of syrinx size and compares between micro-CT and traditional histological analysis.We used a post-traumatic syringomyelia rat model to compare micro-CT analysis to conventional histological analysis.The study showed that micro-CT can detect lesions within the spinal cord very similar to histology.Importantly,micro-CT appears to provide more accurate estimates of the lesions with more measures(e.g.,surface area),can detect compounds within the cord,and can be done with the tissue of interest(spinal cord)intact.In summary,the experimental work presented here provides one of the first investigations of the use of micro-CT for estimating the size of intraparenchymal cysts and detecting materials within the spinal cord.All animal procedures were approved by the University of Akron Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee(IACUC)(protocol#LRE 16-05-09 approved on May 14,2016).     

Assessment of structural brain changes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using the MRI-based brain atrophy and lesion index

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2 DM) often have cognitive impairment and structural brain abnormalities.The magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)-based brain atrophy and lesion index can be used to evaluate common brain changes and their correlation with cognitive function,and can therefore also be used to reflect whole-brain structural changes related to T2 DM.A total of 136 participants(64 men and 72 women,aged 55–86 years) were recruited for our study between January 2014 and December 2016.All participants underwent MRI and Mini-Mental State Examination assessment(including 42 healthy control,38 T2 DM without cognitive impairment,26 with cognitive impairment but without T2 DM,and 30 T2 DM with cognitive impairment participants).The total and sub-category brain atrophy and lesion index scores in patients with T2 DM with cognitive impairment were higher than those in healthy controls.Differences in the brain atrophy and lesion index of gray matter lesions and subcortical dilated perivascular spaces were found between non-T2 DM patients with cognitive impairment and patients with T2 DM and cognitive impairment.After adjusting for age,the brain atrophy and lesion index retained its capacity to identify patients with T2 DM with cognitive impairment.These findings suggest that the brain atrophy and lesion index,based on T1-weighted and T2-weighted imaging,is of clinical value for identifying patients with T2 DM and cognitive impairment.Gray matter lesions and subcortical dilated perivascular spaces may be potential diagnostic markers of T2 DM that is complicated by cognitive impairment.This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of University of South China(approval No.USC20131109003) on November 9,2013,and was retrospectively registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry(registration No.Chi CTR1900024150) on June 27,2019.     

Diffusion tensor imaging reveals brain structure changes in dogs after spinal cord injury

Based on the Wallerian degeneration in the spinal cord pathways, the changes in synaptic connections, and the spinal cord-related cellular responses that alter the cellular structure of the brain, we presumed that brain diffusion tensor imaging(DTI) parameters may change after spinal cord injury. However, the dynamic changes in DTI parameters remain unclear. We established a Beagle dog model of T10 spinal cord contusion and performed DTI of the injured spinal cord. We found dynamic changes in DT...     

Association between inflammatory bowel diseases and Parkinson's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis

Growing evidence suggests that there are similar pathological mechanisms and closely related pathogenic risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) and Parkinson's disease(PD). However, the epidemiological features of these two diseases are different. This review systematically evaluated the relationship between inflammatory bowel diseases and Parkinson's disease risk. We searched Pub Med, Embase, and Cochrane databases to retrieve observational studies of IBD and PD published from inception to October 2019. Nine observational studies, involving 12,177,520 patients, were included in the final analysis. None of the studies had Newcastle–Ottawa Scale scores that suggested a high risk of bias. After adjusting for confounders and excluding heterogeneous studies, the overall risk of PD was significantly higher in IBD patients than in the general population(adjusted risk ratio [RR] = 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15–1.34, P < 0.001). A metaanalysis of the temporal relationship revealed that the incidence of IBD was significantly increased before(adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.18–1.35, P < 0.001) and after(adjusted RR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.20–1.80, P < 0.001) PD diagnosis. After excluding a heterogeneous study, the pooled risk of PD development in patients with ulcerative colitis(adjusted HR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.13–1.38, P < 0.001) or Crohn's disease(adjusted HR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.21–1.45, P < 0.01) was significantly increased. Subgroup analysis revealed no significant differences in risk between men(adjusted HR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.10–1.39) and women(adjusted HR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.10–1.43);however, older(> 65 years old) IBD patients(adjusted HR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.17–1.48) may have a higher risk than younger(≤ 65 years old) patients(adjusted HR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.08–1.42). Patients with IBD who were not treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor-α or azathioprine had significantly higher PD risk(adjusted HR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2–2.2). Thus, our meta-analysis indicates a certain correlation between IBD and PD, and suggests that IBD may moderately increase PD risk regardless of sex, especially in patients over 65 years of age. Moreover, early anti-inflammatory therapies for IBD might reduce the risk of developing PD. Our findings suggest an urgent need for an individualized screening strategy for patients with IBD. However, most studies included in this paper were observational, and more randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the precise association between IBD and PD.     

Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor transfection in dopamine neurons using neurotensin-polyplex nanoparticles reverses 6-hydroxydopamine-induced nigrostriatal neurodegeneration

Overexpression of neurotrophic factors in nigral dopamine neurons is a promising approach to reverse neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system,a hallmark in Parkinson's disease.The human cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor(h CDNF)has recently emerged as a strong candidate for Parkinson's disease therapy.This study shows that h CDNF expression in dopamine neurons using the neurotensinpolyplex nanoparticle system reverses 6-hydroxydopamine-induced morphological,biochemical,and behavioral alterations.Three independent electron microscopy techniques showed that the neurotensin-polyplex nanoparticles containing the h CDNF gene,ranging in size from 20 to 150 nm,enabled the expression of a secretable h CDNF in vitro.Their injection in the substantia nigra compacta on day 21 after the 6-hydroxydopamine lesion resulted in detectable h CDNF in dopamine neurons,whose levels remained constant throughout the study in the substantia nigra compacta and striatum.Compared with the lesioned group,tyrosine hydroxylase-positive(TH⁺)nigral cell population and TH+fiber density rose in the substantia nigra compacta and striatum after h CDNF transfection.An increase inβIII-tubulin and growth-associated protein 43 phospho-S41(GAP43 p)followed TH⁺cell recovery,as well as dopamine and its catabolite levels.Partial reversal(80%)of drugactivated circling behavior and full recovery of spontaneous motor and non-motor behavior were achieved.Brain-derived neurotrophic factor recovery in dopamine neurons that also occurred suggests its participation in the neurotrophic effects.These findings support the potential of nanoparticle-mediated h CDNF gene delivery to develop a disease-modifying treatment against Parkinson's disease.The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados approved our experimental procedures for animal use(authorization No.162-15)on June 9,2019.     

原发性脑出血超急性期血肿增长速度与临床预后的关系研究

目的 探讨超急性期血肿增长速度（ultraearly hematoma growth，UHG）与急性原发性脑出血 （intracerebral hemorrhage，ICH）血肿扩大及临床预后的关系。 方法 连续收集发病6 h内就诊的ICH患者。患者完成基线及（24±2）h颅脑计算机断层扫描（computed tomography，CT），记录临床信息及结局信息。UHG定义为基线血肿体积除以发病至头CT扫描时间。血 肿扩大定义为发病24 h血肿体积较基线血肿体积增加>33%或者>6 ml。90 d及1年预后不良定义为改 良Rankin量表评分>2分。多元Logistic回归分析UHG与血肿扩大及ICH临床预后的关系。 结果 研究共纳入148例发病6h内到院的ICH患者。所有ICH患者的UHG为5.3（2.3，12.9）ml/h。UHG在 完成头CT较早（P <0.001）、血肿扩大（P =0.019）、90 d预后不良（P <0.001）及1年预后不良（P <0.001） 的患者中数值较大。UHG>4.7 ml/h是1年不良预后的独立危险因素，比值比为17.5，95%可信区间 为1.44～21.23（P =0.025）。其预测1年不良预后的灵敏度为61.5%，特异度为65.1%，阳性预测率为 68.4%，阴性预测率为58%。     

Initial experience with minimally invasive endoscopic evacuation of intracerebral hemorrhage in the setting of radiographic herniation

BackgroundSpontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) can rapidly result in cerebral herniation, leading to poor neurologic outcomes or mortality. To date, neither decompressive hemicraniectomy (DH) nor hematoma evacuation have been conclusively shown to improve outcomes for comatose ICH patients presenting with cerebral herniation, with these patients largely excluded from clinical trials. Here we present the outcomes of a series of patients presenting with ICH and radiographic herniation who underwent emergent minimally invasive (MIS) ICH evacuation.MethodsWe reviewed our prospectively collected registry of patients undergoing MIS ICH evacuation at a single institution from 01/01/2017 to 10/01/2021. We selected all consecutive patients with Glasgow coma scale (GCS) ≤ 8 and radiographic herniation for this case series. Clinical and radiographic variables were collected, including admission GCS score, preoperative and postoperative hematoma volumes, National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) scores, and modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores at last follow-up.ResultsOf 176 patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH who underwent minimally invasive endoscopic evacuation during the study time period, a total of 9 patients presented with GCS ≤ 8 and evidence of radiographic herniation. Among these patients, the mean age was 62 ± 12 years, the median GCS at presentation was 5 [IQR 4-6], the mean preoperative hematoma volume was 94 ± 44 mL, the mean time from ictus to evacuation was 12 ± 5 h, and the mean postoperative hematoma volume was 11 ± 16 mL, for a median evacuation percentage of 97% [83-99]. Three patients (33%) died, four (44%) survived with mRS 5 and two (22%) with mRS 4. Patients had a median NIHSS improvement of 5 compared to their initial NIHSS. Age was very strongly correlate to improvements in NIHSS (r² = 0.90).ConclusionData from this initial experience suggest emergent MIS hematoma evacuation in the setting of ICH with radiographic herniation is feasible and technically effective. Further randomized studies are required to determine if such an intervention offers overall benefits to patients and their families.     

Minimally Invasive Surgery for Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Purpose of Review

Recent success in preliminary clinical studies evaluating various forms of minimally invasive surgery for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has renewed interest in the surgical treatment of this disease process.

Recent Findings

In December of 2016, phase 2 of the Minimally Invasive Surgery Plus Rt-PA for ICH Evacuation (MISTIE) study demonstrated that this form of stereotactic thrombolysis safely reduces clot burden and may improve functional outcome 6 months after injury. A smaller arm of this study, the Intraoperative Stereotactic Computer Tomography-Guided Endoscopic Surgery (ICES) study, also demonstrated feasibility and good functional outcome for endoscopic minimally invasive evacuation.

Summary

Early-phase clinical studies evaluating various forms of minimally invasive surgery for intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation have shown safety and feasibility with a preliminary signal towards improved functional long-term outcome. Results from phase 3 studies addressing various minimally invasive techniques are imminent and will shape how intracerebral hemorrhage is treated.

     

Systemic Immune-Inflammation (SII) index predicts poor outcome after spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage

Background and AimsIn experimental models, enhanced inflammation contributes to secondary brain injury in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Several inflammatory markers have investigated in humans with inconclusive results. Here, we report the relationship between Systemic Immune-Inflammation (SII) Index and outcome.MethodsWe reviewed the medical records of 239 supratentorial spontaneous ICH patients. Patients were dichotomized based on modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at discharge in good (mRS 0-3) and poor (mRS 4-6) outcome. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and imaging data at admission were compared for both groups. SII index was calculated as [(Platelet counts x Absolute Neutrophil Counts (ANC)/Absolute Lymphocyte Counts (ALC))/1000]. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the association between markers of inflammation (ANC, ALC, Platelets, SII index) and outcome adjusting for baseline differences.ResultsSixty-two percent of patients had poor outcome (median [IQR] age= 60 [52-71] years). Patients with poor outcome had lower Glasgow coma scale, larger hematoma volumes, and higher incidence of diabetes and intraventricular extension (p<0.05 for each variable). In univariate analysis, ANC and SII index were independently associated with poor outcome (p<0.05). In multivariate analysis, only SII index remained significantly associated with poor outcome (OR=1.34, 95% CI=1.04-1.72, p=0.02). ROC analysis showed that adjusted SII index is a good discriminator for poor outcome (AUC=0.89, 95% CI=0.84–0.93; P <0.0001), with the best cut-off value being 0.73 (Sensitivity 95%, Specificity 71%).ConclusionsIn patients with supratentorial spontaneous ICH early SII index is an independent predictor of poor outcome at time of hospital discharge.     

微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术早期预后影响因素分析

目的 探讨微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术治疗幕上脑出血的近期手术疗效,并寻找影响近期手术疗效的 相关因素。 方法 收集自2010年7月至2014年2月收入首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经内科重症监护室,接 受微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术的幕上脑出血患者作为研究对象,收集了卒中危险因素、血液学指标、患 者的临床特征及手术相关信息,并随访患者术后30 d或出院时格拉斯哥评分（Glasgow score,GCS）, 通过单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析,寻找对近期手术疗效有影响的因素。 结果 入组患者共94例,其中男性60例,年龄23～84岁,平均（54.85±12.70）岁。术后30 d/出院时 预后,清醒或轻度意识障碍（GCS 13～15分）者62例（65.9%）,中重度意识障碍（GCS≤12分）或死 亡者32例（34.1%）。多因素Logistic回归分析中年龄较高（OR 1.06,95%CI 1.00～1.12）、术前GCS较低 （OR 0.59,95%CI 0.43～0.80）是患者预后不良的独立预测因素。 结论 微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术治疗幕上脑出血的短期预后不良与患者年龄较高、术前GCS评分低 有关。     

Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Surgery for Treatment of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hematomas: A Single-Center Analysis

Background

Endoscopic minimally invasive surgery to evacuate ICH has been reported to be more effective than conservative treatment or standard surgical craniotomy. However, most of these reports are based on Asian populations, while European reports do not exist. Here, we, therefore, report our experience from a European neurosurgical stroke center.

Methods

The variables assessed were patient characteristics, technical aspects of surgery, surgical complications, the outcomes grade of hematoma evacuation, 30-day mortality, and functional outcome (defined by modified Rankin Scale, mRS). The mRS was dichotomized into favorable (0–3) and unfavorable outcome (4–6). Mortality was compared to external evidence on conservatively and surgically treated patients by Poisson regression analysis with adjustment for ICH score.

Results

Thirty-four patients with ICH were analyzed. The mean age was 62 (standard deviation [SD] 12) years, mean hematoma volume (SD) was 84 (35) ml, and mean time from onset to surgery (SD) was 17 (10) h. Operative times did not exceed 1.5 h. A significant mean hematoma reduction (SD) from 84 (35) ml to 21 (30) ml (p < 0.0001) could be achieved, resulting in a median evacuation rate of 87 %. Early complications related to surgery did not occur. A favorable outcome was observed in 44 % of the patients. Overall, 30-day mortality was 18 %. The relative risk of mortality compared to conventional treatment from other studies was 32 % (95 % confidence interval 23–43 %, p = 0.02).

Conclusions

This European surgical stroke center series of an endoscopic operative technique demonstrates safety and efficacy with regard to reduction of hematoma size in patients with large and space-occupying spontaneous ICH. The study suggests that low mortality and acceptable outcomes may be achievable by minimally invasive hematoma surgery. Whether this technique reduces long-term morbidity compared to standard treatment needs to be further investigated in larger prospective randomized controlled trials.     

微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术对幕上脑出血患者颅内压的影响

目的  观察微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术对幕上脑出血患者颅内压的影响,从而进一步评估该治疗方法的疗效。 方法  选择2013年4月～2014年12月行微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术治疗幕上脑出血患者,观察患者手术前后颅内压变化及早期预后情况。 结果  共入组53例患者,术后14?d/出院Glasgow意识障碍量表（Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS）评分显著高于术前［7（12（9,15） vs 7（5,11）,Z＝-5.057,P＜0.001］,美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）评分低于术前［14（11,18） vs 19（15,23）,Z＝-4.210,P＜0.001］。终点血肿体积较基线减小［17.2（11.8,25.8）ml vs 67.5（48.2,82.2）ml,Z＝-6.048,P＜0.001］。其中29例患者行颅内压监测,结果显示术后颅内压较术前颅内压降低［14（9.5,21.5）mmHg vs 30（21.5,40）mmHg,Z＝-4.705,P＜0.001］,但颅内压降低率与首次血肿抽吸率之间无相关性（r＝0.162,P＝0.401）。行颅内压监测的患者早期预后良好组与不良组的术前颅内压、术后颅内压、颅内压降低量、颅内压降低率无显著差异。 结论  微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术治疗幕上脑出血有效,可改善早期神经功能预后,减轻血肿占位效应,并显著降低颅内压。术前后颅内压及术中颅内压变化对于脑出血早期预后的影响不明显。     

立体定向引导血肿穿刺引流术联合尿激酶治疗中等量高血压脑出血的疗效

目的探讨立体定向引导微创血肿穿刺引流联合尿激酶治疗中等量高血压脑出血的临床效果。方法回顾性分析87例高血压脑出血病例,均为幕上出血,血肿量25~60mL,47例采用立体定向引导微创血肿穿刺引流联合尿激酶治疗,40例采用开颅血肿清除术治疗,分别于术后3d、7d观察血肿残余量、术后再出血情况、术后并发症情况;比较2组术后7d、14d、28d的临床疗效。结果立体定向引导微创血肿穿刺联合尿激酶组术后3d残余血肿量为(8.7±4.5)mL,7d为(2.5±1.3)mL,术后28d有效率为74.6%,术后并发症发生率为30.3%,与手术组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01);术后再出血发生率为4.3%,与手术组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论立体定向引导微创血肿穿刺联合尿激酶是治疗中等量高血压脑出血安全有效的方法,值得临床推广应用。     

Early surgical treatment for supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: a randomized feasibility study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The safety and the effectiveness of the surgical treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remain controversial. To investigate the feasibility of urgent surgical evacuation of ICH, we conducted a small, randomized feasibility study of early surgical treatment versus current nonoperative management in patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH. METHODS: Patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH who presented to 1 university and 2 community hospitals were randomized to surgical treatment or best medical treatment. Principal eligibility criteria were ICH volume >10 cm(3) on baseline CT scan with a focal neurological deficit, Glasgow Coma Scale score >4 at the time of enrollment, randomization and therapy within 24 hours of symptom onset, surgery within 3 hours of randomization, and no evidence for ruptured aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation. The primary end point was the 3-month Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). A good outcome was defined as a 3-month GOS score >3. RESULTS: Twenty patients were randomized over 24 months, 9 to surgical intervention and 11 to medical treatment. The median time from onset of symptoms to presentation at the treating hospitals was 3 hours and 17 minutes, the time from randomization to surgery was 1 hour and 20 minutes, and the time from onset of symptoms to surgery was 8 hours and 35 minutes. The likelihood of a good outcome (primary outcome measure: GOS score >3) for the surgical treatment group (56%) did not differ significantly from the medical treatment group (36%). There was no significant difference in mortality at 3 months. Analysis of the secondary 3-month outcome measures showed a nonsignificant trend toward a better outcome in the surgical treatment group versus the medical treatment group for the median GOS, Barthel Index, and Rankin Scale and a significant difference in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (4 versus 14; P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Very early surgical treatment for acute ICH is difficult to achieve but feasible at academic medical centers and community hospitals. The trend toward less 3-month morbidity with surgical intervention in patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH warrants further investigation of very early clot removal in larger randomized clinical trials.     

穿刺引流术对脑出血后脑水肿及预后的影响

目的探讨基底节高血压脑出血后穿刺引流术和药物保守治疗对脑水肿及预后的影响。方法基底节高血压脑出血患者62例,随机接受经额叶血肿穿刺引流术(微创组)或单纯药物治疗(对照组)。分别于治疗第3和14天时评价治疗前后血肿和脑水肿体积改善程度、再出血发生率、血肿完全吸收时间,以及微创组患者血肿引流时间、血肿清除率、手术后并发症和手术安全性。结果住院期间两组患者均未发生再出血,对照组有6例患者(20%)于治疗开始3d内因严重脑水肿致脑疝形成改行开颅血肿清除术,微创组穿刺引流术后无一例发生穿刺相关性脑出血、颅内感染及死亡。微创组患者血肿完全吸收时间[(7.41±5.84)d]短于对照组[(23.15±8.49)d],差异具有统计学意义(t=9.897,P=0.000)。治疗第3天时两组患者脑水肿体积比较,对照组[(58.42±11.56)ml]明显大于微创组[(8.47±7.76)ml],差异有统计学意义(t=20.242,P=0.000);治疗后6个月时,两组患者预后良好率比较,微创组(30例。93.75%)优于对照组(20例,66.67%;P=0.007)。结论穿刺引流术可减轻脑出血后脑水肿程度,具有促进患者神经功能恢复的良好作用。