北京市东城区成人高血压患病及影响因素分析

目的 了解东城区常住人口成人高血压患病状况,分析影响该区居民高血压患病的危险因素,为防治高血压采取针对性的干预措施提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段分层系统抽样的方法确定调查样本,抽取东城区10个街道共计9 800户作为调查家庭,对每个家庭所有家庭成员进行面对面调查.结果 共调查18岁以上居民21 269人,其中高血压患者5 595人,患病率为26.3％(标化14.2％),男性患病率25.8％(标化14.5％),女性患病率26.7％(标化14.1％),男女患病差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).高血压患病率随年龄的增加逐渐上升,随着BMI的增加呈升高趋势;经多因素分析显示,本研究人群高血压患病与年龄、家族史、腰围、BMI、食盐摄入、锻炼和文化程度有关.结论 东城区高血压流行形势不容忽视,应继续加强社区高血压防治工作,对有家族史、超重肥胖、高盐饮食等人群进行重点干预.     

青海省居民高血压患病率及危险因素分析

目的 了解青海省高血压流行状况及相关危险因素,为制定高血压防治对策提供依据.方法 2008年6月～2009年5月,多阶段分层整群随机抽样对青海4个经济类型县(区)的2633名18岁以上人群进行调查.结果 青海省18岁以上居民高血压患病率为20.81％,男性患病率22.25％,女性患病率19.63％(x2=2.726、P=0.099),随年龄的增加患病率显著升高(x2=403.845、P=0.000),不同经济类型地区间高血压患病率差异有统计学意义(x2=16.999、P=0.001),随着体质指数的增加高血压患病率也随之增加(x2=181.38、P=0.000),有高脂血症者高血压患病率(28.16％)明显高于无高脂血症者高血压患病率(19.52％) (x2=11.058、P=0.001),有糖尿病者高血压患病率(34.85％)明显高于无糖尿病者高血压患病率(20.60％) (x2=7.69、P=0.006).不同职业性体力活动者高血压患病率差异有统计学意义(x2=60.679、P=0.000).有高血压家族史的高血压患病率(26.58％)明显高于无高血压家族史的患病率(19.10％) (x2=15.740、P=0.000),有冠心病家族史的高血压患病率(25.42％)与无冠心病家族史的患病率(20.36％)间差异无统计学意义(x2=3.34、P=0.067);有脑卒中家族史的高血压患病率(35.20％)明显高于无脑卒中家族史的患病率(20.10％) (x2=16.482、P=0.000).结论 青海省城乡居民高血压患病率处于较高水平,应控制肥胖、糖尿病和血脂异常,进行适当的体育锻炼,从而防治高血压.     

广州地区15岁及以上人群骨关节炎流行病学特征及危险因素分析

目的 了解广州地区≥15岁居民骨关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)的流行病学特征及危险因素,为该病的早期预防及干预提供科学依据.方法 运用多阶段整群抽样方法,抽取广州市9 600户家庭,对抽中家庭的≥15岁居民进行问卷调查和体格检查,分别采用x2检验和多因素Logistic回归分析分析不同群体OA的分布和居民患病的危险因素.结果 共调查≥15岁居民23 994人,OA总自报患病率为2.5％ (604/23 994);≥65岁居民OA自报患病率为6.7％ (223/3 336);男女OA自报患病率分别为1.6％(189/11 783)和3.4％(414/12 146).多因素Lo-gistic回归分析显示,高年龄、女性、离退休人员、蔬菜摄入量≥300 g/d、饮食口味偏重、长期饮用山泉水、患有高血脂以及向心性肥胖是居民患OA的独立危险因素.结论 广州地区≥15岁人群总体自报患病率较低,应加强各社区高危人群筛查.适度的体力活动、合理的饮食习惯、控制体重和防治高血脂是预防控制骨关节炎的主要措施.     

成都市武侯区社区居民健康状况调查

目的了解武侯区社区居民健康状况,为制定干预策略和防治措施提供科学依据。方法调查员经过统一培训,对随机抽取的武侯区2741户家庭中实际居住的全部成员共6859人进行人户问卷调查。结果被调查居民2周患病率为137．5‰,男女差异有统计学意义（X2=8．231,P=0．004）,60岁及以上组人群2周患病率最高。2周就诊病种主要是高血压、上呼吸道感染、糖尿病等。慢性病患病率为17．1％,男女差异有统计学意义（X2=8．991,P=0．003）,所患慢性病主要为高血压、糖尿病、COPD、冠心病和慢性胃肠炎。高血压患病率为10．07％,糖尿病3．21％,60岁及以上组人群患病率最高。结论以高血压和糖尿病为代表的慢性病是影响该区居民的主要疾病,社区老年人群比例大,健康问题突出。     

上海市主要慢性病患病调查

目的 了解上海市慢性病的患病率、分布特征和相关因素。方法 采用多阶段整群抽样方法，共抽取6个街道(镇)18个里委(村)15岁及以上的居民7563人。采用人户问卷调查及自报方式确认慢性病。结果 慢性病总的标化患病率为30．52％。其中高血压为11．88％，心脏病为7．29％，慢性肺部疾病为5．39％，糖尿病为1．78％，恶性肿瘤为0．57％，脑卒中为0．3l％，其他类型的慢性病为17．74％。慢性病自报患病率存在城乡差异；医疗保障程度越高的人群，慢性病自报患病率越高。年龄、肥胖是慢性病可能的危险因素。结论 应针对人群在地区、性别、年龄等的不同特征，采取不同的慢性病干预措施。城市慢性病预防的重点是心脑血管疾病，农村慢性病防治则应将重点放在高血压防治。     

青岛市35～74岁居民常见慢性病患病情况

目的 了解青岛市35～74岁居民常见慢性病的患病情况,为社区慢性病的综合防治提供依据.方法 采用分层随机抽样的方法,在青岛市6个区(市)中随机抽取35～74岁居民5 069人作为调查对象,其中男性l 995人,女性3 074人.于2009-2011年对调查对象进行问卷调查,测量血压、腰围、身高和体重,测定血糖和血脂,计算高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、脑卒中、血脂异常的患病率.结果 调查人群高血压、糖尿病、冠心病和脑卒中的患病率分别为48.1％、16.1％、7.3％和2.6％.城市居民高血压、糖尿病、冠心病的患病率(50.4％、18.4％、12.6％)均明显高于农村居民(47.2％、15.3％、5.3％),差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为4.321、7.052、80.405,P＜0.05).血脂异常率达到46.3％,超重率为38.9％,肥胖率为19.1％.男性高血压患病率(51.7％)明显高于女性(45.7％),差异有统计学意义(x2 =17.293,P＜0.0l),高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、脑卒中及血脂异常患病率随年龄增长而升高(x2值分别为515.076、267.298、178.493、30.608、183.438,P＜0.05).结论 青岛市35～74岁居民慢性病患病率较高,应对居民加强健康教育,尤其应该加强对中老年人群的健康教育.     

广州地区15岁及以上人群脂蛋白代谢紊乱流行情况及影响因素分析

目的了解广州地区15岁及以上居民脂蛋白代谢紊乱的流行特征及影响因素,为心脑血管疾病的早期预防及干预提供科学依据。方法运用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,抽取广州市9 600户家庭,对抽取户的15岁及以上居民进行问卷调查和体格检查,问卷内容包括调查对象家庭的一般情况、日常生活情况、脂蛋白代谢紊乱等慢性病患病情况,体格检查项目包括身高、体重、腰围、臀围及血压等。分别采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析方法对脂蛋白代谢紊乱患病的影响因素进行分析。结果共调查15岁及以上居民23 994人,男女性别比为1∶1.03,其中年龄以35~44岁(20.3%)、学历以初中、高中/中专(54.2%)、职业以未就业(21.7%)为主。居民自报的脂蛋白代谢紊乱患病率为1.47%(352/23 994)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示:年龄为55~65岁(OR=1.34)、高中/中专或大专及以上(OR=2.37、3.17)、离退休人群(OR=2.65)、新诊断或已诊断高血压(OR=1.54、5.26)、自报糖尿病(OR=2.33)、BMI异常(OR=2.78~10.33)是居民脂蛋白代谢紊乱的独立危险因素,而年龄为25~34、35~44(OR=0.13、0.46)、每日水果摄入量≥200 g(OR=0.77)是居民脂蛋白代谢紊乱的保护因素(P0.05或P0.01)。结论广州地区成年人脂蛋白代谢紊乱自报的总体患病率较低,建议加强各社区高危人群筛查、提高人群对相关疾病的认知。合理的饮食、控制体重和防治高血压和糖尿病是预防减少脂蛋白代谢紊乱的有效措施。     

北京市郊区鸭养殖和屠宰人群禽流感暴露及病毒感染情况调查

目的 了解北京市郊区鸭养殖和屠宰从业人员的禽流感暴露及病毒感染情况.方法 2011年3-4月对北京市6个区(县)从事鸭养殖和屠宰工作的4类人群(商业化养鸭场从业人员、鸭屠宰场从业人员、个体规模化养鸭者和家庭养鸭者)进行问卷调查和血清禽流感抗体检测,了解人口统计学信息、病死禽暴露及禽流感病毒感染等情况.结果 共调查1741人,其中商业化养鸭场从业人员313人(18.0％),鸭屠宰场从业人员562人(32.3％),个体规模化养鸭者261人(15.0％),家庭养鸭者605人(34.7％).与其他3类人群接触的鸭相比,家庭养鸭者(66.8％)接触的鸭与其他禽类接触的比例最高(P＜0.05).家庭养鸭者(35.2％)和鸭屠宰场从业人员(31.3％)接触的鸭没有全部接种过禽流感疫苗的比例高于商业化和个体规模化养鸭者(P＜0.05).家庭养鸭者中养殖环境清洗频率＞4次/月(8.8％)、消毒频率＞12次/年(27.3％)的人员所占比例均最低(P＜0.05).家庭养鸭者暴露因素中在手有伤口时徒手接触鸭的人员所占比例最高(34.4％)(P＜0.05).病死禽暴露情况中,家庭养鸭者接触病死禽时不采取任何防护措施的人员所占比例最高(70.8％)(P＜0.05).1741人中,未发现禽流感病毒H5、H7亚型感染,H9亚型抗体阳性12人(阳性率为0.7％),其中10人为家庭养鸭者(阳性率为1.7％),4类人群中H9亚型抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义(x²=13.699,P＜0.05).结论 家庭养鸭者感染禽流感的风险高于其他3类人群(商业化养鸭场从业人员、鸭屠宰场从业人员、个体规模化养鸭者),个体规模化养鸭者和家庭养鸭者接触病死禽时防护较差,应根据各人群特点进行有针对的干预.     

上海市全民控盐干预效果评价——居民用盐量的变化

[目的]评估上海市政府倡导的全民控盐干预项目对居民用盐量的影响。[方法]采用多阶段随机抽样方法,于2008年抽取2 960户家庭,共6 886名15~69周岁的上海市常驻居民为研究对象,在发放计量盐勺前(基线)及发放后1、6及12个月(后称"1个月"、"6个月"、"12个月")时入户调查家庭盐勺使用情况、"三日"用盐量以及居民的一般情况和血压。先后4次随访时,家庭掌勺者均为同一人的家庭称为固定掌勺者家庭,共2 255户。[结果]2 255户固定掌勺者家庭中,计量盐勺第1、6、12个月的一直使用率为62.79%(1 416/2 255)、46.47%(1 048/2 255)、41.15%(928/2 255)。家庭人均用盐量基线时为7.13 g,干预后1、6、12个月分别下降到6.67、6.04、6.38 g,各调查时点家庭人均用盐量的差异有统计学意义(F=43.03,P<0.000 1)。在1、6、12个月时,固定掌勺者家庭人均用盐量明显少于非固定掌勺者家庭(均P<0.05);非固定掌勺者家庭人均用盐量变化较大。计量盐勺持续使用与否的两组家庭12个月的平均用盐量下降值比较,差异均无统计学意义(全部家庭:F=0.16,P=0.690 8;固定掌勺者家庭:F=0.80,P=0.372 1)。[结论]由政府倡导、用计量盐勺作为工具对上海居民进行全民控盐干预后一年来,达到了家庭人均用盐量下降的目的。     

福建省成年居民高血压与糖尿病自报患病率及影响因素

目的了解福建省成年居民高血压与糖尿病自报患病率及影响因素,为完善干预策略提供依据。方法用福建省第5次国家卫生服务调查数据,描述≥15岁居民自报高血压及糖尿病的患病情况,用logistic回归模型分析其影响因素。结果共调查11 961人,高血压及糖尿病的自报患病率分别为11.1%和2.5%,总服药率分别为92.9%和94.0%。高血压主要影响因素:糖尿病(OR=3.65)、BMI(OR=3.01)、年龄(OR=2.64)、吸烟(OR=1.47)和就业(OR=1.17);糖尿病主要影响因素:高血压(OR=3.66)、BMI(OR=1.97)、就业(OR=1.63)、年龄(OR=1.49)和饮酒(OR=0.61)。结论福建省成年居民高血压与糖尿病自报患病率比10年前均有所上升,且随年龄增长而上升;高血压与糖尿病间互为危险因素。建议在防控高血压和糖尿病时采取综合措施共同施策,以降低其不良健康影响。     

Performance assessment of a passive sampler in industrial atmospheres

In this work we investigate the performances of a passive sampler (GABIE badge) in industrial atmospheres, in accordance with the general specifications of the EN 838 standard. The field experiment was carried out in a paint-manufacturing factory producing a large number of pollutants at the workplaces. A comparison was performed between the results obtained by passive sampling and the conventional tube/pump method (reference method) on nine solvents usually encountered in the different workshops: n-butanol, isobutanol, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, methylisobutylketone, methylethylketone (MEK), ethyl acetate, butyl acetate. Results were compared by use of the distribution of the relative difference between badge “passive sampling” and tube “active sampling” results (with the latter considered as the reference method). In general, results revealed good agreement between passive and active sampling (except in the case of MEK) and confirmed the accuracy of sampling rates determined for the GABIE sampler. Bias was generally low and variability could be considered to be satisfactory (generally <20% with a maximum of 30% for ethylbenzene). For MEK, strong bias was noted together with probable underestimation of the tube results. Additional results lead us to suggest that this phenomenon could be due to poor desorption of the SKC tubes by carbon disulphide (CS₂); (quantitative recovery for MEK is in fact possible using other desorption solvents). Received: 23 December 1999 / Accepted: 26 July 2000     

Monitoring of PCDD/Fs in a mountain forest by means of active and passive sampling

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) are sampled and investigated in a forested area in Middle-Europe. The campaigns, consisting in active and passive samplings, were conducted in the Bavarian and Bohemian Forest at four sites chosen for their similar soil and forest stand characteristics. Passive sampling was conducted using both semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and needles of well-exposed dominant spruce trees. Active air sampling was also performed at one site with a low volume air sampler. Correlations were performed to identify relationships and trends of PCDD/F. Lower chlorinated PCDD/F are accumulated in SPMDs, needles collected all compounds among homologues and their PCDD/F pattern is close to that of active sampling. Results of the analysed compounds obtained with the different sampling methods served as a basis for the establishment of advantages and disadvantages of the sampling tools applied and their possible optimisation.     

Single-stage cluster sampling with a telescopic respondent rule: a variation motivated by a survey of dementia in elderly residents of Shanghai

In this report, we consider the situation in which one wishes to identify a cohort of a specified number of individuals within each of several domains for future follow-up studies based on a single-stage cluster sampling design. We develop sample size formulae relevant to this situation and introduce a variation of single-stage cluster sampling that seems more suitable in this situation than is ordinary single-stage cluster sampling. The basis for this variation is the concept that the definition of eligible respondents is not the same for all clusters. The use of this modified respondent rule (which we call telescopic) enables one to meet specified sample sizes in all domains of interest without the need to sample extra individuals in some domains. We used a version of this sampling design successfully in the field with a survey of elderly persons conducted in Shanghai, People's Republic of China.     

乳杆菌属30a菌株(ATCC33222)的生长特性及代谢组学采样策略

目的通过分析ATCC33222在不同培养环境下的生长曲线和pH值曲线的差异,探讨该菌的生长规律,并为产生物胺乳酸菌的代谢组学研究提供合理的采样策略。方法配制不同成分、不同pH值的培养基,分别进行菌株培养,每1～4小时取样一次并测定A600和pH值。结果乳酸菌ATCC33222菌株在不同培养条件下呈现不同的生长特性,其中pH3.5和添加壳寡糖的培养基的迟滞期较长,添加葡萄糖的培养基指数生长期时间最长。MRS培养基、添加葡萄糖的培养基和添加壳寡糖的培养基pH值曲线类似,其余3种培养基的pH值曲线各不相同。结论ATCC33222菌株可能根据生长环境和能量来源的不同,动态调节不同代谢途径,以获得最佳生长状态。在代谢组学研究中,培养基pH值推荐使用pH3.5和pH6.5两种,MRS培养基中可添加氨基酸成分,而葡萄糖成分则不是必须的。     

Mixture cure model with random effects for the analysis of a multi-center tonsil cancer study

Cure models for clustered survival data have the potential for broad applicability. In this paper, we consider the mixture cure model with random effects and propose several estimation methods based on Gaussian quadrature, rejection sampling, and importance sampling to obtain the maximum likelihood estimates of the model for clustered survival data with a cure fraction. The methods are flexible to accommodate various correlation structures. A simulation study demonstrates that the maximum likelihood estimates of parameters in the model tend to have smaller biases and variances than the estimates obtained from the existing methods. We apply the model to a study of tonsil cancer patients clustered by treatment centers to investigate the effect of covariates on the cure rate and on the failure time distribution of the uncured patients. The maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters demonstrate strong correlation among the failure times of the uncured patients and weak correlation among cure statuses in the same center.     

A Bayesian method for estimating prevalence in the presence of a hidden sub-population

When estimating the prevalence of a binary trait in a population, the presence of a hidden sub‐population that cannot be sampled will lead to nonidentifiability and potentially biased estimation. We propose a Bayesian model of trait prevalence for a weighted sample from the non‐hidden portion of the population, by modeling the relationship between prevalence and sampling probability. We studied the behavior of the posterior distribution on population prevalence, with the large‐sample limits of posterior distributions obtained in simple analytical forms that give intuitively expected properties. We performed MCMC simulations on finite samples to evaluate the effectiveness of statistical learning. We applied the model and the results to two illustrative datasets arising from weighted sampling. Our work confirms that sensible results can be obtained using Bayesian analysis, despite the nonidentifiability in this situation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Testing for familial aggregation of a dichotomous trait

Familial aggregation of a disease is usually tested using a chi square statistic on a sample of pairs of related individuals. Standard sampling designs often produce dependent observations (multiple pairs from the same family), possibly inflating the numerical value of the statistic over the value independent observations would produce. This article presents a derivation of the chi square statistic for familial aggregation, allowing for dependency because of the inclusion of the same and related persons in multiple pairs. For intraclass aggregation, the standard chi square statistic is appropriate. For interclass aggregation, an adjustment to the standard chi square statistic is needed; the adjustment depends on the disease frequency and the intraclass aggregation within each class.     

山东省及各地区5%及10%人口恶性肿瘤死亡率随机抽样比较

本文采用计算器随机数字法,进行二阶段整群随机抽样,比较山东省地区及省级5％及10％人口比例抽样的代表性,全省范围内以县为单位和以乡(原公社)为单位抽样的代表性,结果表明:以乡为单位5％与10％比例抽样各种癌亡率与总体的死因顺位均无显著差异,且以乡为单位10％抽样效果明显优于以县为单位抽样。     

死因监测整群抽样与不等概率抽样设计方案的比较

为比较不同整群抽样设计方法 的抽样误差及设计效应,评价不等概率抽样在死因监测中的应用效果.以陕西省107个县(市、区)作为抽样框架,采用等概率整群抽样和不等概率整群抽样等设计方案抽取样本,用复杂抽样方法 计算不同方案样本的抽样误差和设计效应.不同的抽样方案得到不同的抽样误差估计,分层整群抽样的标准误小于完全随机整群抽样;不等概率抽样(πPS抽样)的设计效率虽略逊于等概率的完全随机整群抽样,但扩大了监测范围.结论 :对于抽样框架明确的整群抽样调查数据,在统计分析时不应脱离预先设定的抽样设计方案和设计参数.死因监测采用不等概率抽样设计,能增加样本的权重,提高死亡率的地区代表性.     

Assessing differences in groups randomized by recruitment chain in a respondent-driven sample of Seattle-area injection drug users

PurposeRespondent-driven sampling (RDS) is a form of peer-based study recruitment and analysis that incorporates features designed to limit and adjust for biases in traditional snowball sampling. It is being widely used in studies of hidden populations. We report an empirical evaluation of RDS's consistency and variability, comparing groups recruited contemporaneously, by identical methods and using identical survey instruments.MethodsWe randomized recruitment chains from the RDS-based 2012 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance survey of injection drug users in the Seattle area into two groups and compared them in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, drug-associated risk behaviors, sexual risk behaviors, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status and HIV testing frequency.ResultsThe two groups differed in five of the 18 variables examined (P ≤ .001): race (e.g., 60% white vs. 47%), gender (52% male vs. 67%), area of residence (32% downtown Seattle vs. 44%), an HIV test in the previous 12 months (51% vs. 38%). The difference in serologic HIV status was particularly pronounced (4% positive vs. 18%). In four further randomizations, differences in one to five variables attained this level of significance, although the specific variables involved differed.ConclusionsWe found some material differences between the randomized groups. Although the variability of the present study was less than has been reported in serial RDS surveys, these findings indicate caution in the interpretation of RDS results.